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Wang M, Xie Y, Shao Y, Chen Y. LncRNA Snhg5 Attenuates Status Epilepticus Induced Inflammation through Regulating NF-κΒ Signaling Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:86-93. [PMID: 34980782 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) induced inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of SE. Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 5 (lncRNA Snhg5) has been reported in various inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanism of Snhg5 regulated inflammation in SE remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the role and mechanism of Snhg5 in SE-induced inflammation in vitro and vivo. In vitro, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in microglia was used to mimic the inflammation after SE. In vivo, SE model was induced by lithium chloride and pilocarpine. The level of Snhg5, p65, p-p65, p-inhibitor of kappaB (IκB)α, IκBα and inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β) were measured via quantitative real-time PCR or Western blot. The Nissl stain and immunohistochemical stain were performed to observe hippocampal damage and microglia proliferation. The results showed Snhg5 was up-regulated in the rat and microglia. Knockdown of Snhg5 inhibited LPS-induced inflammation and relative expression of p-65/p65, p-IκBα/IκBα. Moreover, down-regulation of Snhg5 attenuated SE-induced inflammation and reduced the number of microglia in hippocampus. These findings indicated that Snhg5 modulates the inflammation via nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway in SE rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Yangmei Xie
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University
| | - Yiye Shao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine
| | - Yinghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University
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2
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Cheng W, Gao Y, Li S. Decreased excitatory drive onto hilar neuronal nitric oxide synthase expressing interneurons in chronic models of epilepsy. Brain Res 2021; 1764:147467. [PMID: 33831408 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Excitation-inhibition imbalance of GABAergic interneurons is predisposed to develop chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We have previously shown that virtually every neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)-positive cell is a GABAergic inhibitory interneuron in the denate gyrus. The present study was designed to quantify the number of nNOS-containing hilar interneurons using stereology in pilocapine- and kainic acid (KA)-exposed transgenic adult mice that expressed GFP under the nNOS promoter. In addition, we studied the properties of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) and paired-pulse response ratio (PPR) of evoked EPSC in nNOS interneurons using whole cell recording techniques. Results showed that there were fewer nNOS-immunoreactive interneurons of chronically epileptic animals. Importantly, patch-clamp recordings revealed reduction in mEPSC frequency, indicating diminished global excitatory input. In contrast, PPR of evoked EPSC following the granule cell layer stimulation was increased in epileptic animals suggesting reduced neurotransmitter release from granule cell input. In summary, we propose that impaired excitatory drive onto hippocampal nNOS interneurons may be implicated in the development of refractory epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wang
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, 33 Longhu Outer Circle Dong Road, Zhengzhou, 450018, Henan, China.
| | - Yaodong Zhang
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, 33 Longhu Outer Circle Dong Road, Zhengzhou, 450018, Henan, China
| | - Weyland Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, 33 Longhu Outer Circle Dong Road, Zhengzhou 450018, Henan, China
| | - Yinbo Gao
- Henan Neurodevelopment Engineering Research Center for Children, Henan Key Laboratory of Children's Genetics and Metabolic Diseases, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, 33 Longhu Outer Circle Dong Road, Zhengzhou, 450018, Henan, China
| | - Shao Li
- Department of Physiology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebral Diseases, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R&D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, China
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3
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Li YF, Scerif F, Picker SR, Stone TJ, Pickles JC, Moulding DA, Avery A, Virasami A, Fairchild AR, Tisdall M, Harkness W, Cross JH, Hargrave D, Guillemot F, Paine SM, Yasin SA, Jacques TS. Identifying cellular signalling molecules in developmental disorders of the brain: Evidence from focal cortical dysplasia and tuberous sclerosis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 47:781-795. [PMID: 33797808 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We understand little of the pathogenesis of developmental cortical lesions, because we understand little of the diversity of the cell types that contribute to the diseases or how those cells interact. We tested the hypothesis that cellular diversity and cell-cell interactions play an important role in these disorders by investigating the signalling molecules in the commonest cortical malformations that lead to childhood epilepsy, focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) and tuberous sclerosis (TS). METHODS Transcriptional profiling clustered cases into molecularly distinct groups. Using