1
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Huang L, Xu B, Li N. Differences of ocular oscillations and neuro-retinal structures in patients with nystagmus caused by GPR143 and FRMD7 gene variants. Indian J Ophthalmol 2024; 72:S509-S513. [PMID: 38648460 PMCID: PMC467011 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_3141_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations of G protein-coupled receptor 143 (GPR143) and FERM domain containing 7 (FRMD7) may result in congenital nystagmus (CN) in the first 6 months of life. We aimed to compare the differences in ocular oscillations between patients with these two gene mutations as well as the functional and structural changes in their retinas and visual pathways. METHODS Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify patients of congenital nystagmus with confirmed mutations in either GPR143 or FMRD7 genes from January 2018 to May 2023. The parameters of the ocular oscillations were recorded using Eyelink 1000 Plus. The retinal structure and function were evaluated using optical coherence tomography and multi-focal electroretinography (mERG). The visual pathway and optical nerve projection were evaluated using visual evoked potentials. The next-generation sequencing technique was used to identify the pathogenic variations in the disease-causing genes for CN. RESULTS Twenty nystagmus patients of GPR143 and 21 patients of FMRD7 who had been confirmed by molecular testing between January 2018 and May 2023 were included. Foveal hypoplasia was detected only in patients with the GPR143 pathogenic variant. mERG examination showed a flat response topography in the GPR143 group compared to the FRMD7 group. VEP showed that bilateral amplitude inconsistency was detected only in the patients with GPR143 gene mutation. The amplitude and frequency of the ocular oscillations were not found to differ between patients with two different genetic mutations. CONCLUSIONS Although the etiology and molecular mechanisms are completely different between CN patients, they may have similar ocular oscillations. A careful clinical examination and electrophysiological test will be helpful in making a differential diagnosis. Our novel identified variants will further expand the spectrum of the GPR143 and FRMD7 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Biru Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Ningdong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
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2
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Bai R, Yin P, Xing Z, Wu S, Zhang W, Ma X, Gan X, Liang Y, Zang Q, Lei H, Wei Y, Zhang C, Dai B, Zheng Y. Investigation of GPR143 as a promising novel marker for the progression of skin cutaneous melanoma through bioinformatic analyses and cell experiments. Apoptosis 2024; 29:372-392. [PMID: 37945816 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01913-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is an aggressive and life-threatening skin cancer. G-protein coupled receptor 143 (GPR143) belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. METHODS We used the TCGA, GTEx, CCLE, and the Human Protein Atlas databases to examine the mRNA and protein expression of GPR143. In addition, we performed a survival analysis and evaluated the diagnostic efficacy using the Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Through CIBERSORT, R programming, TIMER, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, Sangerbox, and Kaplan-Meier plotter database analyses, we explored the relationships between GPR143, immune infiltration, and gene marker expression of immune infiltrated cells. Furthermore, we investigated the proteins that potentially interact with GPR143 and their functions using R programming and databases including STRING, GeneMANIA, and GSEA. Meanwhile, the cBioPortal, UALCNA, and the MethSurv databases were used to examine the genomic alteration and methylation of GPR143 in SKCM. The Connectivity Map database was used to discover potentially effective therapeutic molecules against SKCM. Finally, we conducted cell experiments to investigate the potential role of GPR143 in SKCM. RESULTS We demonstrated a significantly high expression level of GPR143 in SKCM compared with normal tissues. High GPR143 expression and hypomethylation status of GPR143 were associated with a poorer prognosis. ROC analysis showed that the diagnostic efficacy of the GPR143 was 0.900. Furthermore, GPR143 expression was significantly correlated with immune infiltration in SKCM. We identified 20 neighbor genes and the pathways they enriched were anabolic process of pigmentation, immune regulation, and so on. Genomic alteration analysis revealed significantly different copy number variations related to GPR143 expression in SKCM, and shallow deletion could lead to high expression of GPR143. Ten potential therapeutic drugs against SKCM were identified. GPR143 knockdown inhibited melanoma cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation while promoting apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that GPR143 serves as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and is associated with the progression of SKCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Bai
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Pan Yin
- Department of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Zixuan Xing
- Department of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Shaobo Wu
- Department of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xinyu Ma
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xinyi Gan
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yuxia Liang
- Department of Imaging, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Qijuan Zang
- Department of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Hao Lei
