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Faheem M, Ameer S, Khan AW, Haseeb M, Raza Q, Ali Shah F, Khusro A, Aarti C, Umar Khayam Sahibzada M, El-Saber Batiha G, Koirala N, Adnan M, Alghamdi S, Assaggaf H, Alsiwiehri NO. A comprehensive review on antiepileptic properties of medicinal plants. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Singh S, Singh TG, Rehni AK. An Insight into Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Epileptogenesis. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 19:750-779. [PMID: 32914725 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200910153827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the second most common neurological disease with abnormal neural activity involving the activation of various intracellular signalling transduction mechanisms. The molecular and system biology mechanisms responsible for epileptogenesis are not well defined or understood. Neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and Epigenetic modification elicit epileptogenesis. The excessive neuronal activities in the brain are associated with neurochemical changes underlying the deleterious consequences of excitotoxicity. The prolonged repetitive excessive neuronal activities extended to brain tissue injury by the activation of microglia regulating abnormal neuroglia remodelling and monocyte infiltration in response to brain lesions inducing axonal sprouting contributing to neurodegeneration. The alteration of various downstream transduction pathways resulted in intracellular stress responses associating endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, activation of nucleases, proteases mediated neuronal death. The recently novel pharmacological agents modulate various receptors like mTOR, COX-2, TRK, JAK-STAT, epigenetic modulators and neurosteroids are used for attenuation of epileptogenesis. Whereas the various molecular changes like the mutation of the cell surface, nuclear receptor and ion channels focusing on repetitive episodic seizures have been explored by preclinical and clinical studies. Despite effective pharmacotherapy for epilepsy, the inadequate understanding of precise mechanisms, drug resistance and therapeutic failure are the current fundamental problems in epilepsy. Therefore, the novel pharmacological approaches evaluated for efficacy on experimental models of epilepsy need to be identified and validated. In addition, we need to understand the downstream signalling pathways of new targets for the treatment of epilepsy. This review emphasizes on the current state of novel molecular targets as therapeutic approaches and future directions for the management of epileptogenesis. Novel pharmacological approaches and clinical exploration are essential to make new frontiers in curing epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ashish Kumar Rehni
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, United States
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Abibu MA, Takuwa DT, Sichilongo K. Quantification of eight water soluble vitamins in
Sutherlandia frutescens
species from Botswana using a validated reversed phase HPLC method. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201900018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moshood A. Abibu
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Botswana Private Bag UB 00704 Gaborone Botswana
- Department of Science Laboratory TechnologyFederal Polytechnic Ede Osun‐State Nigeria
| | - David T. Takuwa
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Botswana Private Bag UB 00704 Gaborone Botswana
| | - Kwenga Sichilongo
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceUniversity of Botswana Private Bag UB 00704 Gaborone Botswana
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Masoko P, Mabusa IH, Howard RL. Isolation of alpha-linolenic acid from Sutherlandia frutescens and its inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis' shikimate kinase enzyme. Altern Ther Health Med 2016; 16:366. [PMID: 27639973 PMCID: PMC5027073 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1344-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sutherlandia frutescens (L) R.Br. is one of traditional herbal medicines that formed the basis of primary health care systems since the earliest days and is still widely used. Sutherlandia is prescribed for people with tuberculosis (TB), but is still not known which compound(s) acts against M. tuberculosis and its mode of action. The aim of this study was to identify and isolate antimycobacterial compounds from S. frutescens extracts against shikimate kinase, a drug target for M. tuberculosis. METHODS S. frutescens were dried, ground and extracted with ethanol, dichloromethane: methanol and water. Fractionation and separation of compounds was done with column chromatography. Chromatograms were developed in butanol/acetic acid/water (BAW) [21:6:3]; chloroform/methanol/water/formic acid (CMWF1) [60:15:2:1] and (CMWF2) [21:9:1:0.3]. Separation and isolation of active compounds were done using preparative HPLC. The activity of the plant extracts were also screened against shikimate kinase enzyme (MtbSK) using the MtbSK inhibition assay. RESULTS The DCM: MeOH (1:1) extract showed a high percentage inhibition (with an IC50 of 0.1 μg/ml) of MtbSK and the purified inhibitor was an Alpha-Linolenic Acid (ALA) compound and it had a significant IC50 of 3.7 μg/ml. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that ALA from S. frustescens is an inhibitor of shikimate kinase a good drug target for M. tuberculosis.