gene expression data, we identified the secretory signalling molecules in FCD/TS and characterised the cell types expressing these molecules. We developed a functional model using organotypic cultures. RESULTS We identified 113 up-regulated secretory molecules in FCDIIB/TS. The top 12 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated by immunohistochemistry. This highlighted two molecules, Chitinase 3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) (MCP1) that were expressed in a unique population of small cells in close proximity to balloon cells (BC). We then characterised these cells and developed a functional model in organotypic slice cultures. We found that the number of CHI3L1 and CCL2 expressing cells decreased following inhibition of mTOR, the main aberrant signalling pathway in TS and FCD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight previously uncharacterised small cell populations in FCD and TS which express specific signalling molecules. These findings indicate a new level of diversity and cellular interactions in cortical malformations and provide a generalisable approach to understanding cell-cell interactions and cellular heterogeneity in developmental neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Feng Li
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Pathology Department, Tri-Service General Hospital & National Defence Medical Centre, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fatma Scerif
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Simon R Picker
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Thomas J Stone
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jessica C Pickles
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Dale A Moulding
- ICH GOS Imaging Facility, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Aimee Avery
- Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alex Virasami
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Amy R Fairchild
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Martin Tisdall
- Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - William Harkness
- Neurosurgery, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - J Helen Cross
- Neurosciences Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Darren Hargrave
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Neuro-Oncology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Francois Guillemot
- Neural Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Simon M Paine
- Department of Neuropathology, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham University NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Shireena A Yasin
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas S Jacques
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Research & Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Departments of Histopathology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Schlabitz S, Monni L, Ragot A, Dipper-Wawra M, Onken J, Holtkamp M, Fidzinski P. Spatiotemporal Correlation of Epileptiform Activity and Gene Expression in vitro. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:643763. [PMID: 33859552 PMCID: PMC8042243 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.643763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epileptiform activity alters gene expression in the central nervous system, a phenomenon that has been studied extensively in animal models. Here, we asked whether also in vitro models of seizures are in principle suitable to investigate changes in gene expression due to epileptiform activity and tested this hypothesis mainly in rodent and additionally in some human brain slices. We focused on three genes relevant for seizures and epilepsy: FOS proto-oncogene (c-Fos), inducible cAMP early repressor (Icer) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTor). Seizure-like events (SLEs) were induced by 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) in rat entorhinal-hippocampal slices and by 4-AP/8 mM potassium in human temporal lobe slices obtained from surgical treatment of epilepsy. SLEs were monitored simultaneously by extracellular field potentials and intrinsic optical signals (IOS) for 1–4 h, mRNA expression was quantified by real time PCR. In rat slices, both duration of SLE exposure and SLE onset region were associated with increased expression of c-Fos and Icer while no such association was shown for mTor expression. Similar to rat slices, c-FOS induction in human tissue was increased in slices with epileptiform activity. Our results indicate that irrespective of limitations imposed by ex vivo conditions, in vitro models represent a suitable tool to investigate gene expression. Our finding is of relevance for the investigation of human tissue that can only be performed ex vivo. Specifically, it presents an important prerequisite for future studies on transcriptome-wide and cell-specific changes in human tissue with the goal to reveal novel candidates involved in the pathophysiology of epilepsy and possibly other CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Schlabitz
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Clinical and Experimental Epileptology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Monni
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Clinical and Experimental Epileptology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alienor Ragot
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Clinical and Experimental Epileptology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Dipper-Wawra
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Clinical and Experimental Epileptology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Onken