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Chaonan Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Bingling Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 76 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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Arai M, Suzuki E, Kitamura S, Otaki M, Kanai K, Yamasaki M, Watanabe M, Kambe Y, Murata K, Takada Y, Arisawa T, Kobayashi K, Tajika R, Miyazaki T, Yamaguchi M, Lazarus M, Hayashi Y, Itohara S, de Kerchove d'Exaerde A, Nawa H, Kim R, Bito H, Momiyama T, Masukawa D, Goshima Y. Enhancement of Haloperidol-Induced Catalepsy by GPR143, an L-Dopa Receptor, in Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e1504232024. [PMID: 38286627 PMCID: PMC10941237 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1504-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Dopamine neurons play crucial roles in pleasure, reward, memory, learning, and fine motor skills and their dysfunction is associated with various neuropsychiatric diseases. Dopamine receptors are the main target of treatment for neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Antipsychotics that antagonize the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) are used to alleviate the symptoms of these disorders but may also sometimes cause disabling side effects such as parkinsonism (catalepsy in rodents). Here we show that GPR143, a G-protein-coupled receptor for L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), expressed in striatal cholinergic interneurons enhances the DRD2-mediated side effects of haloperidol, an antipsychotic agent. Haloperidol-induced catalepsy was attenuated in male Gpr143 gene-deficient (Gpr143-/y ) mice compared with wild-type (Wt) mice. Reducing the endogenous release of L-DOPA and preventing interactions between GPR143 and DRD2 suppressed the haloperidol-induced catalepsy in Wt mice but not Gpr143-/y mice. The phenotypic defect in Gpr143-/y mice was mimicked in cholinergic interneuron-specific Gpr143-/y (Chat-cre;Gpr143flox/y ) mice. Administration of haloperidol increased the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 at Ser240/244 in the dorsolateral striatum of Wt mice but not Chat-cre;Gpr143flox/y mice. In Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing DRD2, co-expression of GPR143 increased cell surface expression level of DRD2, and L-DOPA application further enhanced the DRD2 surface expression. Shorter pauses in cholinergic interneuron firing activity were observed after intrastriatal stimulation in striatal slice preparations from Chat-cre;Gpr143flox/y mice compared with those from Wt mice. Together, these findings provide evidence that GPR143 regulates DRD2 function in cholinergic interneurons and may be involved in parkinsonism induced by antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Arai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Etsuko Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Momoyo Otaki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kaori Kanai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Miwako Yamasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yuki Kambe
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-0075, Japan
| | - Koshi Murata
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui 910-0017, Japan
| | - Yuuki Takada
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tetsu Arisawa
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
- Radioisotope Research Center, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Rei Tajika
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miyazaki
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Physiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Michael Lazarus
- Institute of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-0005, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-0005, Japan
| | - Yu Hayashi
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-0005, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shigeyoshi Itohara
- Laboratory for Behavioral Genetics, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University. Wakayama-city, Wakayama 640-8156, Japan
| | - Ryang Kim
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Momiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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Uchimura H, Kanai K, Arai M, Inoue M, Hishimoto A, Masukawa D, Goshima Y. Involvement of the L-DOPA receptor GPR143 in acute and chronic actions of methylphenidate. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 152:178-181. [PMID: 37257945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) and methamphetamine (METH) are the current treatments of choice for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. We previously reported that METH induces the release of dopamine (DA) and of the neurotransmitter candidate L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA). In contrast, we here found that MPH increased the DA release while it did not affect the L-DOPA release from the dorsolateral striatum. Nevertheless, MPH-induced hyperlocomotion was reduced in Gpr143 (L-DOPA receptor) gene-deficient (Gpr143-/y) mice. The rewarding effect and increased c-fos expression induced by MPH were also attenuated in Gpr143-/y mice. Together, these findings suggest that GPR143 is involved in the acute and chronic actions of MPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiraku Uchimura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kaori Kanai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Masami Arai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Miyu Inoue
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fuku-ura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
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5
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Lee YJ, Shin KJ, Jang HJ, Ryu JS, Lee CY, Yoon JH, Seo JK, Park S, Lee S, Je AR, Huh YH, Kong SY, Kwon T, Suh PG, Chae YC. GPR143 controls ESCRT-dependent exosome biogenesis and promotes cancer metastasis. Dev Cell 2023; 58:320-334.e8. [PMID: 36800996 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes transport a variety of macromolecules and modulate intercellular communication in physiology and disease. However, the regulation mechanisms that determine exosome contents during exosome biogenesis remain poorly understood. Here, we find that GPR143, an atypical GPCR, controls the endosomal sorting complex required for the transport (ESCRT)-dependent exosome biogenesis pathway. GPR143 interacts with HRS (an ESCRT-0 Subunit) and promotes its association to cargo proteins, such as EGFR, which subsequently enables selective protein sorting into intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) in multivesicular bodies (MVBs). GPR143 is elevated in multiple cancers, and quantitative proteomic and RNA profiling of exosomes in human cancer cell lines showed that the GPR143-ESCRT pathway promotes secretion of exosomes that carry unique cargo, including integrins signaling proteins. Through gain- and loss-of-function studies in mice, we show that GPR143 promotes metastasis by secreting exosomes and increasing cancer cell motility/invasion through the integrin/FAK/Src pathway. These findings provide a mechanism for regulating the exosomal proteome and demonstrate its ability to promote cancer cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Jin Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sun Ryu
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Young Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyuk Yoon
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Kon Seo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sabin Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Semin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - A Reum Je
