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Liu H, Guo S, Wei S, Liu J, Tian B. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of cyclodextrin-based oral drug delivery formulations for disease therapy. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 329:121763. [PMID: 38286540 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Oral drug administration has become the most common and preferred mode of disease treatment due to its good medication adherence and convenience. For orally administered drugs, the safety, efficacy, and targeting ability requirements have grown as disease treatment research advances. It is difficult to obtain prominent efficacy of traditional drugs simply via oral administration. Numerous studies have demonstrated that cyclodextrins (CDs) can improve the clinical applications of certain orally administered drugs by enhancing their water solubility and masking undesirable odors. Additionally, deeper studies have discovered that CDs can influence disease treatment by altering the drug pharmacokinetics (PK) or pharmacodynamics (PD). This review highlights recent research progress on the PK and PD effects of CD-based oral drug delivery in disease therapy. Firstly, the review describes the characteristics of current drug delivery modes in oral administration. Besides, we minutely summarized the different CD-containing drugs, focusing on the impact of CD-based alterations in PK or PD of orally administered drugs in treating diseases. Finally, we deeply discussed current challenges and future opportunities with regard to PK and PD of CD-based oral drug delivery formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Pharmacy Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Songlin Guo
- Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Shijie Wei
- Pharmacy Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Jiayue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Bingren Tian
- Institute of Medical Sciences, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia, China.
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Wu J, Li J, Shao W, Hu Y, Chen H, Chen Y, Chen Y, Liu Q, Ao M. Cyclodextrins as therapeutic drugs for treating lipid metabolism disorders. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13687. [PMID: 38204297 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to systematically compare the efficacy and mechanism of cyclodextrins as drug interventions in lipid metabolism diseases, potentially providing ideas for subsequent research directions and clinical applications. METHODS We used the bibliometric method for feature mining, applied VOSviewer software for clustering analysis, and applied content analysis for objective descriptions and accurate analysis. RESULTS (1) We collected more than 50 studies, which is the basic database of this study. (2) The academic bubble map showed that this research area was popular in the United States. (3) Cluster analysis showed that the intensively studied diseases in this field were Niemann-Pick type C (NPC), atherosclerosis (AS), and obesity. The hot-spot cyclodextrin types were HP-β-CD. (4) Literature measurement revealed the involvement of 15 types of lipid metabolism diseases. Among them, NPC, diabetes, and obesity were studied in clinical trials. Dyslipidemia and AS have been reported relatively more frequently in animal experiments. The studies of cellular experiments provide insight into the molecular mechanisms that intervene in lipid metabolism diseases from multiple perspectives. The exploration of the molecular mechanisms by which cyclodextrins exert their pharmacological effects mainly revolves around lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION It is worthwhile to investigate the role and mechanism of cyclodextrins in other lipid metabolism diseases. The potential efficacy evaluation of cyclodextrins as pharmaceutical drugs for oral or injectable formulations is less studied and may become a new focus in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wu
- Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenxiang Shao
- Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hongfu Chen
- Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yunhai Chen
- Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Nanoscale Science and Technology Laboratory, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Institute for Children Health &Drug Innovation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Meiying Ao
- Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Institute for Children Health &Drug Innovation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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Xia Y, Lu YW, Hao RJ, Yu GR. Catalpol relieved angiotensin II-induced blood-brain barrier destruction via inhibiting the TLR4 pathway in brain endothelial cells. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2022; 60:2210-2218. [PMID: 36369944 PMCID: PMC9665075 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2022.2142801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Catalpol is a major bioactive constituent of Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch (Scrophulariaceae), a traditional Chinese medicine, which is widely used in multiple diseases, including hypertension. OBJECTIVES To explore whether catalpol protects against angiotensin II (Ang II)-triggered blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage. MATERIALS AND METHODS The bEnd.3 cells and BBB models were pre-treated with or without catalpol (50, 200 and 500 μM) or TAK-242 (1 μM) for 2 h and then with Ang II (0.1 μM) or LPS (1 μg/mL) for 24 h. Cell viability was determined by the MTT assay. The levels of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), caveolin-1 (Cav-1) and p-eNOS/eNOS were tested by western blot. The BBB permeability was evaluated by the flux of bovine serum albumin-fluorescein isothiocyanate (BSA-FITC) across monolayers. nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65 nuclear translocation was explored by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Ang II (0.1 μM) decreased the cell viability to 86.52 ± 1.79%, elevated the levels of TLR4, MyD88, iNOS, TNF-α and Cav-1 respectively to 3.7-, 1.5-, 2.3-, 2.2- and 2.7-fold, reduced the level of p-eNOS/eNOS to 1.6-fold in bEnd.3 cells, and eventually increased BBB permeability. Catalpol dose-dependently reversed these changes at 50-500 μM. Meanwhile, catalpol (500 μM) inhibited the upregulated levels of TLR4 pathway-related proteins and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation, decreased the enhanced transcytosis, and relieved the BBB disruption caused by both LPS (the TLR4 activator) and Ang II. The effects are same as TAK-242 (the TLR4 inhibitor). CONCLUSIONS Catalpol relieved the Ang II-induced BBB damage, which indicated catalpol has high potential for the treatment of hypertension-induced cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ren Juan Hao
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Gu Ran Yu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Atis M, Akcan U, Altunsu D, Ayvaz E, Uğur Yılmaz C, Sarıkaya D, Temizyürek A, Ahıshalı B, Girouard H, Kaya M. Targeting the blood-brain barrier disruption in hypertension by ALK5/TGF-Β type I receptor inhibitor SB-431542 and dynamin inhibitor dynasore. Brain Res 2022; 1794:148071. [PMID: 36058283 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In this study, we aimed to target two molecules, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and dynamin to explore their roles in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in hypertension. METHODS For this purpose, angiotensin (ANG) II-induced hypertensive mice were treated with SB-431542, an inhibitor of the ALK5/TGF-β type I receptor, and dynasore, an inhibitor of dynamin. Albumin-Alexa fluor 594 was used to assess BBB permeability. The alterations in the expression of claudin-5, caveolin (Cav)-1, glucose transporter (Glut)-1, and SMAD4 in the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus were evaluated by quantification of immunofluorescence staining intensity. RESULTS ANG II infusion increased BBB permeability to albumin-Alexa fluor 594 which was reduced by SB-431542 (P < 0.01), but not by dynasore. In hypertensive animals treated with dynasore, claudin-5 immunofluorescence intensity increased in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus while it decreased in the cerebral cortex of SB-431542 treated hypertensive mice (P < 0.01). Both dynasore and SB-431542 prevented the increased Cav-1 immunofluorescence intensity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of hypertensive animals (P < 0.01). SB-431542 and dynasore decreased Glut-1 immunofluorescence intensity in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of mice receiving ANG II (P < 0.01). SB-431542 increased SMAD4 immunofluorescence intensity in the cerebral cortex of hypertensive animals, while in the hippocampus a significant decrease was noted by both SB-431542 and dynasore (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that inhibition of the TGFβ type I receptor prevents BBB disruption under hypertensive conditions. These results emphasize the therapeutic potential of targeting TGFβ signaling as a novel treatment modality to protect the brain of hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muge Atis
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uğur Akcan
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Deniz Altunsu
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ecem Ayvaz
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Canan Uğur Yılmaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Biomedical Centrum, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Deniz Sarıkaya
- Department of Physiology, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Arzu Temizyürek
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bülent Ahıshalı
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hélène Girouard
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Montreal University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mehmet Kaya
- Department of Physiology, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey; Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey.
