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Chindo BA, Yakubu MI, Jimoh AA, Waziri PM, Abdullahi I, Ayuba GI, Becker A. Ficus platyphylla alleviates seizure severity and neurobehavioral comorbidities in pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats via modulation of oxidative stress. Brain Res 2024; 1838:148994. [PMID: 38729331 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
PTZ kindling induces oxidative stress, neuronal cell degeneration, and neurobehavioral alterations in rodents that mimic neuropsychiatric comorbidities of epilepsy, which could be initiated or aggravated by some antiepileptic drugs. Here, we investigated the effects of the methanol extract of Ficus platyphylla (FP) on severity scores for seizures, neuronal cell degeneration, and neurobehavioral alterations in rats kindled with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and probed the involvement of oxidative stress in these ameliorative effects of FP. FP (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) ameliorated seizure severity, neuronal cell degeneration, depressive behaviors, cognitive dysfunctions, and oxidative stress in rats kindled with PTZ (42.5 mg/kg, i.p.). The findings from this study give additional insights into the potential values of FP in the treatment of persistent epilepsy and major neuropsychiatric comorbidities via modulation of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Chindo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria.
| | - Musa I Yakubu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Abdulfatai A Jimoh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Peter M Waziri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Idris Abdullahi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Godwin I Ayuba
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Axel Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Roustaei B, Zarezadeh S, Ghotbi-Ravandi AA. A review on epilepsy, current treatments, and potential of medicinal plants as an alternative treatment. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:4291-4306. [PMID: 37581769 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is considered common neurological diseases that threaten the lives of millions of people all around the world. Since ancient times, different forms of medications have been used to treat this condition. Adverse events associated with treatments and the residence time of available drugs caused to search for safer and more efficient therapies and drugs remain one of the major areas of research interest for scientists. As one of the therapeutics with fewer side effects, plants and their essential oils can be considered replacements for existing treatments. Medicinal plants have proven to be an effective natural source of antiepileptic drugs; most of them have their mechanism of action by affecting GABA receptors in different paths. Cannabis indica and Cymbopogon winterianus are well-known plant species with antiepileptic activities. The current review presenting a list of plants with antiepileptic effects aims to pave the way for finding alternative drugs with fewer side effects for scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahar Roustaei
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Zarezadeh
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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Evbuomwan IO, Stephen Adeyemi O, Oluba OM. Indigenous medicinal plants used in folk medicine for malaria treatment in Kwara State, Nigeria: an ethnobotanical study. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:324. [PMID: 37716985 PMCID: PMC10504731 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Folk medicine is crucial to healthcare delivery in the underdeveloped countries. It is frequently used as a primary treatment option or as a complementary therapy for malaria. Malaria is a deadly disease which greatly threatens global public health, claiming incredible number of lives yearly. The study was aimed at documenting the medicinal plants used for malaria treatment in folk medicine in Kwara State, Nigeria. METHODS Ethnobotanical information was collected from selected consenting registered traditional medicine practitioners (TMPs) through oral face-to-face interviews using in-depth, semi-structured interview guide. The ethnobotanical data were analysed, and descriptive statistical methods were used to compile them. RESULTS Sixty-two indigenous medicinal plants, including 13 new plants, used for malaria treatment were identified in this study. The TMPs preferred decoction in aqueous solvent (34%) and steeping in decaffeinated soft drink (19%) for herbal preparations. Oral administration (74%) was the main route of administration, while leaves (40%) and stem barks (32%) were the most dominant plant parts used in herbal preparations. The most cited families were Fabaceae (15%) and Rutaceae (6%), while Mangifera indica (77.14%), Enantia chlorantha (65.71%), Alstonia boonei (57.14%) followed by Cymbopogon citratus (54.29%) were the most used plants. Besides, the antimalarial activities of many of the plants recorded and their isolated phytocompounds have been demonstrated. Furthermore, the conservation status of 4 identified plants were Vulnerable. CONCLUSION The study showed strong ethnobotanical knowledge shared by the TMPs in the State and provides preliminary information that could be explored for the discovery of more potent antimalarial compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikponmwosa Owen Evbuomwan
- SDG #03 Group - Good Health and Well-being, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Microbiology, Cellular Parasitology Unit, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
| | - Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- SDG #03 Group - Good Health and Well-being, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 232-3 Yomogida, Naruko-Onsen, Osaki, Miyagi, 989-6711, Japan.
| | - Olarewaju Michael Oluba
- SDG #03 Group - Good Health and Well-being, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
- Department of Biochemistry, Landmark University, Ipetu Road, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran, 251101, Nigeria.