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Lei W, Browning JD, Eichen PA, Brownstein KJ, Folk WR, Sun GY, Lubahn DB, Rottinghaus GE, Fritsche KL. Unveiling the anti-inflammatory activity of Sutherlandia frutescens using murine macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:254-262. [PMID: 26585972 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Sutherlandia frutescens is a botanical widely used in southern Africa for treatment of inflammatory and other conditions. Previously, an ethanolic extract of S. frutescens (SFE) has been shown to inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) by murine neurons and a microglia cell line (BV-2 cells). In this study we sought to confirm the anti-inflammatory activities of SFE on a widely used murine macrophage cell line (i.e., RAW 264.7 cells) and primary mouse macrophages. Furthermore, experiments were conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the flavonol and cycloartanol glycosides found in high quantities in S. frutescens. While the SFE exhibited anti-inflammatory activities upon murine macrophages similar to that reported with the microglia cell line, this effect does not appear to be mediated by sutherlandiosides or sutherlandins. In contrast, chlorophyll in our extracts appeared to be partly responsible for some of the activity observed in our macrophage-dependent screening assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lei
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Jimmy D Browning
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Peggy A Eichen
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Korey J Brownstein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - William R Folk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Dennis B Lubahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - George E Rottinghaus
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kevin L Fritsche
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Africa LD, Smith C. Sutherlandia frutescens may exacerbate HIV-associated neuroinflammation. J Negat Results Biomed 2015; 14:14. [PMID: 26187042 PMCID: PMC4506629 DOI: 10.1186/s12952-015-0031-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is central to the aetiology of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) that are prevalent in late stage AIDS. Anti-retroviral (ARV) treatments are rolled out relatively late in the context of neuroinflammatory changes, so that their usefulness in directly preventing HAND is probably limited. It is common practice for HIV+ individuals in developing countries to make use of traditional medicines. One such medicine is Sutherlandia frutescens - commonly consumed as a water infusion. Here its efficacy as an anti-inflammatory modality in this context was investigated in an in vitro co-culture model of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Methods Single cultures of human astrocytes (HA), HUVECs and primary human monocytes, as well as co-cultures (BBB), were stimulated with HIV-1 subtype B & C Tat protein and/or HL2/3 cell secretory proteins after pre-treatment with S.frutescens extract. Effects of this pre-treatment on pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and monocyte migration across the BBB were assessed. Results In accordance with others, B Tat was more pro-inflammatory than C Tat, validating our model. S.frutescens decreased IL-1β secretion significantly (P < 0.0001), but exacerbated both monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (P < 0001) – a major role player in HIV-associated neuroinflammation – and CD14+ monocyte infiltration across the BBB (P < 0.01). Conclusions Current data illustrates that the combined use of HL2/3 cells and the simulated BBB presents an accurate, physiologically relevant in vitro model with which to study neuroinflammation in the context of HIV/AIDS. In addition, our results caution against the use of S.frutescens as anti-inflammatory modality at any stage post-HIV infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12952-015-0031-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Dane Africa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
| | - Carine Smith
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
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Chuang DY, Cui J, Simonyi A, Engel VA, Chen S, Fritsche KL, Thomas AL, Applequist WL, Folk WR, Lubahn DB, Sun AY, Sun GY, Gu Z. Dietary Sutherlandia and elderberry mitigate cerebral ischemia-induced neuronal damage and attenuate p47phox and phospho-ERK1/2 expression in microglial cells. ASN Neuro 2014; 6:6/6/1759091414554946. [PMID: 25324465 PMCID: PMC4271764 DOI: 10.1177/1759091414554946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sutherlandia (Sutherlandia frutescens) and elderberry
(Sambucus spp.) are used to promote health and for treatment of a
number of ailments. Although studies with cultured cells have demonstrated antioxidative
and anti-inflammatory properties of these botanicals, little is known about their ability
to mitigate brain injury. In this study, C57BL/6 J male mice were fed AIN93G diets without
or with Sutherlandia or American elderberry for 2 months prior to a 30-min global cerebral
ischemia induced by occlusion of the bilateral common carotid arteries (BCCAs), followed
by reperfusion for 3 days. Accelerating rotarod assessment at 24 h after BCCA occlusion
showed amelioration of sensorimotor impairment in the mice fed the supplemented diets as
compared with the ischemic mice fed the control diet. Quantitative digital pathology
assessment of brain slides stained with cresyl violet at 3 days after ischemia/reperfusion
(I/R) revealed significant reduction in neuronal cell death in both dietary groups.