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Zhou M, Li D, Shen Q, Gao L, Zhuang P, Zhang Y, Guo H. Storax Inhibits Caveolae-Mediated Transcytosis at Blood-Brain Barrier After Ischemic Stroke in Rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:876235. [PMID: 35873558 PMCID: PMC9304983 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.876235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose: Blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption following ischemic stroke (IS) contributes to hemorrhagic transformation, brain edema, increased neural dysfunction, secondary injury, and mortality. The prevailing view attributes the destruction of tight junction proteins (TJs) to the resulting BBB damage following IS. However, recent studies define a stepwise impairment of the transcellular barrier followed by the paracellular barrier which accounts for the BBB leakage in IS. The increased endothelial transcytosis that has been proven to be caveolae-mediated, preceding and independent of TJs disintegration. Emerging experimental investigations suggested Storax attenuates BBB damage after stroke. This study aimed to test our hypothesis that Storax inhibits caveolae-mediated transcytosis at BBB after ischemic stroke in rats.Methods: Male Wistar rats (250–300 g) were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (t-MCAO). Brain water content and the cerebral infarction size were assessed by brain tissue drying-wet method and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. BBB permeability was detected by the leakage of Evans blue and Albumin-Alexa594. The ultrastructure of BBB was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cav-1 and Mfsd2a were quantified by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining, AQP4, PDGFR-β, ZO-1 and Occludin were quantified by western blotting.Results: Storax treatment of 0.1 g/kg had no significant effects on brain lesions. Storax treatment of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 g/kg led to a significant decrease in infarction size, and the Storax 0.4, 0.8 g/kg groups displayed a significant reduction in brain water content. Storax treatment of 0.8 g/kg showed mild toxic reactions. Thus, 0.4 g/kg Storax was selected as the optimal dose for subsequent studies. Storax significantly inhibited the fluorescent albumin intensity in the brain parenchyma and the number of caveolae in ECs, alongside attenuating the ultrastructural disruption of BBB at 6 h after stroke. Meanwhile, Storax significantly increased the expression of Mfsd2a and PDGFR-β, and decrease the expression of Cav-1 and AQP4, corresponding to the significantly decreased Cav-1 positive cells and increased Mfsd2a positive cells. However, Storax has no significant effects on Evan blue leakage or the expression ZO-1, Occludin.Conclusion: Our experimental findings demonstrate Storax treatment inhibits caveolae-mediated transcytosis at BBB in the focal stroke model of rats. We also speculate that regulation of Cav-1, Mfsd2a, AQP4, and PDGFR-β expressions might be associated with its beneficial pharmacological effect, but remain to define and elucidate in future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Min Zhou, ; Yanjun Zhang, ; Hong Guo,
| | - Dongna Li
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Qian Shen
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Gao
- The Microscopy Core Facility, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Chinese Materia Medica College, Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Min Zhou, ; Yanjun Zhang, ; Hong Guo,
| | - Hong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Min Zhou, ; Yanjun Zhang, ; Hong Guo,
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Markov AG, Bikmurzina AE, Fedorova AA, Krivoi II. Methyl-beta-Cyclodextrin Alters the Level of Tight Junction Proteins in the Rat Cerebrovascular Endothelium. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022030188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Lu YW, Hao RJ, Wei YY, Yu GR. The protective effect of harpagoside on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced blood-brain barrier leakage in vitro. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6241-6254. [PMID: 34486189 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension and its associated dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) contribute to cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD). Angiotensin II (Ang II), a vasoactive peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is not only a pivotal molecular signal in hypertension but also causes BBB leakage, cSVD, and cognitive impair. Harpagoside, the major bioactive constituent of Scrophulariae Radix, has been commonly used for the treatment of multiple diseases including hypertension in China. The effect of harpagoside on Ang II-induced BBB damage is unclear. We employed an immortalized endothelial cell line (bEnd.3) to mimic a BBB monolayer model in vitro and investigated the effect of harpagoside on BBB and found that harpagoside alleviated Ang II-induced BBB destruction, inhibited Ang II-associated cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner and attenuated Ang II-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) impair by downregulation of Nox2, Nox4, and COX-2. Harpagoside prevented Ang II-induced apoptosis via keeping Bax/Bcl-2 balance, decreasing cytochrome c release, and inactivation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3 (the mitochondria-dependent and death receptor-mediated apoptosis pathways). Moreover, harpagoside can alleviate Ang II-induced BBB damage through upregulation of tight junction proteins and decrease of caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Thus, harpagoside might be a potential drug to treat Ang II-induced cSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wei Lu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Ren Juan Hao
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Yan Wei
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Gu Ran Yu
