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Wang X, Wen D, Xia F, Fang M, Zheng J, You C, Ma L. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Revealed White Matter Repair Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01265-6. [PMID: 38861152 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Existing research indicates the potential for white matter injury repair during the subacute phase following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, elucidating the role of brain cell subpopulations in the acute and subacute phases of SAH pathogenesis remains challenging due to the cellular heterogeneity of the central nervous system. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing was conducted on SAH model mice to delineate distinct cell populations. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed to identify involved pathways, and cellular interactions were explored using the CellChat package in R software. Validation of the findings involved a comprehensive approach, including magnetic resonance imaging, immunofluorescence double staining, and Western blot analyses. This study identified ten major brain clusters with cell type-specific gene expression patterns. Notably, we observed infiltration and clonal expansion of reparative microglia in white matter-enriched regions during the subacute stage after SAH. Additionally, microglia-associated pleiotrophin (PTN) was identified as having a role in mediating the regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in SAH model mice, implicating the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway. These findings emphasize the vital role of microglia-OPC interactions might occur via the PTN pathway, potentially contributing to white matter repair during the subacute phase after SAH. Our analysis revealed precise transcriptional changes in the acute and subacute phases after SAH, offering insights into the mechanism of SAH and for the development of drugs that target-specific cell subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Dingke Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Mei Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao You
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- West China Brain Research Centre, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Hao X, Zeng Z, Liang L, Feng Z, Li W, Xiong B, Guo P, Zhang Q, Chen Y, Feng H, Chen Z. The Role of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Early Microthrombosis and Brain Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:752-765. [PMID: 35962915 PMCID: PMC9375080 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microthrombosis plays an important role in secondary brain injury after experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), but the specific mechanism of microthrombosis remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in microthrombosis after SAH. SAH was induced in male C57BL/6 mice using an endovascular perforation technique. The marker protein of NETs, citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3), was significantly elevated in the cerebral cortex after SAH, and was co-labeled with microthrombi. Both depletion of neutrophils by anti-Ly6G antibody and DNase I treatment significantly reduced the formation of NETs and microthrombi, and ameliorated neurological deficits, brain edema, BBB disruption, and neuronal injury at 24 h after SAH induction. Cerebral hypoperfusion in the first hours after SAH is a major determinant of poor neurological outcome; in this study, we found that DNase I treatment significantly improved the restoration of early cortical perfusion after SAH. In addition, DNase I treatment also significantly attenuated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow after SAH, which was associated with the diffusion barrier caused by microthrombi in the paravascular space after SAH. In conclusion, NETs are associated with early microthrombosis after SAH; they may be a novel therapeutic target for early brain injury (EBI) after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Hao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Huaihai Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221000, China
| | - Zongwei Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Liang Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhou Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wu Li
- Department of Geriatrics and Special Service Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Binyuan Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Peiwen Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Military Medical University (Third Military Medical University), No. 30 Gaotanyan Street, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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Rego S, Sanchez G, Da Mesquita S. Current views on meningeal lymphatics and immunity in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:55. [PMID: 37580702 PMCID: PMC10424377 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related form of dementia associated with the accumulation of pathological aggregates of amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. These phenomena are accompanied by exacerbated inflammation and marked neuronal loss, which altogether contribute to accelerated cognitive decline. The multifactorial nature of AD, allied to our still limited knowledge of its etiology and pathophysiology, have lessened our capacity to develop effective treatments for AD patients. Over the last few decades, genome wide association studies and biomarker development, alongside mechanistic experiments involving animal models, have identified different immune components that play key roles in the modulation of brain pathology in AD, affecting its progression and severity. As we will relay in this review, much of the recent efforts have been directed to better understanding the role of brain innate immunity, and particularly of microglia. However, and despite the lack of diversity within brain resident immune cells, the brain border tissues, especially the meninges, harbour a considerable number of different types and subtypes of adaptive and innate immune cells. Alongside microglia, which have taken the centre stage as important players in AD research, there is new and exciting evidence pointing to adaptive immune cells, namely T and B cells found in the brain and its meninges, as important modulators of neuroinflammation and neuronal (dys)function in AD. Importantly, a genuine and functional lymphatic vascular network is present around the brain in the outermost meningeal layer, the dura. The meningeal lymphatics are directly connected to the peripheral lymphatic system in different mammalian species, including humans, and play a crucial role in preserving a "healthy" immune surveillance of the CNS, by shaping immune responses, not only locally at the meninges, but also at the level of the brain tissue. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive view on our current knowledge about the meningeal lymphatic vasculature, emphasizing its described roles in modulating CNS fluid and macromolecule drainage, meningeal and brain immunity, as well as glial and neuronal function in aging and in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanon Rego
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Post-baccalaureate Research Education Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Guadalupe Sanchez
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Sandro Da Mesquita
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Post-baccalaureate Research Education Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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Xu JQ, Liu QQ, Huang SY, Duan CY, Lu HB, Cao Y, Hu JZ. The lymphatic system: a therapeutic target for central nervous system disorders. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:1249-1256. [PMID: 36453401 PMCID: PMC9838139 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature forms an organized network that covers the whole body and is involved in fluid homeostasis, metabolite clearance, and immune surveillance. The recent identification of functional lymphatic vessels in the meninges of the brain and the spinal cord has provided novel insights into neurophysiology. They emerge as major pathways for fluid exchange. The abundance of immune cells in lymphatic vessels and meninges also suggests that lymphatic vessels are actively involved in neuroimmunity. The lymphatic system, through its role in the clearance of neurotoxic proteins, autoimmune cell infiltration, and the transmission of pro-inflammatory signals, participates in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases and traumatic injury. Vascular endothelial growth factor C is the master regulator of lymphangiogenesis, a process that is critical for the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and recent advances relating to the anatomical features and immunological functions of the lymphatic system of the central nervous system and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target for neurological disorders and central nervous system repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Xu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Mobile Health Ministry of Education - China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qian-Qi Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Mobile Health Ministry of Education - China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Chun-Yue Duan
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Mobile Health Ministry of Education - China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Hong-Bin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Mobile Health Ministry of Education - China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Correspondence to: Yong Cao, or ; Hong-Bin Lu, ; Jian-Zhong Hu, .