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Yang Hoon Huh
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Kong
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea; Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Taejoon Kwon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Pann-Ghill Suh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Chan Chae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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Masukawa D, Kitamura S, Tajika R, Uchimura H, Arai M, Takada Y, Arisawa T, Otaki M, Kanai K, Kobayashi K, Miyazaki T, Goshima Y. Coupling between GPR143 and dopamine D2 receptor is required for selective potentiation of dopamine D2 receptor function by L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine in the dorsal striatum. J Neurochem 2023; 165:177-195. [PMID: 36807226 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is involved in neurological and physiological functions such as motor control. L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), a precursor of DA, is conventionally believed to be an inert amino acid precursor of DA, and its major therapeutic effects in Parkinson's disease (PD) are mediated through its conversion to DA. On the contrary, accumulating evidence suggests that L-DOPA itself is a neurotransmitter. We here show that L-DOPA potentiates DA D2 receptor (DRD2) signaling through GPR143, the gene product of X-linked ocular albinism 1, a G-protein-coupled receptor for L-DOPA. In Gpr143-gene-deficient (Gpr143-/y ) mice, quinpirole, a DRD2/DRD3 agonist, -induced hypolocomotion was attenuated compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Administration of non-effective dose of L-DOPA methyl ester augmented the quinpirole-induced hypolocomotion in WT mice but not in Gpr143-/y mice. In cells co-expressing GPR143 and DRD2, L-DOPA enhanced the interaction between GPR143 and DRD2 and augmented quinpirole-induced decrease in cAMP levels. This augmentation by L-DOPA was not observed in cells co-expressing GPR143 and DRD1 or DRD3. Chimeric analysis in which the domain of GPR143 was replaced with GPR37 revealed that GPR143 interacted with DRD2 at the fifth transmembrane domain. Intracerebroventricular administration of a peptide that disrupted the interaction mitigated quinpirole-induced behavioral changes in WT mice but not in Gpr143-/y mice. These findings provide evidence that coupling between GPR143 and DRD2 is required for selective DRD2 modulation by L-DOPA in the dorsal striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kitamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Rei Tajika
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiraku Uchimura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Masami Arai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuuki Takada
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsu Arisawa
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Momoyo Otaki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kaori Kanai
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Miyazaki
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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7
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Masukawa D, Takahagi R, Nakao Y, Goshima Y. L-DOPA Receptor GPR143 Functionally Couples with Adrenergic α 1B Receptor at the Second Transmembrane Interface. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:869-873. [PMID: 37394637 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Adrenergic receptors (ADRs) are widely distributed in the peripheral and central nervous systems. We previously reported that L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), the precursor of dopamine, sensitizes adrenergic α1 receptor (ADRA1) through a G protein-coupled receptor GPR143. Chimeric analysis, in which the transmembrane (TM) domains of GPR143 were replaced with those of GPR37, revealed that the second TM region was essential for the potentiation of phenylephrine-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation by GPR143. In HEK293T cells expressing ADRA1B, phenylephrine-induced ERK phosphorylation was augmented by the co-expression of GPR143, compared to the mock vector. Immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that a synthetic transactivator of the transcription peptide fused with TM2 of GPR143 (TAT-TM2) disrupts the interaction between GPR143 and ADRA1B. This TAT-TM2 peptide suppressed the augmentation of phenylephrine-induced ERK phosphorylation by GPR143 in HEK293T cells co-expressing ADRA1B and GPR143. These results indicate that the interaction between GPR143 and ADRA1B is required for the potentiation of ADRA1B-mediated signaling by GPR143. The TM2 region of GPR143 is a crucial dimeric interface for the functional coupling between ADRA1B and GPR143.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ryo Takahagi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuka Nakao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine
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Ugrumov MV, Pavlova EN, Kolacheva AA, Dil’mukhametova LK, Bogdanov VV, Blokhin V, Pronina TS. The Periventricular Nucleus as a Brain Center Containing Dopaminergic Neurons and Neurons Expressing Individual Enzymes of Dopamine Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126739. [PMID: 35743179 PMCID: PMC9224269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1980s, the concept of dopamine-rich brain centers as clusters of only dopaminergic neurons has been fundamentally revised. It has been shown that, in addition to dopaminergic neurons, most of these centers contain neurons expressing one of the enzymes of dopamine synthesis: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). We have obtained convincing evidence that in rats, the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus (PeVN) is one of the largest dopamine-rich centers, containing dopaminergic and monoenzymatic neurons. Indeed, using double immunostaining for TH and AADC, the PeVN was shown to contain almost three thousand dopaminergic and monoenzymatic neurons. According to high-performance liquid chromatography, PeVN contains L-DOPA and dopamine, which, apparently, are synthesized in monoenzymatic TH neurons and bienzymatic neurons, respectively. According to confocal microscopy, neurons (cell bodies, fibers), which were immunopositive only to TH, only to AADC, or both, are in close topographic relationships with each other and with the 3rd ventricle. These data suggest the mutual regulation of the neurons, as well as the delivery of dopamine and L-DOPA to the third ventricle, which is confirmed by their detection in the cerebrospinal fluid. Thus, evidence has been obtained that PeVN is one of the largest dopamine-rich centers of the brain, containing dopaminergic and monoenzymatic neurons.