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Rai S, Kafle A, Devkota HP, Bhattarai A. Characterization of saponins from the leaves and stem bark of Jatropha curcas L. for surface-active properties. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15807. [PMID: 37187903 PMCID: PMC10176063 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, saponins extracted from leaves and stem bark of Jatropha curcas L. were investigated for surface-active properties. Conductivity and surface tension measurements revealed the micellar character of J. curcas saponin, with the average CMC, determined to be 0.50 g/L and 0.75 g/L for leaf and stem bark saponin, respectively. Stem bark saponin reduced the surface tension of water to a greater extent (γCMC= 37.65 mN/m) compared to leaf saponin (γCMC= 49.27 mN/m) indicating its efficient surface activity and potential detergency. pH measurement confirmed the weakly acidic nature of saponin with a pH value lying slightly below the range suitable for hair and skin. Stem bark saponin showed better cleaning ability, foaming ability and foam stability than leaf saponin, due to a sufficient reduction in the surface tension of water. The results obtained suggest that the saponin extracted from both the leaves and stem bark of J. curcas can be used as environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summi Rai
- Water Resource Research and Development Centre, Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation, Lalitpur, Nepal
- Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar, Nepal
| | - Ananda Kafle
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hari Prasad Devkota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto, Japan
- Pharmacy Program, Gandaki University, Pokhara, Nepal
- Corresponding author. Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Ajaya Bhattarai
- Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar, Nepal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Corresponding author. Department of Chemistry, Mahendra Morang Adarsh Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Biratnagar, Nepal.
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Hassan M, Bala SZ, Bashir M, Waziri PM, Musa Adam R, Umar MA, Kini P. LC-MS and GC-MS Profiling of Different Fractions of Ficus platyphylla Stem Bark Ethanolic Extract. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:6349332. [PMID: 36569176 PMCID: PMC9771666 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6349332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of medicinal plants in traditional medicine for the treatment of diseases has been practiced for long, globally, because of its cultural acceptability, availability, and affordability. This study investigated the qualitative and quantitative estimation of phytochemicals present in Ficus platyphylla stem bark as well as determined the reducing power and antioxidant property of each fraction against DPPH and NO radicals. The study further elucidated the presence of possible compounds in different fractions (methanol, ethyl acetate, petroleum ether, and chloroform) of Ficus platyphylla stem bark (FPSB) extract using GC-MS, LC-MS, and FTIR techniques. Qualitative phytochemical analysis reveals the presence of phytochemicals: saponin, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, steroids, alkaloids, and glycoside in the ethanolic extract. The LC-MS study of methanol and ethyl acetate fractions reveals the presence of thirteen and three compounds, respectively. GC-MS analysis shows the presence of trans-13-octadecenoic acid as the main compound 38.07% and cis-vaccenic acid as the least compound (0.10%) in the petroleum ether fraction. The main compound in the chloroform fraction is 12-oleanen-3-yl acetate, (3. alpha.) with a peak area percentage of 49.25% and oleic acid been the least compound with 0.07% peak area. The FTIR analysis reveals that the fractions contain compounds with hydroxyl, aromatic, methyl, methylene, methyne, long aliphatic chain, ethers, ether-oxy, peroxides, etc. The analyzed fractions reveal compounds with potential pharmacological activity in the management of pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madinat Hassan
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Airforce Institute of Technology, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Zeal Bala
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
| | - Musa Bashir
- Centre for Dryland Agriculture, Faculty of Agricultural Science, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
| | - Peter Maitalata Waziri
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kaduna State University, Kaduna State, Nigeria
| | - Ramlatu Musa Adam
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Gombe State University, Gombe State, Nigeria
| | - Muhammad Abdullahi Umar
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Bayero University Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
| | - Priscilla Kini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Panda SP, Soni U. A review of dementia, focusing on the distinct roles of viral protein corona and MMP9 in dementia: Potential pharmacotherapeutic priorities. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 75:101560. [PMID: 35031512 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dementia, in particular, is a defining feature of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Because of the combination of motor and cognitive impairments, Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) has a greater impact on affected people than Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) and others. If one family member develops dementia, the other members will suffer greatly in terms of social and occupational functioning. Currently, no relevant treatment is available based on an examination of the absolute pathophysiology of dementia. As a result, our objective of current review encouraged to look for dementia pharmacotherapy based on their pathogenesis. We systematically searched electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and ESCI for information on the pathophysiology of demetia, as well as their treatment with allopathic and herbal medications. By modulating intermediate proteins, oxidative stress, viral protein corona, and MMP9 are etiological factors that cause dementia. The pathophysiology of ADD was described by two hypotheses: the amyloid cascade hypothesis and the tau and tangle hypothesis. ADD is caused by an increase in amyloid-beta (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebrum. The viral protein corona (VPC) is more contagious and helps to form amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebrum. Thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) inside the BBB encourages Aβ to become more engaged. PDD is caused by decreased or absent dopamine secretion from nerve cells in the substantia nigra, as well as PRKN gene deletion/duplication mutations, and shift in the PRKN-PACRG organisation, all of which are linked to ageing. This article discussed the pathophysiology of dementia, as well as a list of herbal medications that can easily cross the BBB and have a therapeutic effect on dementia.