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurosurgery, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Holtkamp
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Clinical and Experimental Epileptology, Berlin, Germany.,Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Institute for Diagnostics of Epilepsy, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Fidzinski
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Neurology with Experimental Neurology, Clinical and Experimental Epileptology, Berlin, Germany.,Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Institute for Diagnostics of Epilepsy, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, Neuroscience Research Center, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Wang M, Deng X, Xie Y, Chen Y. Astaxanthin Attenuates Neuroinflammation in Status Epilepticus Rats by Regulating the ATP-P2X7R Signal. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1651-1662. [PMID: 32431490 PMCID: PMC7201036 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s249162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background As a life-threatening neurological emergency, status epilepticus (SE) is often refractory to available treatment. Current studies have shown a causal role of neuroinflammation in patients with lower seizure thresholds and driving seizures. The ATP-gated purinergic P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is mainly expressed on the microglia, which function as gatekeepers of inflammation. Although emerging evidence has demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects of astaxanthin (AST) in SE, the associated mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the effects of AST on P2X7R-related inflammation in SE. Methods SE was induced in rats using lithium–pilocarpine, and AST was administered 1 h after SE induction. Rat microglia were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), AST, ATP, 2,3-O-4-benzoyl-4-benzoyl-ATP (BzATP) and oxidized ATP (oxATP). The Morris water maze, immunohistochemistry, and Nissl staining were performed in rats. Expressions of P2X7R and inflammatory cytokines (such as cycloxygenase-2 (Cox-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)) were detected using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot (WB) both in rats and microglia. ATP concentration in the microglia was evaluated using ELISA. Results The AST alleviated hippocampal injury and improved cognitive dysfunction induced by SE. AST also effectively inhibited inflammation and downregulated P2X7R expression in both rat brain and microglia. The results also showed that AST reduced the extracellular ATP levels and that P2X7R expression could be increased by extracellular ATP. In addition, BzATP upregulates the expression of P2X7R and inflammatory factors in microglia. Conversely, it downregulates the expression of P2X7R and inflammatory factors. Conclusion Our study suggests that AST attenuated ATP-P2X7R mediated inflammation in SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Deng
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangmei Xie
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital North, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Liu Z, Peng C, Zhuang Y, Chen Y, Behnisch T. Direct Medial Entorhinal Cortex Input to Hippocampal CA3 Is Crucial for eEF2K Inhibitor-Induced Neuronal Oscillations in the Mouse Hippocampus. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:24. [PMID: 32210764 PMCID: PMC7069380 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampal formation plays a vital role in memory formation and takes part in the control of the default neuronal network activity of the brain. It also represents an important structure to analyze drug-induced effects on subregion-specific synchronization of neuronal activity. However, the consequences of an altered functional state of synapses for subregion-specific synchronization of neuronal microcircuits remain to be fully understood. Therefore, we analyzed the direct interaction of neuronal microcircuits utilizing a genetically encoded calcium sensor (GCaMP6s) and local field potential (LFP) recording in acute hippocampal-entorhinal brain slices in response to a modulator of synaptic transmission. We observed that application of the eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K) inhibitor A484954, induced a large-scale synchronization of neuronal activity within different regions of the hippocampal formation. This effect was confirmed by the recording of extracellular LFPs. Further, in order to understand if the synchronized activity depended on interconnected hippocampal areas, we lesioned adjacent regions from each other. These experiments identified the origin of A484954-induced synchronized activity in the hippocampal CA3 subfield localized near the hilus of the dentate gyrus. Remarkably, the synchronization of neuronal activity in the hippocampus required an intact connection with the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC). In line with this observation, we detected an increase in neuronal activity in the MEC area after application of A484954. In summary, inhibition of eEF2K alters the intrinsic activity of interconnected neuronal microcircuits dominated by the MEC-CA3 afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Liu
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinghan Zhuang
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Thomas Behnisch