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Bueschbell B, Manga P, Schiedel AC. The Many Faces of G Protein-Coupled Receptor 143, an Atypical Intracellular Receptor. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:873777. [PMID: 35495622 PMCID: PMC9039016 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.873777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GPCRs transform extracellular stimuli into a physiological response by activating an intracellular signaling cascade initiated via binding to G proteins. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) hold the potential to pave the way for development of new, innovative therapeutic strategies. In this review we will introduce G protein-coupled receptor 143 (GPR143), an enigmatic receptor in terms of classification within the GPCR superfamily and localization. GPR143 has not been assigned to any of the GPCR families due to the lack of common structural motifs. Hence we will describe the most important motifs of classes A and B and compare them to the protein sequence of GPR143. While a precise function for the receptor has yet to be determined, the protein is expressed abundantly in pigment producing cells. Many GPR143 mutations cause X-linked Ocular Albinism Type 1 (OA1, Nettleship-Falls OA), which results in hypopigmentation of the eyes and loss of visual acuity due to disrupted visual system development and function. In pigment cells of the skin, loss of functional GPR143 results in abnormally large melanosomes (organelles in which pigment is produced). Studies have shown that the receptor is localized internally, including at the melanosomal membrane, where it may function to regulate melanosome size and/or facilitate protein trafficking to the melanosome through the endolysosomal system. Numerous additional roles have been proposed for GPR143 in determining cancer predisposition, regulation of blood pressure, development of macular degeneration and signaling in the brain, which we will briefly describe as well as potential ligands that have been identified. Furthermore, GPR143 is a promiscuous receptor that has been shown to interact with multiple other melanosomal proteins and GPCRs, which strongly suggests that this orphan receptor is likely involved in many different physiological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bueschbell
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Prashiela Manga
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Anke C. Schiedel
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: Anke C. Schiedel,
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10
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Kasahara Y, Masukawa D, Kobayashi K, Yamasaki M, Watanabe M, Goshima Y. L-DOPA-induced Neurogenesis in the Hippocampus is Mediated through GPR143, a Distinct Mechanism of Dopamine. Stem Cells 2022; 40:215-226. [DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Neurogenesis occurs in the hippocampus through life and is implicated in various physiological brain functions such as memory encoding and mood regulation. L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) has long been believed to be an inert precursor of dopamine. Here, we show that L-DOPA and its receptor, GPR143, the gene product of ocular albinism 1, regulate neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus in a dopamine-independent manner. L-DOPA at concentrations far lower than that of dopamine promoted proliferation of neural stem and progenitor cells in wild-type mice under the inhibition of its conversion to dopamine; this effect was abolished in GPR143-gene-deficient (Gpr143 -/y) mice. Hippocampal neurogenesis decreased during development and adulthood, and exacerbated depression-like behavior was observed in adult Gpr143 -/y mice. Replenishment of GPR143 in the dentate gyrus attenuated the impaired neurogenesis and depression-like behavior. Our findings suggest that L-DOPA through GPR143 modulates hippocampal neurogenesis, thereby playing a role in mood regulation in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kasahara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Miwako Yamasaki
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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11
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Bueschbell B, Manga P, Penner E, Schiedel AC. Evidence for Protein-Protein Interaction between Dopamine Receptors and the G Protein-Coupled Receptor 143. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158328. [PMID: 34361094 PMCID: PMC8348196 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions between G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can augment their functionality and increase the repertoire of signaling pathways they regulate. New therapeutics designed to modulate such interactions may allow for targeting of a specific GPCR activity, thus reducing potential for side effects. Dopamine receptor (DR) heteromers are promising candidates for targeted therapy of neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease since current treatments can have severe side effects. To facilitate development of such therapies, it is necessary to identify the various DR binding partners. We report here a new interaction partner for DRD2 and DRD3, the orphan receptor G protein-coupled receptor 143 (GPR143), an atypical GPCR that plays multiple roles in pigment cells and is expressed in several regions of the brain. We previously demonstrated that the DRD2/ DRD3 antagonist pimozide also modulates GPR143 activity. Using confocal microscopy and two FRET methods, we observed that the DRs and GPR143 colocalize and interact at intracellular membranes. Furthermore, co-expression of wildtype GPR143 resulted in a 57% and 67% decrease in DRD2 and DRD3 activity, respectively, as determined by β-Arrestin recruitment assay. GPR143-DR dimerization may negatively modulate DR activity by changing affinity for dopamine or delaying delivery of the DRs to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bueschbell
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal;
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Casa Costa Alemão, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Prashiela Manga
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, Grossman School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Erika Penner
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Anke C. Schiedel
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Bonn, D-53121 Bonn, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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12
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PANG XT, ZHANG YY, LENG YF, YAO Y, Zhang R, WANG DW, XU X, SUN ZL. Metabolomics study of biochemical changes in the serum and articular synovium tissue of moxibustion in rats with collagen-induced arthritis. WORLD JOURNAL OF ACUPUNCTURE-MOXIBUSTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wjam.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Kasahara Y, Masukawa D, Nakamura Y, Murata K, Hashimoto T, Takizawa K, Koga M, Nakamura F, Fukazawa Y, Funakoshi K, Goshima Y. Distribution of mRNA for GPR143, a receptor of 3,4-L-dihydroxyphenylalanine, and of immunoreactivities for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic regions. Neurosci Res 2020; 170:370-375. [PMID: 32896531 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine exerts its reinforcing actions by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), but the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. Nicotine releases 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA), a neurotransmitter candidate in the central nervous system. Here, we investigated the distribution of GPR143, a receptor of DOPA, and nAChR subunits in the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic regions. We found GPR143 mRNA-positive cells in the striatum and nucleus accumbens. Some of them were surrounded by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive fibers. There were some GPR143 mRNA-positive cells coexpressing TH, and nAChR subunit α4 or α7 in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area. These findings suggest that DOPA-GPR143 signaling may be involved in the nicotine action in the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Kasahara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshie Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Koshi Murata
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan; Life Science Innovation Center, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Critical Care Medicine and Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Takizawa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Motokazu Koga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumio Nakamura
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, 162-8666, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan; Life Science Innovation Center, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
| | - Kengo Funakoshi
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.
