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Dai J, Scherf KS. The Privileged Status of Peer Faces: Subordinate-level Neural Representations of Faces in Emerging Adults. J Cogn Neurosci 2023; 35:715-735. [PMID: 36638228 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Faces can be represented at a variety of different subordinate levels (e.g., race) that can become "privileged" for visual recognition in perceivers and is reflected as patterns of biases (e.g., own-race bias). The mechanisms encoding privileged status are likely varied, making it difficult to predict how neural systems represent subordinate-level biases in face processing. Here, we investigate the neural basis of subordinate-level representations of human faces in the ventral visual pathway, by leveraging recent behavioral findings indicating the privileged nature of peer faces in identity recognition for adolescents and emerging adults (i.e., ages 18-25 years). We tested 166 emerging adults in a face recognition paradigm and a subset of 31 of these participants in two fMRI task paradigms. We showed that emerging adults exhibit a peer bias in face recognition behavior, which indicates a privileged status for a subordinate-level category of faces that is not predicted based on experience alone. This privileged status of peer faces is supported by multiple neural mechanisms within the ventral visual pathway, including enhanced neural magnitude and neural size in the neural size in the fusiform area (FFA1), which is a critical part of the face-processing network that fundamentally supports the representations of subordinate-level categories of faces. These findings demonstrate organizational principles that the human ventral visual pathway uses to privilege relevant social information in face representations, which is essential for navigating human social interactions. It will be important to understand whether similar mechanisms support representations of other subordinate-level categories like race and gender.
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2
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Serafini L, Pesciarelli F. Neural timing of the other-race effect across the lifespan: A review. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14203. [PMID: 36371686 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Face race influences the way we process faces, so that faces of a different ethnic group are processed for identity less efficiently than faces of one's ethnic group - a phenomenon known as the Other-Race Effect (ORE). Although widely replicated, the ORE is still poorly characterized in terms of its development and the underlying mechanisms. In the last two decades, the Event-Related Potential (ERP) technique has brought insight into the mechanisms underlying the ORE and has demonstrated potential to clarify its development. Here, we review the ERP evidence for a differential neural processing of own-race and other-race faces throughout the lifespan. In infants, race-related processing differences emerged at the N290 and P400 (structural encoding) stages. In children, race affected the P100 (early processing, attention) perceptual stage and was implicitly encoded at the N400 (semantic processing) stage. In adults, processing difficulties for other-race faces emerged at the N170 (structural encoding), P200 (configuration processing) and N250 (accessing individual representations) perceptual stages. Early in processing, race was implicitly encoded from other-race faces (N100, P200 attentional biases) and in-depth processing preferentially applied to own-race faces (N200 attentional bias). Encoding appeared less efficient (Dm effects) and retrieval less recollection-based (old/new effects) for other-race faces. Evidence admits the contribution of perceptual, attentional, and motivational processes to the development and functioning of the ORE, offering no conclusive support for perceptual or socio-cognitive accounts. Cross-racial and non-cross-racial studies provided convergent evidence. Future research would need to include less represented ethnic populations and the developmental population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Serafini
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Francesca Pesciarelli
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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3
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Manfredi M, Comfort WE, Marques LM, Rego GG, Egito JH, Romero RL, Boggio PS. Understanding racial bias through electroencephalography. BMC Psychol 2023; 11:81. [PMID: 36973706 PMCID: PMC10045171 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on racial bias in social and cognitive psychology has focused on automatic cognitive processes such as categorisation or stereotyping. Neuroimaging has revealed differences in the neural circuit when processing social information about one's own or another's ethnicity. This review investigates the influence of racial bias on human behaviour by reviewing studies that examined changes in neural circuitry (i.e. ERP responses) during automatic and controlled processes elicited by specific tasks. This systematic analysis of specific ERP components across different studies provides a greater understanding of how social contexts are perceived and become associated with specific stereotypes and behavioural predictions. Therefore, investigating these related cognitive and neurobiological functions can further our understanding of how racial bias affects our cognition more generally and guide more effective programs and policies aimed at its mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Manfredi
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - William E Comfort
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Marques
- Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Clinical Hospital, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel G Rego
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia H Egito
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ruth L Romero