- Institutes of Brain Science, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Heuzeroth H, Wawra M, Fidzinski P, Dag R, Holtkamp M. The 4-Aminopyridine Model of Acute Seizures in vitro Elucidates Efficacy of New Antiepileptic Drugs. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:677. [PMID: 31316344 PMCID: PMC6610309 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to date, preclinical screening for new antiepileptic substances is performed by a combination of different in vivo models of acute seizures, for which large numbers of animals are necessary. So far, little attention has been paid to in vitro models, which are also able to detect antiepileptic efficacy and in principle could likewise serve for exploratory preclinical screening. One of the established in vitro models of acute seizures is the 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) model. Previous studies have shown that the 4-AP model is capable to recapitulate the antiepileptic efficacy of standard antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) such as valproate or carbamazepine. Here, we employed a dual methodological approach using electrophysiology and optical imaging to systematically test the antiepileptic efficacy of three new-generation AEDs with distinct mechanisms of action (lacosamide, zonisamide, and levetiracetam). We found that frequency of 4-AP induced seizure like events (SLE) was the most sensitive parameter to detect dose-dependent antiepileptic effects in these compounds. Specifically, levetiracetam reduced SLE frequency while lacosamide and zonisamide at higher doses completely blocked SLE incidence. Analysis of the intrinsic optical signal additionally revealed a subiculum-specific reduction of the area involved in the propagation of ictal activity when lacosamide or zonisamide were administered. Taken together, our data adds some evidence that acute seizure models in vitro are in principle capable to detect antiepileptic effects across different mechanisms of action with efficacy similar to acute models in vivo. Further studies with negative controls, e.g., penicillin as a proconvulsant, and other clinically relevant AEDs are needed to determine if this acute in vitro model might be useful as exploratory screening tool. In view of the increasing sensitivity toward animal welfare, an affective in vitro model may help to reduce the number of laboratory animals deployed in burdening in vivo experiments and to preselect substances for subsequent testing in time- and cost-laborious models of chronic epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Heuzeroth
- Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Wawra
- Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pawel Fidzinski
- Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ramazan Dag
- Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Holtkamp
- Epilepsy-Center Berlin-Brandenburg, Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Campos G, Fortuna A, Falcão A, Alves G. In vitro and in vivo experimental models employed in the discovery and development of antiepileptic drugs for pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2018; 146:63-86. [PMID: 30086482 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic, recurrent and progressive neurological diseases. In spite of the large number of antiepileptic drugs currently available for the suppression of seizures, about one-third of patients develop drug-resistant epilepsy, even when they are administered the most appropriate treatment available. Thus, nonclinical models can be valuable tools for the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the development of pharmacoresistance and also for the development of new therapeutic agents that may be promising therapeutic approaches for this unmet medical need. Up today, several epilepsy and seizure models have been developed, exhibiting similar physiopathological features of human drug-resistant epilepsy; moreover, pharmacological response to antiepileptic drugs clinically available tends to be similar in animal models and humans. Therefore, they should be more intensively used in the preclinical discovery and development of new candidates to antiepileptic drugs. Although useful, in vitro models cannot completely replicate the complexity of a living being and their potential for a systematic use in antiepileptic drug screening is limited. The whole-animal models are the most commonly employed and they can be classified as per se drug-resistant due to an inherent poor drug response or be based on the selection of subgroups of epileptic animals that respond or not to a specific antiepileptic drug. Although more expensive and time-consuming, the latter are chronic models of epilepsy that better exhibit the disease-associated alterations found in human epilepsy. Several antiepileptic drugs in development or already marketed have been already tested and shown to be effective in these models of drug-resistant epilepsy, constituting a new hope for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. This review will provide epilepsy researchers with detailed information on the in vitro and in vivo nonclinical models of interest in drug-resistant epilepsy, which may enable a refined selection of most relevant models for understanding the mechanisms of the disease and developing novel antiepileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Campos
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana Fortuna
- CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Amílcar Falcão
- CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gilberto Alves
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6200-506, Covilhã, Portugal.
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