Immunohistochemical staining for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule-1 demonstrated
pronounced activation of microglia in the hippocampus and striatum in the ischemic brains
3 days after I/R, and microglial activation was significantly reduced in animals fed
supplemented diets. Mitigation of microglial activation by the supplements was further
supported by the decrease in expression of p47phox, a cytosolic subunit of NADPH oxidase,
and phospho-ERK1/2, a mitogen-activated protein kinase known to mediate a number of
cytoplasmic processes including oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory responses. These
results demonstrate neuroprotective effect of Sutherlandia and American elderberry
botanicals against oxidative and inflammatory responses to cerebral I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Y Chuang
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jiankun Cui
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Agnes Simonyi
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Victoria A Engel
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shanyan Chen
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Kevin L Fritsche
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Andrew L Thomas
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Southwest Research Center, University of Missouri, Mt. Vernon, MO, USA
| | - Wendy L Applequist
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William R Folk
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dennis B Lubahn
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Albert Y Sun
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Grace Y Sun
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zezong Gu
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
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Acharya D, Enslin G, Chen W, Sandasi M, Mavimbela T, Viljoen A. A chemometric approach to the quality control of Sutherlandia (cancer bush). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Jiang J, Chuang DY, Zong Y, Patel J, Brownstein K, Lei W, Lu CH, Simonyi A, Gu Z, Cui J, Rottinghaus GE, Fritsche KL, Lubahn DB, Folk WR, Sun GY. Sutherlandia frutescens ethanol extracts inhibit oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in neurons and microglial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89748. [PMID: 24587007 PMCID: PMC3934922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br. (SF) is a medicinal plant indigenous to southern Africa and used in folk and contemporary remedies for stress, chronic diseases, cancer, and HIV/AIDS. While previous studies have focused on physiological effects of SF on cellular and systemic abnormalities associated with these diseases, little is known about its effects in the brain and immune cells in the central nervous system. Results of this study indicate that ethanol extracts of SF (SF-E) suppress NMDA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in neurons, and LPS- and IFNγ-induced ROS and nitric oxide (NO) production in microglial cells. SF-E’s action on microglial cells appears to be mediated through inhibition of the IFNγ-induced p-ERK1/2 signaling pathway which is central to regulating a number of intracellular metabolic processes including enhancing STAT1α phosphorylation and filopodia formation. The involvement of SF in these pathways suggests the potential for novel therapeutics for stress and prevention, and/or treatment of HIV/AIDS as well as other inflammatory diseases in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dennis Y. Chuang
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Yijia Zong
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jayleenkumar Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Korey Brownstein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wei Lei
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Chi-Hua Lu
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Agnes Simonyi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Zezong Gu
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jiankun Cui
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - George E. Rottinghaus
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kevin L. Fritsche
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dennis B. Lubahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - William R. Folk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Grace Y. Sun
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Aboyade OM, Styger G, Gibson D, Hughes G. Sutherlandia frutescens: the meeting of science and traditional knowledge. J Altern Complement Med 2014; 20:71-6. [PMID: 23837689 PMCID: PMC3924790 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2012.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseyi M. Aboyade
- South African Herbal Science and Medicine Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Gustav Styger
- South African Herbal Science and Medicine Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Diana Gibson
- Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Gail Hughes
- South African Herbal Science and Medicine Institute, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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Smith C, van Vuuren MJ. Central and peripheral effects of Sutherlandia frutescens on the response to acute psychological stress. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 239:123-8. [DOI: 10.1177/1535370213510253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sutherlandia frutescens is widely used in indigenous medicine for the treatment of stress- and anxiety-related disorders, and although anecdotal evidence has been scientifically confirmed, relatively little data are available on its potential mechanisms of action. We manipulated a rodent model of acute psychological stress by acutely administering a low dose (4 mg/kg body mass) of S. frutescens extract 30 min prior to stress exposure (1 h restraint), to elucidate both its central and peripheral mechanisms of action in the context of acute stress. After 1 h of exposure to stress, acute restraint resulted in a significant increase in plasma corticosterone levels (56 ± 33 versus 499 ± 50 ng/ml; P < 0.0001) and anterior pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels (0.066 ± 0.017 versus 0.202 ± 0.033% fluorescent area; P = 0.07), while decreasing hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A)α1 receptor levels (both P < 0.05). While the low dose of S. frutescens administered did not seem to have an effect on the down-stream stress response, it abolished the stress-induced down-regulation of GR, in a manner independent of GABA(A)α1 receptor. Results suggest a non-sedative effect of low-dose S. frutescens and points to central mechanisms of action that is in support of the anecdotal claims for its effectiveness as complimentary treatment in chronic stress-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Smith