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14
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Genetic associations of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the l-DOPA receptor (GPR143) gene with severity of nicotine dependence in Japanese individuals, and attenuation of nicotine reinforcement in Gpr143 gene-deficient mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2020; 144:89-93. [PMID: 32763057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) is a candidate neurotransmitter. l-DOPA is released by nicotine through nicotinic receptors. Recently, G-protein coupled receptor GPR143, was identified as a receptor for l-DOPA. In this study, genetic association studies between GPR143 genetic polymorphisms and smoking behaviors revealed that the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs6640499, in the GPR143 gene, was associated with traits of smoking behaviors in Japanese individuals. In Gpr143 gene-deficient mice, nicotine-induced hypolocomotion and rewarding effect were attenuated compared to those in wild-type mice. Our findings suggest the involvement of GPR143 in the smoking behaviors.
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15
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Pronina TS, Dil’mukhametova LK, Nikishina YO, Murtazina AR, Ugryumov MV. Synthesis of Dopamine by Non-Dopaminergic Neurons Containing Aromatic Amino Acid Decarboxylase in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus of Rats in Ontogeny. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712420020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Pronina TS, Nikishina YO, Dil’mukhametova LK, Murtazina AR, Ugryumov MV. Synthesis of L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine by Monoenzymatic Tyrosine Hydroxylase-Containing Nerve Fibers in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in Rats during Ontogeny. NEUROCHEM J+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712420020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Bi Q, Shen L, Evans R, Zhang Z, Wang S, Dai W, Liu C. Determining the Topic Evolution and Sentiment Polarity for Albinism in a Chinese Online Health Community: Machine Learning and Social Network Analysis. JMIR Med Inform 2020; 8:e17813. [PMID: 32469320 PMCID: PMC7293058 DOI: 10.2196/17813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are more than 6000 rare diseases in existence today, with the number of patients with these conditions rapidly increasing. Most research to date has focused on the diagnosis, treatment, and development of orphan drugs, while few studies have examined the topics and emotions expressed by patients living with rare diseases on social media platforms, especially in online health communities (OHCs). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the topic categorizations and sentiment polarity for albinism in a Chinese OHC, Baidu Tieba, using multiple methods. The OHC was deeply mined using topic mining, social network analysis, and sentiment polarity analysis. Through these methods, we determined the current situation of community construction, identifying the ongoing needs and problems experienced by people with albinism in their daily lives. METHODS We used the albinism community on the Baidu Tieba platform as the data source in this study. Term frequency-inverse document frequency, latent dirichlet allocation models, and naive Bayes were employed to mine the various topic categories. Social network analysis, which was completed using the Gephi tool, was employed to analyze the evolution of the albinism community. Sentiment polarity analysis was performed using a long short-term memory algorithm. RESULTS We identified 8 main topics discussed in the community: daily sharing, family, interpersonal communication, social life and security, medical care, occupation and education, beauty, and self-care. Among these topics, daily sharing represented the largest proportion of the discussions. From 2012 to 2019, the average degree and clustering coefficient of the albinism community continued to decline, while the network center transferred from core communities to core users. A total of 68.43% of the corpus was emotional, with 35.88% being positive and 32.55% negative. There were statistically significant differences in the distribution of sentiment polarity between topics (P<.001). Negative emotions were twice as high as positive emotions in the social life and security topic. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals insights into the emotions expressed by people with albinism in the Chinese OHC, Baidu Tieba, providing health care practitioners with greater appreciation of the current emotional support needed by patients and the patient experience. Current OHCs do not exert enough influence due to limited effective organization and development. Health care sectors should take greater advantage of OHCs to support vulnerable patients with rare diseases to meet their evidence-based needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqing Bi
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Research Center for Health Technology Assessment, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Smart Health, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lining Shen
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Research Center for Health Technology Assessment, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Smart Health, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Richard Evans
- College of Engineering, Design and Physical Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Research Center for Health Technology Assessment, Wuhan, China
| | - Shimin Wang
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Research Center for Health Technology Assessment, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Dai
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cui Liu
- School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
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18
