1
|
Hung TH, Chen VCH, Chuang YC, Hsu YH, Wu WC, Tsai YH, McIntyre RS, Weng JC. Investigating the effect of hypertension on vascular cognitive impairment by using the resting-state functional connectome. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4580. [PMID: 38403657 PMCID: PMC10894879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) affects over 1.2 billion individuals worldwide and is defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ≥ 140 mmHg and diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg. Hypertension is also considered a high risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases, which may lead to vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). VCI is associated with executive dysfunction and is also a transitional stage between hypertension and vascular dementia. Hence, it is essential to establish a reliable approach to diagnosing the severity of VCI. In 28 HTN (51-83 yrs; 18 males, 10 females) and 28 healthy controls (HC) (51-75 yrs; 7 males, 21 females), we investigated which regions demonstrate alterations in the resting-state functional connectome due to vascular cognitive impairment in HTN by using the amplitude of the low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), graph theoretical analysis (GTA), and network-based statistic (NBS) methods. In the group comparison between ALFF/ReHo, HTN showed reduced spontaneous activity in the regions corresponding to vascular or metabolic dysfunction and enhanced brain activity, mainly in the primary somatosensory cortex and prefrontal areas. We also observed cognitive dysfunction in HTN, such as executive function, processing speed, and memory. Both the GTA and NBS analyses indicated that the HTN demonstrated complex local segregation, worse global integration, and weak functional connectivity. Our findings show that resting-state functional connectivity was altered, particularly in the frontal and parietal regions, by hypertensive individuals with potential vascular cognitive impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Hsin Hung
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Vincent Chin-Hung Chen
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Chuang
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hsuan Hsu
- Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chau Wu
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hsiung Tsai
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorder Psychopharmacology Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jun-Cheng Weng
- Department of Psychiatry, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist., Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo W, Wang X, Chen Y, Wang F, Qiu J, Lu W. Effect of Menopause Status on Brain Perfusion Hemodynamics. Stroke 2024; 55:260-268. [PMID: 37850361 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.044841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The menopause transition is associated with an increasing risk of cerebrovascular disorders. However, the direct effect of menopause status on brain perfusion hemodynamics remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the influence of menopause status on cerebral blood flow (CBF) using arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 185 subjects underwent arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance imaging at a hospital in China between September 2020 and December 2022, including 38 premenopausal women (mean age, 47.74±2.02 years), 42 perimenopausal women (mean age, 50.62±3.15 years), 42 postmenopausal women (mean age, 54.02±4.09 years), and 63 men (mean age, 52.70±4.33 years) of a similar age range. Mean CBF values in the whole brain, gray matter, white matter, cortical gray matter, subcortical gray matter, juxtacortical white matter, deep white matter, and periventricular white matter were extracted. ANCOVA was used to compare mean CBF among the 4 groups, controlling for confounding factors. Student t test was applied to compare mean CBF between the 3 female groups and age-matched males, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis was used to analysis the effect of age, sex, and menopause status on the CBF of the whole brain, gray matter, white matter, and subregions. RESULTS Perimenopausal and postmenopausal women showed a higher proportion of white matter hyperintensities compared with the other 2 groups (P<0.001). Premenopausal women exhibited higher CBF in the whole brain, gray matter, white matter, and subregions, compared with perimenopausal, postmenopausal women and men (P≤0.001). Multivariable regression analysis demonstrated significant effect of age and insignificant effect of sex on CBF for all participants. In addition, menopause status and the interaction between age and menopause status on CBF of whole brain, gray matter, white matter, and the subregions were observed in female participants, except for the deep and periventricular white matter regions, with premenopausal women exhibited a slight increase in CBF with age, while perimenopausal and postmenopausal women exhibited declines in CBF with age. CONCLUSIONS The current findings suggest that alterations of brain perfusion hemodynamics begin during the perimenopause period, which may be due to the increased burden of white matter hyperintensities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China (W.G., Y.C., F.W., W.L.)
| | - Xiuzhu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Taian City Central Hospital, China (X.W.)
| | - Yinzhong Chen
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China (W.G., Y.C., F.W., W.L.)
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China (W.G., Y.C., F.W., W.L.)
| | - Jianfeng Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China (J.Q.)
| | - Weizhao Lu
- Department of Radiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Taian, China (W.G., Y.C., F.W., W.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Transcriptomic analysis of the cerebral hippocampal tissue in spontaneously hypertensive rats exposed to acute hypobaric hypoxia: associations with inflammation and energy metabolism. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3681. [PMID: 36878975 PMCID: PMC9988845 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of acute hypobaric hypoxia (AHH) on the hippocampal region of the brain in early-stage spontaneously hypertensive male rats. The rats were classified into a control (ground level; ~ 400 m altitude) group and an AHH experimental group placed in an animal hypobaric chamber at a simulated altitude of 5500 m for 24 h. RNA-Seq analysis of the brains and hippocampi showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were primarily associated with ossification, fibrillar collagen trimer, and platelet-derived growth factor binding. The DEGs were classified into functional categories including general function prediction, translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, replication, recombination, and repair. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs were primarily associated with relaxin signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling, and amoebiasis pathways. Protein-protein interaction network analysis indicated that 48 DEGs were involved in both inflammation and energy metabolism. Further, we performed validation experiments to show that nine DEGs were closely associated with inflammation and energy metabolism, of which two (Vegfa and Angpt2) and seven (Acta2, Nfkbia, Col1a1, Edn1, Itga1, Ngfr, and Sgk1) genes showed up and downregulated expression, respectively. Collectively, these results indicated that inflammation and energy metabolism-associated gene expression in the hippocampus was altered in early-stage hypertension upon AHH exposure.