- Department Physiological Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
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Fasinu PS, Gutmann H, Schiller H, James AD, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B. The Potential of Sutherlandia frutescens for Herb-Drug Interaction. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:488-97. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.049593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Chauhan K, Sheth N, Ranpariya V, Parmar S. Anticonvulsant activity of solasodine isolated from Solanum sisymbriifolium fruits in rodents. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2011; 49:194-199. [PMID: 21062107 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.508499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Solanum sisymbriifolium Lam. (Solanaceae), commonly known as sticky nightshade, is traditionally used for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Although solasodine has been isolated from this plant, little is known about its anticonvulsant and CNS depressant actions. OBJECTIVE We investigated anticonvulsant and CNS depressant effects of solasodine isolated from S. sisymbriifolium using several experimental models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Swiss albino mice (n=6) were employed for pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and picrotoxin (PCT)-induced convulsions and thiopental-induced sleep time. Different groups of Wistar albino rats (n=6) were subjected to maximal electroshock (MES) test. Solasodine, a steroidal glycoalkaloid, was isolated from dried fruits of S. sisymbriifolium and identified by GC-MS. RESULTS The results showed that intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of solasodine (25 mg/kg) significantly delayed (p < 0.01) latency of hind limb tonic extensor (HLTE) phase in the PCT-induced convulsions. In the MES model, solasodine significantly reduced (p < 0.001) duration of HLTE at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p. in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, solasodine did not produce any significant reduction in PTZ-induced convulsions. Prior treatment of solasodine (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly potentiated thiopental-provoked sleep in a dose-dependent manner (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our study, for the first time, shows potent anticonvulsant and CNS depressant activities of solasodine. It is likely that solasodine, in part, is responsible for the anticonvulsant and sedative properties of S. sisymbriifolium. The future study should focus on the exact mechanism of action of solasodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinjal Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Saurashtra University, Rajkot, Gujarat, India
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Patil MS, Patil CR, Patil SW, Jadhav RB. Anticonvulsant activity of aqueous root extract of Ficus religiosa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:92-6. [PMID: 20837125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ficus religiosa Linn is frequently used for the treatment of nervous disorders among Pawara tribe of the Satpuda range, India. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the anticonvulsant activity of the aqueous aerial root extract of Ficus religiosa in chemoconvulsant-induced seizures in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS The anticonvulsant activity of the extract (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) was investigated in strychnine-, pentylenetetrazole-, picrotoxin- and isoniazid-induced seizures in mice. Rat ileum and fundus strip preparations were used to study the effect of the extract on acetylcholine (Ach)- and serotonin (5-HT)-induced contractions, respectively. RESULTS The extract showed no toxicity and protected the animals in the strychnine and pentylenetetrazole tests in a dose-dependent manner. Its effect in the picrotoxin and isoniazid tests, however, was less potent. The extract also exhibited dose-dependent potentiation of Ach in rat ileum but failed to potentiate the effect of 5-HT in rat fundus strip preparation. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that an orally administered aqueous root extract of Ficus religiosa has dose-dependent and potent anticonvulsant activities against strychnine- and pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. The observed activities may be ascribed to the appreciable content of zinc and magnesium in the extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal S Patil
- Department of Pharmacognosy, RC Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
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Avula B, Wang YH, Smillie TJ, Fu X, Li XC, Mabusela W, Syce J, Johnson Q, Folk W, Khan IA. Quantitative determination of flavonoids and cycloartanol glycosides from aerial parts of Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R. BR. by using LC-UV/ELSD methods and confirmation by using LC-MS method. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:173-80. [PMID: 20122811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the first analytical method for the determination of four flavonoids (sutherlandins A-D) and four cycloartanol glycosides (sutherlandiosides A-D) from the aerial parts of Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R. Br. A separation by HPLC was achieved by using a reversed phase (RP-18) column, PDA with ELS detection, and a water/acetonitrile gradient as the mobile phase. The wavelength used for quantification of four flavonoids with the diode array detector was 260 nm. Owing to their low UV absorption, the cycloartanol glycosides were detected by evaporative light scattering. The method was validated for linearity, repeatability, limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ). The limits of detection and limits of quantification of eight compounds were found to be in the range from 0.1 to 7.5 microg/mL and 0.5 to 25 microg/mL, respectively. The analysis of products showed considerable variation of 1.099-5.224 mg/average weight for the major compound, sutherlandioside B. The eight compounds in plant sample and products of S. frutescens were further confirmed by LC-ESI-TOF. This method involved the use of the [M+H](+) and [M+Na](+) ions in the positive ion mode with extractive ion monitoring (EIM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Mississippi, MS 38677, USA.