| | - Yong Cao
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Mobile Health Ministry of Education - China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Correspondence to: Yong Cao, or ; Hong-Bin Lu, ; Jian-Zhong Hu, .
| | - Jian-Zhong Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery and Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Key Laboratory of Organ Injury, Aging and Regenerative Medicine of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Mobile Health Ministry of Education - China Mobile Joint Laboratory, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan Province, China,Correspondence to: Yong Cao, or ; Hong-Bin Lu, ; Jian-Zhong Hu, .
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Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) has been viewed as an immunologically privileged site, but emerging works are uncovering a large array of neuroimmune interactions primarily occurring at its borders. CNS barriers sites host diverse population of both innate and adaptive immune cells capable of, directly and indirectly, influence the function of the residing cells of the brain parenchyma. These structures are only starting to reveal their role in controlling brain function under normal and pathological conditions and represent an underexplored therapeutic target for the treatment of brain disorders. This review will highlight the development of the CNS barriers to host neuro-immune interactions and emphasize their newly described roles in neurodevelopmental, neurological, and neurodegenerative disorders, particularly for the meninges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M Frederick
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gabriel A Tavares
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Antoine Louveau
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Kent University, Neurosciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Hou C, Li J, Wang B, Liu Q, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Wang W, Ren W, Cui X, Yang X. Dynamic Evolution of the Glymphatic System at the Early Stages of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2022; 13:924080. [PMID: 35847203 PMCID: PMC9283644 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.924080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The early stages of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are extremely important for the progression and prognosis of this disease. The glymphatic system (GS) has positive implications for the nervous system due to its ability to clearance tau and amyloid-β (Aβ) protein. Previous studies have shown that GS dysfunction will appear after SAH. However, there is no systematic evaluation of the degree of damage and development process of GS function in the early stage after SAH. In this study, we evaluated the GS function and neurobehavioral in the sham, 6 h, 1, 3, and 7 days after SAH, respectively. Our results showed that the function of GS was severely attenuated in mice after SAH with a decreased polarity of Aquaporin-4 (AQP4), increased expression of AQP4, a linear correlation with the dystrophin-associated complex (DAC), the proliferation of reactive astrocytes, increased tau protein accumulation, and decreased neurological function. Collectively, these findings provide a comprehensive understanding of the functional changes of GS after SAH, provide references for subsequent scholars studying SAH, and suggest some potential mechanistic insight that affects AQP4 polarity and GS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changkai Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bangyue Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Quanlei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Weihan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Ren
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xinyu Yang
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Cycloastragenol Confers Cerebral Protection after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage by Suppressing Oxidative Insults and Neuroinflammation via the SIRT1 Signaling Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3099409. [PMID: 35693703 PMCID: PMC9184193 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3099409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an acute cerebral vascular disease featured by oxidative insults and neuroinflammation. Cycloastragenol (CAG), the major active component of Astragalus radix, has a wide range of biological functions. However, the potential beneficial effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of CAG on SAH remain obscure. In the current study, the cerebroprotective effects and mechanism of CAG on SAH were evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. Our results indicated that CAG significantly suppressed SAH-triggered oxidative insults, inflammatory mediators production, microglia activation, and the neutrophil infiltration in the brain. In addition, CAG improved neurological function and ameliorated neuronal apoptosis and degeneration after SAH. In vitro results also revealed the therapeutic effects of CAG on neurons and microglia co-culture system. Mechanistically, CAG treatment upregulated sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression, inhibited the levels of FoxO1, nuclear factor-kappa B, and p53 acetylation, and suppressed the subsequent oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptotic pathways. In contrast, inhibiting SIRT1 by pretreatment with Ex527 abrogated the protective actions of CAG both in vivo and in vitro models of SAH. Collectively, our findings indicated that CAG could be a promising and effective drug candidate for SAH.
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