Collapse
|
4
|
Vedaei F, Alizadeh M, Tantawi M, Romo V, Mohamed FB, Wu C. Vascular and neuronal effects of general anesthesia on the brain: An fMRI study. J Neuroimaging 2023; 33:109-120. [PMID: 36097249 DOI: 10.1111/jon.13049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A number of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies rely on application of anesthetic agents during scanning that can modulate and complicate interpretation of the measured hemodynamic blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) response. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of general anesthesia on two main components of BOLD signal including neuronal activity and vascular response. METHODS Breath-holding (BH) fMRI was conducted in wakefulness and under anesthesia states in 9 patients with drug-resistant epilepsy who needed to get scanned under anesthesia during laser interstitial thermal therapy. BOLD and BOLD cerebrovascular reactivity (BOLD-CVR) maps were compared using t-test between two states to assess the effect of anesthesia on neuronal activity and vascular factors (p < .05). RESULTS Overall, our findings revealed an increase in BOLD-CVR and decrease in BOLD response under anesthesia in several brain regions. The results proposed that the modulatory mechanism of anesthetics on neuronal and vascular components of BOLD signal may work in different ways. CONCLUSION This experiment for the first human study showed that anesthesia may play an important role in dissociation between neuronal and vascular responses contributed to hemodynamic BOLD signal using BH fMRI imaging that may assist the implication of general anesthesia and interpretation of outcomes in clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Vedaei
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mahdi Alizadeh
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mohamed Tantawi
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Victor Romo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Feroze B Mohamed
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chengyuan Wu
- Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang Y, Zhu Q, Wang L, Gao D, Wang Z, Geng Z. Effects of hypertension and aging on brain function in spontaneously hypertensive rats: a longitudinal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:5493-5500. [PMID: 36408643 PMCID: PMC10152091 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
To investigate the dynamic evolution of brain function under the comorbidities of hypertension and aging. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans were longitudinally acquired at 10, 24, and 52 weeks in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and Wistar-Kyoto rats. We computed the mean amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (mALFF), mean regional homogeneity (mReHo), and functional connectivity (FC). There was no interaction between hypertension and aging on brain function. The main effect of aging reflects primarily the cumulative increase of brain activity, especially the increase of mALFF in amygdala and mReHo in cingulate cortex, accompanied by the decrease of brain activity. The main effect of hypertension reflects primarily decreased brain activity in default modal network, accompanied by increased brain activity. The main effect of aging shows reduced brain FC as early as 24 weeks, and the main effect of hypertension shows higher brain FC in SHRs. The novel discovery is that 1 brain FC network increased linearly with age in SHRs, in addition to the linearly decreasing FC. Hypertension and aging independently contribute to spatiotemporal alterations in brain function in SHRs following ongoing progression and compensation. This study provides new insight into the dynamic characteristics of brain function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yang
- Hebei Medical University Medical Imaging Specialty, Graduate School, , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China
- The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao Department of Imaging, , Qinhuangdao 066000 , China
| | - Qingfeng Zhu
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Department of Medical Imaging, , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China
| | - Lixin Wang
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Department of Medical Imaging, , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China
| | - Duo Gao
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Department of Medical Imaging, , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China
| | - Zhanqiu Wang
- The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao Department of Imaging, , Qinhuangdao 066000 , China
| | - Zuojun Geng
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University Department of Medical Imaging, , Shijiazhuang 050000 , China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Varga BT, Gáspár A, Ernyey AJ, Hutka B, Tajti BT, Zádori ZS, Gyertyán I. Introduction of a pharmacological neurovascular uncoupling model in rats based on results of mice. Physiol Int 2022. [PMID: 36057105 DOI: 10.1556/2060.2022.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Our aim was to establish a pharmacologically induced neurovascular uncoupling (NVU) method in rats as a model of human cognitive decline. Pharmacologically induced NVU with subsequent neurological and cognitive defects was described in mice, but not in rats so far. We used 32 male Hannover Wistar rats. NVU was induced by intraperitoneal administration of a pharmacological "cocktail" consisting of N-(methylsulfonyl)-2-(2-propynyloxy)-benzenehexanamide (MSPPOH, a specific inhibitor of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid-producing epoxidases, 5 mg kg-1), L-NG-nitroarginine methyl ester (L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, 10 mg kg-1) and indomethacin (a nonselective inhibitor of cyclooxygenases, 1 mg kg-1) and injected twice daily for 8 consecutive days. Cognitive performance was tested in the Morris water-maze and fear-conditioning assays. We also monitored blood pressure. In a terminal operation a laser Doppler probe was used to detect changes in blood-flow (CBF) in the barrel cortex while the contralateral whisker pad was stimulated. Brain and small intestine tissue samples were collected post mortem and examined for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level. Animals treated with the "cocktail" showed no impairment in their performance in any of the cognitive tasks. They had higher blood pressure and showed cca. 50% decrease in CBF. Intestinal bleeding and ulcers were found in some animals with significantly decreased levels of PGE2 in the brain and small intestine. Although we could evoke NVU by the applied mixture of pharmacons, it also induced adverse side effects such as hypertension and intestinal malformations while the treatment did not cause cognitive impairment. Thus, further refinements are still required for the development of an applicable model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bence Tamás Varga