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Schachter SC. Botanicals and herbs: a traditional approach to treating epilepsy. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:415-20. [PMID: 19332338 PMCID: PMC5084222 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Revised: 12/30/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Botanicals and herbs have a centuries-old tradition of use by persons with epilepsy, in many cultures around the world. At present, herbal therapies are tried by patients in developing as well as developed countries for control of seizures or adverse effects from antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), or for general health maintenance, usually without the knowledge of physicians who prescribe their AEDs. Well-designed clinical trials of herbal therapies in patients with epilepsy are scarce, and methodological issues prevent any conclusions of their efficacy or safety in this population. Furthermore, some botanicals and herbs may be proconvulsant or may alter AED metabolism. In spite of these limitations, further preclinical evaluation of botanicals and herbs and their constituent compounds using validated scientific methods is warranted based on numerous anecdotal observations of clinical benefit in patients with epilepsy and published reports showing mechanisms of action relevant to epilepsy or anticonvulsant effects in animal models of epilepsy. This review highlights the use of herbal therapies for epilepsy, outlines the role of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in regulating herbal products, and presents the author's approach to the scientific assessment of herbal therapies as potential therapies for patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Schachter
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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van Wyk BE, Albrecht C. A review of the taxonomy, ethnobotany, chemistry and pharmacology of Sutherlandia frutescens (Fabaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 119:620-629. [PMID: 18761068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/04/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sutherlandia frutescens (tribe Galegeae, Fabaceae), a popular plant in traditional medicine, is indigenous to South Africa, Lesotho, southern Namibia and southeastern Botswana. It is chemically, genetically and geographically extremely variable and has been divided into three subspecies and several regional forms. A second species, Sutherlandia tomentosa, is localized along the Cape coast. Sutherlandia is sometimes treated as part of the genus Lessertia. There are numerous vernacular names and a wide diversity of uses, including poor appetite, indigestion, stomach complaints, dysentery, colds, influenza, kidney conditions, fever, diabetes, internal cancers, uterine troubles, liver conditions, backache, rheumatoid arthritis, urinary tract infections, stress and anxiety, dropsy and heart failure. Notable is the use as a bitter tonic ("blood purifier"), anti-stress medication ('musa-pelo) and, at least since 1895, specifically as a cancer tonic (both as treatment and as prophylaxis). Externally it is applied to haemorrhoids, inflamed wounds and eye infections. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies have shown antiproliferative, anti-HIV, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, anti-stress, anticonvulsant and antithrombotic activities. Aqueous extracts often differ in activity from organic solvent extracts. The presence of high levels of free amino acids, non-protein amino acids such as canavanine and GABA, the cyclitol pinitol, flavonols and triterpenes (including SU1, a cycloartane-type triterpene saponin) provide plausible hypotheses on how these compounds, individually or collectively, may be responsible for the reputed efficacy in a wide range of ailments. Results of animal studies, as well as a phase I clinical study, have shown no indications of toxicity. Sufficient preclinical data are now available to justify controlled clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-E van Wyk
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa.
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Stafford GI, Pedersen ME, van Staden J, Jäger AK. Review on plants with CNS-effects used in traditional South African medicine against mental diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 119:513-537. [PMID: 18775771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 08/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the population in South Africa use traditional health care to treat various mental conditions. In this review, we present ethnobotanical information on plants used by the traditional healers in South Africa to treat mental illnesses, specifically epilepsy, depression, age-related dementia and debilitative mental disorders. Details of the recent scientific studies conducted on some of these plants are reviewed. Extracts of Searsia chirindensis, Cotelydon orbiculata and Leonotis leonurus have shown in vivo anticonvulsant activity. Extracts from Searsia dentata and Searsia pyroides showed spontaneous epileptiform discharge in mouse cortical slices, and acted as NMDA-receptor antagonists. Apigenin, amentoflavone and agathisflavone with affinity to the benzodiazepine site on the GABA(A)-receptor were isolated from Searsia pyroides. Naringenin with affinity to the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor was isolated from Mentha aquatica. Agapanthus campanulatus, Boophone disticha, Mondia whitei and Xysmalobium undulatum exhibited antidepressant-like activity in three in vivo models for depression. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids with activity to the serotonin transporter were isolated from Boophone disticha. The alkaloid mesembrine, which act as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, was isolated from Sceletium tortuosum. Investigations of plants used to treat age-related dementia and debilitative mental disorders lead to the isolation of a number of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids with acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity from Boophone disticha and Crinum species. Extracts of Mentha aquatica, Gasteria croucheri, Ruta graveolens and Scotia brachypetala inhibited MAO-B. Naringenin was isolated from Mentha aquatica as a MAO inhibitor. Only a small number of the more than 300 southern African plant species reported to treat or affect the CNS have been scientifically evaluated. Very few of the active compounds have been isolated and identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary I Stafford
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Conservation Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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