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Masukawa D, Yamada K, Goshima Y. Overexpression of the gene product of ocular albinism 1 (GPR143/OA1) but not its mutant forms inhibits neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 141:41-48. [PMID: 31606330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth is a complex differentiation process regulated by external and/or internal mechanisms. Among external mechanisms, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been implicated in this process, but the pathways involved are not fully understood. L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) is considered to be inert by itself, and to relieve Parkinson's disease through its conversion to dopamine. We have proposed that l-DOPA acts as a neurotransmitter. GPR143, the gene product of ocular albinism 1 (OA1), was identified as a receptor for l-DOPA. OA1 is an X-linked disorder characterized by all typical visual anomalies associated with hypopigmentation and optic misrouting, resulting in severe reduction of visual acuity. However, the molecular basis for this phenotype remains unknown. To study the function of GPR143, we investigated the phenotypic effect of overexpression of GPR143 in pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells treated with nerve growth factor. Overexpression of mouse GPR143 inhibited neurite outgrowth, and the effect was mitigated by l-DOPA cyclohexylester, an antagonist for l-DOPA. Furthermore, knockdown of G-protein Gα13 attenuated mouse GPR143 induced inhibition of neurite outgrowth. Human wild-type (wt) GPR143 also inhibited neurite outgrowth, but its mutants did not mimic the effect of wt GPR143. Our results provide a mechanism for axon guidance phenotype in ocular albinism 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Kaisei Yamada
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
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19
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Goshima Y, Masukawa D, Kasahara Y, Hashimoto T, Aladeokin AC. l-DOPA and Its Receptor GPR143: Implications for Pathogenesis and Therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1119. [PMID: 31632270 PMCID: PMC6785630 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) is the most effective therapeutic agent for Parkinson's disease (PD). l-DOPA is traditionally believed to be an inert amino acid that exerts actions and effectiveness in PD through its conversion to dopamine. In contrast to this generally accepted idea, l-DOPA is proposed to be a neurotransmitter. Recently, GPR143 (OA1), the gene product of ocular albinism 1 was identified as a receptor candidate for l-DOPA. GPR143 is widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system. GPR143 immunoreactivity was colocalized with phosphorylated α-synuclein in Lewy bodies in PD brains. GPR143 may contribute to the therapeutic effectiveness of l-DOPA and might be related to pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuka Kasahara
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Aderemi Caleb Aladeokin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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20
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Goshima Y, Watanabe S, Seki E, Koga M, Masukawa D, Nakamura F, Komori T, Arai N. Immunoreactivity of a G protein-coupled l-DOPA receptor GPR143, in Lewy bodies. Neurosci Res 2018; 148:49-53. [PMID: 30590075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) has been believed to be an inert amino acid precursor of dopamine, and is the most effective therapeutic agent in Parkinson's disease (PD). We proposed l-DOPA as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Recently, the ocular albinism 1 gene product, OA1/GPR143 (GPR143), was identified as a receptor for l-DOPA. In this study, we examined by generating anti-human GPR143 antibody, the localization of GPR143-immunoreactive signals in the brains from control and PD subjects. GPR143-immunoreactive signals were detected throughout the entire midbrain including substantia nigra pars compacta. In the PD brains, we found that GPR143-immunoreactive signals were detected in Lewy bodies and were colocalized with immunoreactive signals with anti-human Ser129 phosphorylated α-synuclein antibody. Although the significance of its occurrence in the inclusion bodies is unknown, our finding suggests possible implications of GPR143 in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Shuya Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Erika Seki
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Motokazu Koga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan; Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Fumio Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology & Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan; Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Takashi Komori
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo 183-0042, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Arai
- Laboratory of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
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21
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Masukawa D, Koga M, Sezaki A, Nakao Y, Kamikubo Y, Hashimoto T, Okuyama-Oki Y, Aladeokin AC, Nakamura F, Yokoyama U, Wakui H, Ichinose H, Sakurai T, Umemura S, Tamura K, Ishikawa Y, Goshima Y. L-DOPA sensitizes vasomotor tone by modulating the vascular alpha1-adrenergic receptor. JCI Insight 2017; 2:90903. [PMID: 28931752 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.90903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure is regulated by extrinsic factors including noradrenaline, the sympathetic neurotransmitter that controls cardiovascular functions through adrenergic receptors. However, the fine-tuning system of noradrenaline signaling is relatively unknown. We here show that l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), a precursor of catecholamines, sensitizes the vascular adrenergic receptor alpha1 (ADRA1) through activation of L-DOPA receptor GPR143. In WT mice, intravenous infusion of the ADRA1 agonist phenylephrine induced a transient elevation of blood pressure. This response was attenuated in Gpr143 gene-deficient (Gpr143-/y) mice. Specific knockout of Gpr143 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) also showed a similar phenotype, indicating that L-DOPA directly modulates ADRA1 signaling in the VSMCs. L-DOPA at nanomolar concentrations alone produced no effect on the VSMCs, but it enhanced phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction and intracellular Ca2+ responses. Phenylephrine also augmented the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases in cultured VSMCs from WT but not Gpr143-/y mice. In WT mice, blood pressure increased during the transition from light-rest to dark-active phases. This elevation was not observed in Gpr143-/y mice. Taken together, our findings provide evidence for L-DOPA/GPR143 signaling that exerts precursor control of sympathetic neurotransmission through sensitizing vascular ADRA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Motokazu Koga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Anna Sezaki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamikubo
- Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Hashimoto
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan.,Medical Science and Cardiorenal Medicine, and
| | | | - Aderemi Caleb Aladeokin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumio Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Utako Yokoyama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Ichinose
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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22
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De Filippo E, Manga P, Schiedel AC. Identification of Novel G Protein-Coupled Receptor 143 Ligands as Pharmacologic Tools for Investigating X-Linked Ocular Albinism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017. [PMID: 28632878 PMCID: PMC5482243 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-21128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose GPR143 regulates melanosome biogenesis and organelle size in pigment cells. The mechanisms underlying receptor function remain unclear. G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are excellent pharmacologic targets; thus, we developed and applied a screening approach to identify potential GPR143 ligands and chemical modulators. Methods GPR143 interacts with β-arrestin; we therefore established a β-arrestin recruitment assay to screen for compounds that modulate activity. Because GPR143 is localized intracellularly, screening with the wild-type receptor would be restricted to agents absorbed by the cell. For the screen we used a mutant receptor, which shows similar basal activity as the wild type but traffics to the plasma membrane. We tested two compound libraries and investigated validated hits for their effects on melanocyte pigmentation. Results GPR143, which showed high constitutive activity in the β-arrestin assay, was inhibited by several compounds. The three validated inhibitors (pimozide, niclosamide, and ethacridine lactate) were assessed for impact on melanocytes. Pigmentation and expression of tyrosinase, a key melanogenic enzyme, were reduced by all compounds. Because GPR143 appears to be constitutively active, these compounds may turn off its activity. Conclusions X-linked ocular albinism type I, characterized by developmental eye defects, results from GPR143 mutations. Identifying pharmacologic agents that modulate GPR143 activity will contribute significantly to our understanding of its function and provide novel tools with which to study GPCRs in melanocytes and retinal pigment epithelium. Pimozide, one of three GPR143 inhibitors identified in this study, maybe be a good lead structure for development of more potent compounds and provide a platform for design of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prashiela Manga
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
| | - Anke C Schiedel
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry I, PharmaCenter Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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23
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Kozina EA, Kim AR, Kurina AY, Ugrumov MV. Cooperative synthesis of dopamine by non-dopaminergic neurons as a compensatory mechanism in the striatum of mice with MPTP-induced Parkinsonism. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 98:108-121. [PMID: 27940203 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the late 80s it has been repeatedly shown that besides dopaminergic neurons, the brain contains so-called monoenzymatic neurons possessing one of the enzymes of dopamine (DA) synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). However, the data on the existence of monoenzymatic neurons in the striatum remain controversial, and little is known about their functional significance. The aim of this study was to test our hypothesis that monoenzymatic TH-containing neurons produce DA in cooperation with the neurons containing AADC, which might help to compensate DA deficiency under the failure of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Using a combination of techniques: retrograde tracing, qPCR and immunolabeling for TH, AADC and MAP2, we showed that the striatum of mice with normal and degraded dopaminergic system comprises of monoenzymatic TH- and AADC-containing neurons. To provide evidence for cooperative synthesis of DA, we used an ex vivo model of inhibiting of DA synthesis by blocking transport of l-DOPA, produced in monoenzymatic TH-containing neurons, to neurons containing AADC by means of l-leucine, a competitive inhibitor of the membrane transporter of large neutral amino acids, and l-DOPA. With this original approach, cooperative synthesis of DA in the striatum was proven in MPTP-treated mice but not in the control. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the proportion of DA produced through cooperative synthesis in the striatum of MPTP-treated mice increases as the degradation of dopaminergic system proceeds. An increase in the proportion of cooperative synthesis of DA alongside degradation of the dopaminergic system is also proved by an increase of both TH gene expression and the number of TH-immunoreactive structures in the striatum. Thus, these data suggest that the cooperative synthesis of DA in the degraded striatum is an up-regulated compensatory reaction, which plays an increasing role as DA deficiency rises, and might be considered among the principal mechanisms of neuroplasticity in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena A Kozina
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, 26 Vavilov St, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Aleksandr R Kim
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, 26 Vavilov St, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Anna Y Kurina
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, 26 Vavilov St, Moscow 119334, Russia
| | - Michael V Ugrumov
- Laboratory of Neural and Neuroendocrine Regulations, Institute of Developmental Biology RAS, 26 Vavilov St, Moscow 119334, Russia; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, The National Research University Higher School of Economics, 20 Myasnitskaya St, Moscow 101000, Russia.