- Department of Neurology, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Gu J, Chen Q, Gu H, Duan R. Research progress in teratoma-associated anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis: The gynecological perspective. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2021; 47:3749-3757. [PMID: 34396640 DOI: 10.1111/jog.14984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is one of the autoimmune encephalitis, which often occurs in children and young adults, especially in young women. In addition to viral infection, teratoma is an important causative factor. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis is well known to neurologist. However, this is less well known to gynecologists, who may have a decisive role in etiological management. Therefore, from the perspective of gynecologists, we provide an overview of the relationship between the encephalitis and ovarian teratoma, the clinical features and treatment of this disease, and prognosis of pregnant women with this encephalitis. METHODS We searched the PubMed database using the search terms in various combinations "teratoma," "dermoid cyst," "ovary," "ovarian," "anti-NMDAR encephalitis," and "N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor." RESULTS According to the current literature, the mechanism of anti-NMDAR encephalitis is probably due to the ectopic expression of the NMDAR in the teratomas tissue. The disease has a high mortality rate if not treated promptly and effectively. An important way to improve patients' outcome is to remove the ovarian tumor in time. Pregnant women are also at risk of developing anti-NMDAR encephalitis during pregnancy. The fetal outcome is usually better in patients with mid- to late-pregnancy onset than in early pregnancy, and patients are often able to maintain their pregnancies into late pregnancy. CONCLUSION Young women with sudden onset of abnormal psychiatric behavior should be actively screened for ovarian tumors and, if confirmed to be teratoma-associated anti-NMDAR encephalitis, should undergo gynecologic surgery as early as possible, which can help improve their prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Sichuan, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Sichuan, China
| | - Handong Gu
- Department of Radiology, DaZhou Central Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Duan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Sichuan, China
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Kaya M, Ahishali B. Basic physiology of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease: a brief overview. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1840913. [PMID: 33190576 PMCID: PMC7849738 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2020.1840913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB), a dynamic interface between blood and brain constituted mainly by endothelial cells of brain microvessels, robustly restricts the entry of potentially harmful blood-sourced substances and cells into the brain, however, many therapeutically active agents concurrently cannot gain access into the brain at effective doses in the presence of an intact barrier. On the other hand, breakdown of BBB integrity may involve in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, certain diseases/disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, hypertension, and epilepsy are associated with varying degrees of BBB disruption. In this review, we aim to highlight the current knowledge on the cellular and molecular composition of the BBB with special emphasis on the major transport pathways across the barrier type endothelial cells. We further provide a discussion on the innovative brain drug delivery strategies in which the obstacle formed by BBB interferes with effective pharmacological treatment of neurodegenerative diseases/disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Kaya
- Koç University School of Medicine Department of Physiology, Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bulent Ahishali
- Koç University School of Medicine Department of Histology and Embryology, Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Ahishali B, Kaya M. Evaluation of Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity Using Vascular Permeability Markers: Evans Blue, Sodium Fluorescein, Albumin-Alexa Fluor Conjugates, and Horseradish Peroxidase. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2367:87-103. [PMID: 32785841 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2020_316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) constituted by endothelial cells of brain microvessels is a dynamic interface, which controls and regulates the transport of various substances including peptides, proteins, ions, vitamins, hormones, and immune cells from the circulation into the brain parenchyma. Certain diseases/disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, sepsis, and hypertension can lead to varying degrees of BBB disruption. Moreover, impairment of BBB integrity has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases like epilepsy. In attempts to explore the wide spectrum of pathophysiologic mechanisms of these diseases/disorders, a variety of experimental insults targeted to the BBB integrity in vitro in cell culture models and in vivo in laboratory animals have been shown to alter BBB permeability causing enhanced transport of certain tracers such as sodium fluorescein, cadaverine-Alexa fluor, horseradish peroxidase, FITC-dextran, albumin-Alexa fluor conjugates, and Evans blue dye across the barrier. The permeability changes in barrier-type endothelial cells can be assessed by intravascular infusion of exogenous tracers and subsequent detection of the extravasated tracer in the brain tissue, which enable functional and structural analysis of BBB integrity. In this chapter, we aimed to highlight the current knowledge on the use of four most commonly performed tracers, namely, Evans blue, sodium fluorescein, albumin-Alexa fluor conjugates, and horseradish peroxidase. The experimental methodologies that we use in our laboratory for the detection of these tracers by macroscopy, spectrophotometry, spectrophotofluorometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and