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Faheem M, Ameer S, Khan AW, Haseeb M, Raza Q, Ali Shah F, Khusro A, Aarti C, Umar Khayam Sahibzada M, El-Saber Batiha G, Koirala N, Adnan M, Alghamdi S, Assaggaf H, Alsiwiehri NO. A comprehensive review on antiepileptic properties of medicinal plants. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Abstract
In response to increasing natural surfactant demand and environmental concerns, natural plant-based surfactants have been replacing synthetic ones. Saponins belong to a class of plant metabolites with surfactant properties that are widely distributed in nature. They are eco-friendly because of their natural origin and biodegradable. To date, many plant-based saponins have been investigated for their surface activity. An overview of saponins with a particular focus on their surface-active properties is presented in this article. For this purpose, works published in the past few decades, which report better surfactant relevant properties of saponins than synthetic ones, were extensively studied. The investigations on the potential surfactant application of saponins are also documented. Moreover, some biological activities of saponins such as antimicrobial activity, antidiabetic activity, adjuvant potentials, anticancer activity, and others are reported. Plants rich in saponins are widely distributed in nature, offering great potential for the replacement of toxic synthetic surfactants in a variety of modern commercial products and these saponins exhibit excellent surface and biological activities. New opportunities and challenges associated with the development of saponin-based commercial formulations in the future are also discussed in detail.
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Chindo BA, Howes MJR, Abuhamdah S, Yakubu MI, Ayuba GI, Battison A, Chazot PL. New Insights Into the Anticonvulsant Effects of Essential Oil From Melissa officinalis L. (Lemon Balm). Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:760674. [PMID: 34721045 PMCID: PMC8551917 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.760674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Melissa officinalis L. is used in traditional European and Iranian folk medicines to treat a plethora of neurological diseases including epilepsy. We utilized the in vitro and in vivo models of epilepsy to probe the anticonvulsant potentials of essential oil from M. officinalis (MO) to gain insight into the scientific basis for its applications in traditional medicine for the management of convulsive disorders. MO was evaluated for effects on maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) -induced seizures in mice, on 4–aminopyridine (4-AP)-brain slice model of epilepsy and sustained repetitive firing of current clamped neurons; and its ameliorative effects were examined on seizure severity, anxiety, depression, cognitive dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuronal cell loss in PTZ-kindled rats. MO reversibly blocked spontaneous ictal-like discharges in the 4-AP-brain slice model of epilepsy and secondary spikes from sustained repetitive firing, suggesting anticonvulsant effects and voltage-gated sodium channel blockade. MO protected mice from PTZ– and MES–induced seizures and mortality, and ameliorated seizure severity, fear-avoidance, depressive-like behavior, cognitive deficits, oxidative stress and neuronal cell loss in PTZ–kindled rats. The findings warrant further study for the potential use of MO and/or its constituent(s) as adjunctive therapy for epileptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Chindo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | | | - Sawsan Abuhamdah
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom.,College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Musa I Yakubu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Godwin I Ayuba
- Department of Anatomic Pathology and Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | | | - Paul L Chazot
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
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Becker A, Helmuth M, Trzeczak D, Chindo BA. Methanol extract of Ficus platyphylla decreases cerebral ischemia induced injury in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114219. [PMID: 34058316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Extracts of the stem bark of Ficus paltyphylla (FP) are used in the Nigerian traditional medicine to manage psychoses, depression, epilepsy, pain, and inflammation. Our previous studies revealed that the methanol extract of FP ameliorate body core temperature. AIM OF THE STUDY A number of pharmacological agents that utilize mechanisms that enhanced neuronal survival and/or neural regeneration have been developed for the treatment of stroke. Hypothermia protects the brain from damage caused by ischemia by attenuating destructive processes such as neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, blood-brain barrier disruption, apoptosis, and free radical formation following cerebral ischemia. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective potential of FP on permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO)-induced ischemia in mice. MATERIAL AND METHODS C57Bl mice were subjected to MCAO. FP was administered 1 h prior to and immediately after surgery. The brains were collected 24 h later and infarct volumes were measured using immune-histochemical staining, DAPI, NeuN, synaptophysin, and NR2B were quantified. RESULTS Administration of FP prior to MCAO significantly reduced infarct volume, with no effect on infarct volume immediately after MCAO. Higher numbers of cells and neurons were observed in the peri-infarct area in both groups of mice. FP-induced hypothermia protected tissue in the peri-infarct region from synaptophysin reduction. NMDA receptor 2 (NR2B) immunoreactivity is enhanced by MCAO, with no difference observed in both sham-operated and FP-induced hypothermia groups of mice. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that FP might be useful in the reduction of ischemia-induced infarct volume when administered prior to the initiation of ischemia with no effect observed after ischemia induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Becker
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Martin Helmuth
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Doris Trzeczak
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ben A Chindo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research & Development, Abuja, Nigeria
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Singh S, Singh TG, Rehni AK. An Insight into Molecular Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Approaches in Epileptogenesis. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 19:750-779. [PMID: 32914725 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200910153827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the second most common neurological disease with abnormal neural activity involving the activation of various intracellular signalling transduction mechanisms. The molecular and system biology mechanisms responsible for epileptogenesis are not well defined or understood. Neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and Epigenetic modification elicit epileptogenesis. The excessive neuronal activities in the brain are associated with neurochemical changes underlying the deleterious consequences of excitotoxicity. The prolonged repetitive excessive neuronal activities extended to brain tissue injury by the activation of microglia regulating abnormal neuroglia remodelling and monocyte infiltration in response to brain lesions inducing axonal sprouting contributing to neurodegeneration. The alteration of various downstream transduction pathways resulted in intracellular stress responses associating endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction, activation of nucleases, proteases mediated neuronal death. The recently novel pharmacological agents modulate various receptors like mTOR, COX-2, TRK, JAK-STAT, epigenetic modulators and neurosteroids are used for attenuation of epileptogenesis. Whereas the various molecular changes like the mutation of the cell surface, nuclear receptor and ion channels focusing on repetitive episodic seizures have been explored by preclinical and clinical studies. Despite effective pharmacotherapy for epilepsy, the inadequate understanding of precise mechanisms, drug resistance and therapeutic failure are the current fundamental problems in epilepsy. Therefore, the novel pharmacological approaches evaluated for efficacy on experimental models of epilepsy need to be identified and validated. In addition, we need to understand the downstream signalling pathways of new targets for the treatment of epilepsy. This review emphasizes on the current state of novel molecular targets as therapeutic approaches and future directions for the management of epileptogenesis. Novel pharmacological approaches and clinical exploration are essential to make new frontiers in curing epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareen Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | | | - Ashish Kumar Rehni
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Program, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101, United States
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Ashraf K, Haque MR, Amir M, Ahmad N, Ahmad W, Sultan S, Ali Shah SA, Mahmoud Alafeefy A, Mujeeb M, Bin Shafie MF. An Overview of Phytochemical and Biological Activities: Ficus deltoidea Jack and Other Ficus spp. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2021; 13:11-25. [PMID: 34084044 PMCID: PMC8142919 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_232_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ficus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used in customary medication among the Malay people to reduce and mend sicknesses such as ulcers, psoriasis, cytotoxicity, cardioprotective, inflammation, jaundice, vitiligo, hemorrhage, diabetes, convulsion, hepatitis, dysentery injuries, wounds, and stiffness. Ficus deltoidea contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds from different phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and proteins. The genus Ficus has several hundreds of species, which shows excellent therapeutic effects and a wide variety of helpful properties for human welfare. Searching information was collected by using electronic databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar. This review is, therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of Ficus and its important species. This summary could be beneficial for future research aiming to exploit the therapeutic potential of Ficus and its useful medicinal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamran Ashraf