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Developmental Disorders Program, Centerfor Health and Biological Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Herzmann G, Ogle O, Curran T. More elaborate processing of own-race faces and less elaborate processing of other-race faces contribute to the other-race effect in face memory. Br J Psychol 2022; 113:1033-1055. [PMID: 35773753 PMCID: PMC9796842 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Research suggests that own-race faces are naturally memorized in a more elaborate (e.g., many features of a face or the whole face) way, whereas other-race faces are memorized in a less elaborate (e.g., only selected features of the face) manner. Here, we tested if instructions for judgements about the whole face and a single facial feature modulated the other-race effect in face memory. White participants performed whole-face and single-feature tasks while memorizing White and Black faces for later recognition. Encoding instructions had a stronger impact on own-race than other-race faces. Whole-face instructions increased the other-race effect, whereas single-feature instructions decreased it. Own-race faces in the whole-face task demonstrated event-related potential (ERP) patterns of memory encoding comparable to previously observed natural memory encoding, suggesting naturally more elaborate encoding of own-race faces. ERPs of memory encoding for other-race faces were similar between task conditions and comparable to previously observed natural encoding patterns, suggesting naturally less elaborate encoding. No impact of the encoding tasks was found on ERPs related to memory retrieval, which may be an artefact of a perceptual task that does not enhance semantic details in memory. The current results indicate that some contributions to the other-race effect are more elaborate (more detailed) memory encoding for own-race faces and less elaborate (less detailed) memory encoding for other-race faces. This study also provides evidence for more malleability of own-race than other-race faces through task instructions, consistent with assumptions of perceptual learning theories of the other-race effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grit Herzmann
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of PsychologyThe College of WoosterWoosterOhioUSA
| | - Olivia Ogle
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of PsychologyThe College of WoosterWoosterOhioUSA
| | - Tim Curran
- Department of Psychology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
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Nishimura Y, Tsuda H, Ogawa H. Own‐Race
Advantage in Visual Working Memory for Faces Reflects Enhanced Storage Capacity and Quick Encoding
1. JAPANESE PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jpr.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Lee J, Penrod SD. Three‐level meta‐analysis of the other‐race bias in facial identification. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jungwon Lee
- Department of Psychology Hallym University Chuncheon South Korea
| | - Steven D. Penrod
- Department of Psychology John Jay College of Criminal Justice New York USA
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7
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Tüttenberg SC, Wiese H. Event-related brain potential correlates of the other-race effect: A review. Br J Psychol 2022; 114 Suppl 1:24-44. [PMID: 36018312 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
People are better at remembering own-race relative to other-race faces. Here, we review event-related brain potential (ERP) correlates of this so-called other-'race' effect (ORE) by discussing three critical aspects that characterize the neural signature of this phenomenon. First, difficulties with other-race faces initially emerge during perceptual processing, which is indexed by an increased N170. Second, as evidenced by 'difference due to subsequent memory' effects, more effortful processing of other-race faces is needed for successful encoding into long-term memory. Third, ERP old/new effects reveal that a stronger engagement of processing resources is also required for successful retrieval of other-race faces from memory. The ERP evidence available to date thus suggests widespread ethnicity-related modulations during both perceptual and mnemonic processing stages. We further discuss how findings from the ORE compared with potentially related memory biases (e.g. other-gender or other-age effects) and how ERP findings inform the ongoing debate regarding the mechanisms underlying the ORE. Finally, we outline open questions and potential future directions with an emphasis on using multiple, ecologically more valid 'ambient' images for each face to assess the ORE in paradigms that capture identity rather than image recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Tüttenberg
- Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Holger Wiese
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, Durham, UK
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Murphy DH, Silaj KM, Schwartz ST, Rhodes MG, Castel AD. An own-race bias in the categorisation and recall of associative information. Memory 2021; 30:190-205. [PMID: 34756154 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2021.1999982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTPeople tend to better remember same-race faces relative to other-race faces (an "own-race" bias). We examined whether the own-race bias extends to associative memory, particularly in the identification and recall of information paired with faces. In Experiment 1, we presented white participants with own- and other-race faces which either appeared alone or accompanied by a label indicating whether the face was a "criminal" or a "victim". Results revealed an own-race facial recognition advantage regardless of the presence of associative information. In Experiment 2, we again paired same- and other-race faces with either "criminal" or "victim" labels, but rather than a recognition test, participants were asked to identify whether each face had been presented as a criminal or a victim. White criminals were better categorised than Black criminals, but race did not influence the categorisation of victims. In Experiment 3, white participants were presented with same- and other-race faces and asked to remember where the person was from, their occupation, and a crime they committed. Results revealed a recall advantage for the associative information paired with same-race faces. Collectively, these findings suggest that the own-race bias extends to the categorisation and recall of information in associative memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon H Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katie M Silaj
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shawn T Schwartz
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew G Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alan D Castel