electron microscopy are also discussed. Tracing studies at the morphological level are mainly aimed at the identification of the tracers both in the barrier-related cells and brain parenchyma. In addition, BBB permeability to the tracers can be quantified using spectrophotometric and spectrophotofluorometric assays and image analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy and electron microscopy. The results of our studies conducted under various experimental settings using the mentioned tracers indicate that barrier-type endothelial cells in brain microvessels orchestrate the paracellular and/or transcellular trafficking of substances across BBB. These efforts may not only contribute to designing approaches for the management of diseases/disorders associated with BBB breakdown but may also provide new insights for developing novel brain drug delivery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulent Ahishali
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kaya
- Department of Physiology, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Wang Q, Lao M, Xu Z, Ding M, Guo S, Li L. Caveolin‑1 modulates hypertensive vascular remodeling via regulation of the Notch pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:4320-4328. [PMID: 33000233 PMCID: PMC7533525 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the critical risk factors of cerebrovascular disease. Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) has been suggested to be involved in the development of hypertension; however, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the mechanism underlying Cav-1 in hypertension. In the present study, the hypertension model was induced by infusion of angiotensin II (Ang-II) in rats. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to detect the viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Flow cytometry was used to determine the apoptosis of HUVECs. Transmission electron microscopy was utilized to address the thickness of the vessel walls. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to assess the mechanism of cav-1/Notch1 involved in hypertensive vascular remodeling. In the present study, an Ang-II-induced hypertension model was successfully established in rats. With this model, it was found that the expression levels of cav-1 and Notch1 were significantly increased in brain tissues in the hypertension group compared with the sham-operated group. In cultured HUVECs, knockdown of cav-1 regulated Ang-II-induced HUVEC viability and apoptosis, and modulated hypertensive vascular remodeling, which was mediated by the Notch pathway. The data of the present study demonstrated that the cav-1/Notch signaling plays an important role in the regulation of Ang-II-induced hypertension and vascular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Special Medical Service Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Minxi Lao
- Special Medical Service Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sun Yat‑Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Meilin Ding
- Special Medical Service Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Shaolei Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Neurology, National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Zhang Y, Song Z, Huang S, Zhu L, Liu T, Shu H, Wang L, Huang Y, Chen Y. Aloe emodin relieves Ang II-induced endothelial junction dysfunction via promoting ubiquitination mediated NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 108:1735-1746. [PMID: 32573820 PMCID: PMC7754316 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ma0520-582r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that aloe emodin (AE), a natural compound from the root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum L., exhibits significant pharmacologic activities. However, the pharmacologic relevance of the compound, particularly for cardiovascular disease, remains largely unknown. Here, we hypothesized that AE could improve endothelial junction dysfunction through inhibiting the activation of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome regulated by NLRP3 ubiquitination, and ultimately prevent cardiovascular disease. In vivo, we used confocal microscopy to study the expression of tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1/2 (ZO-1/2) and the formation of NLRP3 inflammasome in coronary arteries of hypertension. And the experimental serum was used to detect the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by ELISA assay. We found that AE could restore the expression of the endothelial connective proteins ZO-1/2 and decrease the release of high mobility group box1 (HMGB1), and also inhibited the formation and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Similarly, in vitro, our findings demonstrated that AE could restore the expression of the tight junction proteins ZO-1/2 and decrease monolayer cell permeability that related to endothelial function after stimulation by angiotensin II (Ang II) in microvascular endothelial cells (MECs). We also demonstrated that AE could inhibit Ang II-induced NLRP3 inflammasome formation and activation, which were regulated by NLRP3 ubiquitination in MECs, as shown by fluorescence confocal microscopy and Western blot. Together with these changes, we revealed a new protection mechanism of AE that inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation and decreased the release of HMGB1 by promoting NLRP3 ubiquitination. Our findings implicated that AE exhibited immense potential and specific therapeutic value in hypertension-related cardiovascular disease in the early stage and the development of innovative drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziqing Song
- School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, The School of Dental Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongyan Shu
- School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, The School of Dental Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University Town, Guangzhou, China
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