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24
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Ocular Albinism Type 1 Regulates Melanogenesis in Mouse Melanocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101596. [PMID: 27690000 PMCID: PMC5085629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether ocular albinism type 1 (OA1) is differentially expressed in the skin of mice with different coat colors and to determine its correlation with coat color establishment in mouse, the expression patterns and tissue distribution characterization of OA1 in the skin of mice with different coat colors were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), immunofluorescence staining and Western blot. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that OA1 mRNA was expressed in all mice skin samples tested, with the highest expression level in brown skin, a moderate expression level in black skin and the lowest expression level in gray skin. Positive OA1 protein bands were also detected in all skin samples by Western blot analysis. The relative expression levels of OA1 protein in both black and brown skin were significantly higher than that in gray skin, but there was no significant difference between black and brown mice. Immunofluorescence assays revealed that OA1 was mainly expressed in the hair follicle matrix, the inner and outer root sheath in the skin tissues with different coat colors. To get further insight into the important role of OA1 in the melanocytes’ pigmentation, we transfected the OA1 into mouse melanocytes and then detected the relative expression levels of pigmentation-related gene. Simultaneously, we tested the melanin content of melanocytes. As a result, the overexpression of OA1 significantly increased the expression levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein 1 (TRP1) and premelanosome protein (PMEL). However, the tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP2) level was attenuated. By contrast, the level of glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma protein b (GPNMB) was unaffected by OA1 overexpression. Furthermore, we observed a significant increase in melanin content in mouse melanocyte transfected OA1. Therefore, we propose that OA1 may participate in the formation of coat color by regulating the level of MITF and the number, size, motility and maturation of melanosome.
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25
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Ueda S, Masukawa D, Koga M, Goshima Y. l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine induces ptosis through a GPR143-independent mechanism in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 132:109-112. [PMID: 27622543 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Through its conversion to dopamine by aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) replenishes depleted brain dopamine in Parkinson's disease patients. We recently identified GPR143 as a candidate receptor for l-DOPA. In this study, we investigated the behavioral actions of l-DOPA in wild type (wt) and Gpr143-deficient mice. l-DOPA dose-dependently (10-100 mg/kg, i.p.) induced ptosis under treatment with 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine, a centrally acting AADC inhibitor. This effect was not mimicked by 3-O-methyldopa. l-DOPA-induced ptosis in Gpr143-deficient mice to a similar extent as in wt mice. These results suggest that l-DOPA induces ptosis in a GPR143-independent fashion in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suguru Ueda
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Daiki Masukawa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Motokazu Koga
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
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26
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Shishikura M, Nakamura F, Yamashita N, Uetani N, Iwakura Y, Goshima Y. Expression of receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase δ, PTPδ, in mouse central nervous system. Brain Res 2016; 1642:244-254. [PMID: 27026654 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphate δ (PTPδ), one of the receptor type IIa protein tyrosine phosphates, is known for its roles in axon guidance, synapse formation, cell adhesion, and tumor suppression. Alternative splicing of this gene generates at least four (A-D) isoforms; however, the major isoform in vivo is yet to be determined. The protein localization has neither been revealed. We have generated anti-mouse PTPδ-specific monoclonal antibody and analyzed the protein expression in wild-type and Ptpδ knockout mice. Immunoblot analysis of various organs revealed that neuronal tissues express both C-and D-isoforms of PTPδ, whereas non-neuronal tissues express only C-isoform. Immunohistochemistry of wild-type or Ptpδ heterozygous sections showed that olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, and several nuclei in brain stem exhibit moderate to strong positive signals. These signals were absent in Ptpδ knockout specimens. Higher magnification revealed differences between expression patterns of PTPδ mRNA and its protein product. In hippocampus, weak mRNA expression in CA1 stratum pyramidale but strong immunostaining in the stratum lacunosum moleculare was observed, suggesting the axonal expression of PTPδ in the entorhinal cortical afferents. Olfactory mitral cells exhibited mRNA expression in cell bodies and protein localization in their dendritic fields, glomerular and external plexiform layers. Nissl staining showed that the external plexiform layer was reduced in Ptpδ knockout mice. Golgi-impregnation confirmed the poor dendritic growth of homozygous mitral cells. These results suggest that PTPδ may localize in axons as well as in dendrites to regulate their elaboration in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Shishikura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate school of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan; Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Fumio Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate school of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan; Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan.
| | - Naoya Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate school of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
| | - Noriko Uetani
- Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Division of experimental animal immunology, Research Institute for Biomedical Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Graduate school of Medicine, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-0004, Japan
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