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Kacin M, Herzmann G. Facial expressions of anger improve neural correlates of memory retrieval but not encoding of only same-race faces. Neuropsychologia 2021; 159:107915. [PMID: 34144127 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The other-race effect is the phenomenon that people are better able to recognize and remember faces of their same race. Angry faces have been shown to facilitate processes that promote face recognition as reflected in the proportion of remembered faces after study. The other-race effect may be diminished when other-race faces display negative expressions, but no event-related potential studies have examined whether this improvement in other-race face recognition occurs during facial encoding or recognition. The current study used the old-new recognition task to examine whether anger reduces the other-race effect by improving face memory for other-race faces in comparison to neutral faces and whether this improvement would be reflected during encoding or retrieval. Caucasian and African American faces were rated as angry or neutral by a separate pool of Caucasian participants. Caucasian and African/African American participants in the old-new task studied the faces rated as most angry or neutral and later identified them among distractors in the test phase. The Dm, FN400, and parietal old-new effect were recorded during the study and test phase for Caucasian participants. Anger did not improve other-race face memory in behavior for either race of participants. For Caucasian participants, activation increased during retrieval of previously studied angry Caucasian faces, which indicates more detailed memory retrieval of same-race as compared to other-race angry faces. This is evidence that experience with same-race faces and not stereotypes of other-race faces influences the other-race effect during memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kacin
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, The College of Wooster, 1189 Beall Ave, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
| | - Grit Herzmann
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Program, The College of Wooster, 1189 Beall Ave, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
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10
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López-Meza MS, Otero-Ojeda G, Estrada JA, Esquivel-Hernández FJ, Contreras I. The impact of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners on the central nervous system: preliminary study. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:1623-1632. [PMID: 33641634 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1885239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human consumption of food and beverages containing added nutritive or non-nutritive sweeteners has increased worldwide. OBJECTIVE The present study evaluated the possible impact of frequent sweetener consumption on human CNS activity and functions through neuropsychological testing and EEG/qEEG analysis. METHODS A sample of 23 women and 16 men, aged 18-35, with a body mass index between 18 and 24.9 kg/m2 was evaluated. Participants underwent a 1-week washout period in which food with added sugars or sweeteners was restricted from their diet. Initial assessment of cognitive functions was performed with a validated neuropsychological test and EEG/qEEG analysis, prior to supplementation. Sucrose, sucralose, or steviol glycosides, in commercially available presentations, were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of 13 participants each. Sweeteners were supplemented in fixed amounts, daily, for six weeks. After supplementation, neurological tests were repeated and the initial and final results were compared. RESULTS The results show no significant changes between final and initial measures in the steviol glycosides group. However, a significant decrease in encoding memory was found in the sucrose group in the final evaluation. Strikingly, the sucralose group showed a significant decrease in overall memory, encoding memory, and executive functions after supplementation. Furthermore, qEEG analysis showed an increase in theta wave absolute and relative power at the final evaluation in the same group. CONCLUSION These data show that frequent consumption of specific sweeteners is accompanied by measurable changes in EEG/qEEG activity and neuropsychological test performance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sagrario López-Meza
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Gloria Otero-Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - José Antonio Estrada
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Francisco José Esquivel-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neurometría, Unidad de Investigación Interdisciplinaria en Ciencias de la Salud y la Educación (UIICE), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - Irazú Contreras
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
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11
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Tüttenberg SC, Wiese H. Recognising other-race faces is more effortful: The effect of individuation instructions on encoding-related ERP Dm effects. Biol Psychol 2020; 158:107992. [PMID: 33246044 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2020.107992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Humans are better at recognising faces from their own vs. another ethnic background. Socio-cognitive theories of this own-race bias (ORB) propose that reduced recognition of other-race faces results from less motivation to attend to individuating information during encoding. Accordingly, individuation instructions that explain the phenomenon and instruct participants to attend to other-race faces during learning attenuate or eliminate the ORB. However, it is still unclear how exactly such instructions affect other-race face processing. We addressed this question by investigating encoding-related event-related brain potentials, contrasting neural activity of subsequently remembered and forgotten items (Dm effects). In line with socio-cognitive accounts, individuation instructions reduced the ORB. Critically, instructions increased Dm effects for other-race faces, suggesting that more processing resources were allocated to these faces during encoding. Thus, compensating for reduced experience with other-race faces is possible to some extent, but additional resources are needed to decrease difficulties resulting from a lack of perceptual expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone C Tüttenberg
- Experimental Neuropsychology Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Germany; Department of Psychology, Durham University, United Kingdom.