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Gáspár
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Aliz Judit Ernyey
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Hutka
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Tekla Tajti
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Sándor Zádori
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Gyertyán
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang L, Lei JF, Ouyang JY, Li MZ, Zhan Y, Feng XF, Lu Y, Li MC, Wang L, Zou HY, Zhao H. Effect of Neurorepair for Motor Functional Recovery Enhanced by Total Saponins From Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. Treatment in a Rat Model of Focal Ischemia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:763181. [PMID: 34955834 PMCID: PMC8703076 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.763181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. (TTM), is a perennial herb from Liliaceae, that has been widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine treating cephalgia and traumatic hemorrhage. The present work was designed to investigate whether the total saponins from Trillium tschonoskii Maxim. (TSTT) would promote brain remodeling and improve gait impairment in the chronic phase of ischemic stroke. A focal ischemic model of male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was established by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Six hours later, rats were intragastrically treated with TSTT (120, 60, and 30 mg/kg) and once daily up to day 30. The gait changes were assessed by the CatWalk-automated gait analysis system. The brain tissues injuries, cerebral perfusion and changes of axonal microstructures were detected by multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), followed by histological examinations. The axonal regeneration related signaling pathways including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3)/collapsin response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2) were measured by western blotting. TSTT treatment significantly improved gait impairment of rats. MRI analysis revealed that TSTT alleviated tissues injuries, significantly improved cerebral blood flow (CBF), enhanced microstructural integrity of axon and myelin sheath in the ipsilesional sensorimotor cortex and internal capsule. In parallel to MRI findings, TSTT preserved myelinated axons and promoted oligodendrogenesis. Specifically, TSTT interventions markedly up-regulated expression of phosphorylated GSK-3, accompanied by increased expression of phosphorylated PI3K, AKT, but reduced phosphorylated CRMP-2 expression. Taken together, our results suggested that TSTT facilitated brain remodeling. This correlated with improving CBF, encouraging reorganization of axonal microstructure, promoting oligodendrogenesis and activating PI3K/AKT/GSK-3/CRMP-2 signaling, thereby improving poststroke gait impairments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Feng Lei
- Medical Imaging Laboratory of Core Facility Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Yao Ouyang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Man-Zhong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Feng Feng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Cong Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Yan Zou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang Y, Zhang Q, Ren J, Zhu Q, Wang L, Zhang Y, Geng Z. Evolution of Brain Morphology in Spontaneously Hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto Rats From Early Adulthood to Aging: A Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:757808. [PMID: 34916922 PMCID: PMC8670306 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.757808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of hypertension and aging alone on brain structure has been described extensively. Our understanding of the interaction of hypertension with aging to brain morphology is still limited. We aimed to detect the synergistic effects of hypertension and aging on brain morphology and to describe the evolution patterns of cerebral atrophy from spatial and temporal perspectives. In 8 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and 5 Wistar-Kyoto rats, high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging scans were longitudinally acquired at 10, 24, 52, and 80 weeks. We analyzed the tissue volumes of gray matter, white matter, cerebral spinal fluid, and total intracranial volume (TIV), and then evaluated gray matter volume in detail using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and region of interest-based methods. There were interactive effects on hypertension and aging in tissue volumes of gray matter, white matter, and TIV, of which gray matter atrophy was most pronounced, especially in elderly SHRs. We identified the vulnerable gray matter volume with combined effects of hypertension and aging in the septal region, bilateral caudate putamen, hippocampus, primary somatosensory cortex, cerebellum, periaqueductal gray, right accumbens nucleus, and thalamus. We automatically extracted the septal region, anterior cingulate cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, caudate putamen, hippocampus, and accumbens nucleus and revealed an inverted-U trajectory of volume change in SHRs, with volume increase at the early phase and decline at the late phase. Hypertension interacts with aging to affect brain volume changes such as severe atrophy in elderly SHRs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Yang
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Department of Imaging, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Qingfeng Zhu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lixin Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- Graduate School, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zuojun Geng
- Department of Medical Imaging, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| |
Collapse
|