| | - Holger Wiese
- Department of Psychology, Durham University, United Kingdom
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12
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Zhao MF, Zimmer HD, Fu X, Zheng Z. Unitization of internal and external features contributes to associative recognition for faces: Evidence from modulations of the FN400. Brain Res 2020; 1748:147077. [PMID: 32861676 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Associative recognition requires discriminating between old items and conjunction lures constructed by recombining elements from two different study items. This task can be solved not only by recollection but also by familiarity if the to-be-remembered stimuli are perceived as a unitized representation. In two event-related potential (ERP) studies, we provide evidence for the integration of internal and external facial features by showing that the early frontal old-new effect (considered a correlate of familiarity) is modulated by the specific combination of facial features. Participants studied faces consisting of internal features (eyes, eyebrows, nose, and mouth) paired with external features (hair, head shape, and ears). During the testing phase, intact, recombined, and new faces were presented. Recombined faces consisted of internal and external features taken from two different studied faces. The results showed that at the frontal sites, during the time window from 300 to 500 ms, ERPs to intact faces were more positive than those to new and recombined faces; the latter two did not differ from one another. The late parietal effect was observed only after a more extended study phase in Experiment 2. We take the modulation of the early frontal old-new effect as evidence for the contribution of familiarity to associative recognition for combinations of internal and external facial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Fang Zhao
- School of Education Science, Huizhou University, Huizhou 516007, China
| | - Hubert D Zimmer
- Brain and Cognition Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany
| | - Xiaolan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zhiwei Zheng
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center on Aging Psychology, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Kynurenine pathway metabolites selectively associate with impaired associative memory function in depression. Brain Behav Immun Health 2020; 8:100126. [PMID: 34589879 PMCID: PMC8474644 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP), an important downstream effect of inflammation, is a driver of depression and neurodegeneration. Damage from the end product of KP activation, quinolinic acid, may be responsible specifically for impairment in hippocampally mediated memory function, among its effects. We hypothesized that associative memory - the ability to recall relationships between items - would be sensitive to KP activation because it is heavily dependent on the hippocampus. We tested a sample of N = 80 adults with unmedicated depression using a face-name task which assesses the ability to recognize, as well as to recall correct pairings, of faces and names. Plasma samples were analyzed for KP metabolites - tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), quinolinic acid (QUIN) and kynurenic acid (KYNA). Using linear models we examined whether the KYN/TRP and QUIN/KYNA ratios predicted performance of recognition memory and associative memory, accounting for item type and the number of learning exposures to items (1 vs. 3). We found that for rearranged items viewed three times, associative memory performance was inversely related to the QUIN/KYNA ratio (p = 0.01, p = 0.001 adjusted for age, gender and race/ethnicity). Recognition memory was not associated with KP activation. The results support our hypothesis that KP activation most sensitively impacts hippocampally mediated memory function.
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14
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Proverbio AM, Parietti N, De Benedetto F. No other race effect (ORE) for infant face recognition: A memory task. Neuropsychologia 2020; 141:107439. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Wynn SC, Kessels RPC, Schutter DJLG. Electrocortical indices of subjectively perceived confidence in episodic memory. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 151:18-24. [PMID: 32057779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrophysiological studies on recognition memory have identified several brain signals that are associated with subjective perceived confidence. However, the extent these brain signals reflect a generic process and are independent of the type of information recognized remains an open question. To address this issue, twenty-seven healthy volunteers performed an episodic memory task while their electro-encephalogram (EEG) was recorded. Participants encoded a set of abstract pictures, and subsequently rated their confidence on recognition decisions. Similar to results reported in previous studies using concrete words, we found retrieval-related theta power, FN400 and late positive component (LPC) effects. In contrast to previous studies using verbal material, a subsequent memory effect for encoding-related evoked theta power, sensitive to subjectively perceived memory confidence, was observed. Our findings suggest that brain signals that are associated with subjectively perceived confidence reflect specific encoding, but generic retrieval processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syanah C Wynn
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Bowdoin College, Brunswick, ME, United States.
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis J L G Schutter
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Minor G, Herzmann G. Effects of negative emotion on neural correlates of item and source memory during encoding and retrieval. Brain Res 2019; 1718:32-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Neural evidence for the contribution of holistic processing but not attention allocation to the other-race effect on face memory. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:1015-1033. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0619-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Wiese H, Schweinberger SR. Inequality between biases in face memory: Event-related potentials reveal dissociable neural correlates of own-race and own-gender biases. Cortex 2018; 101:119-135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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19
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