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Amir
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niyaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Safaa, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadia Sultan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Mahmoud Alafeefy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Mujeeb
- Phytomedicine Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Muhammad Fikriey Bin Shafie
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Puncak Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Mounkoro PP, Togola A, de Jong J, Diallo D, Paulsen BS, van’ t Klooster C. Ethnobotanical survey of plants used by traditional health practitioners for treatment of schizophrenia spectrum disorders in Bandiagara, Mali, West Africa. J Herb Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Raafat K, Wurglics M. Phytochemical analysis of Ficus carica L. active compounds possessing anticonvulsant activity. J Tradit Complement Med 2019; 9:263-270. [PMID: 31453121 PMCID: PMC6701940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The anticonvulsant potential of Ficus carica methanol-extract (Fc) has been studied. It was found that Fc most active fraction is rich in oligosaccharides (OFG). 1H, 13C NMR and Nano-ESI, MALDI MS, and LC-MS techniques proved that OFG contains alpha-glucopyranoside oligomer in high amounts. Both Fc and OFG reduced strychnine (STR) convulsion-action. Fc and OFG fully protected the experimental-animals from STR-lethality. The intracerebroventricular-administration (ICV) of Fc or OFG in combination with glycine in ethanol-treated mice caused a dose-dependent returning to a 2nd-loss of righting-reflex (LORR), and was antagonized by STR. FC and OFG ICV injection counteracted STR-inhibition, confirming that Fc/OFG anticonvulsant mechanism of action was mediated by potentiation of glycine receptor. These results support Fc and OFG potential anticonvulsant-activity with good safety-profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Raafat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, 115020 Beirut, Lebanon
| | - M Wurglics
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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Maqbool S, Younus I, Sadaf R, Fatima A. Neuro-pharmacological evaluation of anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activity of Cocculus laurifolius leaves in wistar rats. Metab Brain Dis 2019; 34:991-999. [PMID: 30993565 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-019-00414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the anticonvulsant and neuroprotective activity of Cocculus laurifolius D.C leaves in albino wistar rats against strychnine induced convulsions. Initially the extract was investigated for acute oral toxicity testing in order to examine any signs of toxicity and mortality. For anticonvulsant activity, the ethanolic extract was evaluated at doses 200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o. against strychnine induced convulsions model, at 1, 7, 15 and 30th day of treatment. Meanwhile, the neuroprotective effect of the extract was investigated via histopathological assessment. Cocculus laurifolius (200 and 400 mg/kg, p.o.) exhibited anticonvulsant activity as indicated by significant delay in the onset of convulsions and time to death after strychnine induced convulsions. Similarly, significant reduction in the duration of convulsions and percentage of mortality was observed by ethanolic extract (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.) at 1, 7, 15 and 30th day of test sessions. Furthermore, Cocculus laurifolius leaves (200 and 400 mg/kg p.o.) also exhibited neuroprotective effect with considerable preserved neuronal structures and significant decrease in neuronal apoptosis, in comparison with control. The results obtained from the present study indicate that ethanolic extract of Cocculus laurifolius leaves possess potential anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effect against strychnine induced convulsions. Therefore, it can be concluded that Cocculus laurifolius leaves may be a valuable in management of epilepsy, however further studies are required on large number of animals to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Maqbool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ishrat Younus
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
| | - Rafia Sadaf
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hamdard University Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Anab Fatima
- Department of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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Effects of a methanol extract of Ficus platyphylla stem bark on a two-way active avoidance task and on body core temperature. Behav Brain Res 2019; 367:215-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Rehman MU, Wali AF, Ahmad A, Shakeel S, Rasool S, Ali R, Rashid SM, Madkhali H, Ganaie MA, Khan R. Neuroprotective Strategies for Neurological Disorders by Natural Products: An update. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:247-267. [PMID: 30207234 PMCID: PMC6425075 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180911124605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nature has bestowed mankind with surplus resources (natural products) on land and water. Natural products have a significant role in the prevention of disease and boosting of health in humans and animals. These natural products have been experimentally documented to possess various biological properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities. In vitro and in vivo studies have further established the usefulness of natural products in various preclinical models of neurodegenerative disorders. Natural products include phytoconstituents, like polyphenolic antioxidants, found in herbs, fruits, nuts, vegetables and also in marine and freshwater flora. These phytoconstituents may potentially suppress neurodegeneration and improve memory as well as cognitive functions of the brain. Also, they are known to play a pivotal role in the prevention and cure of different neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease and other neuronal disorders. The large-scale neuro-pharmacological activities of natural products have been documented due to the result of either the inhibition of inflammatory processes, or the up-regulation of various cell survival proteins or a combination of both. Due to the scarcity of human studies on neuroprotective effects of natural products, this review focuses on the various established activities of natural products in in vitro and in vivo preclinical models, and their potential neuro-therapeutic applications using the available knowledge in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rehan Khan
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science & Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase X, Mohali-160062, Punjab, India; E-mail:
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Liu W, Ge T, Pan Z, Leng Y, Lv J, Li B. The effects of herbal medicine on epilepsy. Oncotarget 2018; 8:48385-48397. [PMID: 28423368 PMCID: PMC5564656 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional herbal medicine plays a significant role in the treatment of epilepsy. Though herbal medicine is widely used in antiepileptic treatment, there is a lack of robust evidence for efficacy and toxicity of most herbs. Besides, the herbal medicine should be subject to evidence-based scrutiny. In this context, we present a review to introduce the effects of herbal medicine on epilepsy. However, hundreds of herbal medicines have been investigated in the available studies. Some commonly used herbal medicines for epilepsy have been listed in our study. The overwhelming majority of these data are based on animal experiments. The lack of clinical data places constraints on the clinical recommendation of herbal medicine. Our study may conduct further studies and provide some insight on the development of anti-epileptic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Tongtong Ge
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Zhenxiang Pan
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
| | - Yashu Leng
- Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Jiayin Lv
- Third Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, PR China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, PR China
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Zhang J, Mohamad FH, Wong JH, Mohamad H, Ismail AH, Mohamed Yusoff AA, Osman H, Wong KT, Idris Z, Abdullah JM. The Effects of 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid Identified from Bamboo ( Dendrocalamus asper) Shoots on Kv1.4 Channel. Malays J Med Sci 2018; 25:101-113. [PMID: 29599640 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.1.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bamboo shoot has been used as a treatment for epilepsy in traditional Chinese medicine for generations to treat neuronal disorders such as convulsive, dizziness and headaches. 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-hba) is a non-flavonoid phenol found abundantly in Dendrocalamus asper shoots (bamboo), fruits (strawberries and apples) and flowers. Kv1.4 is a rapidly inactivating Shaker-related member of the voltage-gated potassium channels with two inactivation mechanisms; the fast N-type and slow C-type. It plays vital roles in repolarisation, hyperpolarisation and signaling the restoration of resting membrane potential through the regulation of the movement of K+ across the cellular membrane. Methods Chemical compounds from Dendrocalamus asper bamboo shoots were purified and identified as major palmitic acids mixed with other minor fatty acids, palmitic acid, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, lauric acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and cholest-4-ene-3-one. The response of synthetic 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was tested on Kv1.4 potassium channel which was injected into viable oocytes that was extracted from Xenopus laevis. The current were detected by the two-microelectrode voltage clamp, holding potential starting from -80 mV with 20 mV step-up until +80 mV. Readings of treatments with 0.1% DMSO, 4-hba concentrations and K channel blockers were taken at +60 mV. The ratio of tail/peak amplitude is the index of the activity of the Kv1.4 channels with n ≥ 6 (number of oocytes tested). The decreases of the ratios of five different concentrations (1 μM, 10 μM, 100 μM, 1 mM and 2.5 mM) were compared with 0.1% DMSO as the control. Results All concentration showed statistically significant results with P < 0.05 except for 100 μM. The normalised current of the 4-hba concentrations were compared with potassium channel blockers (TEA and 4-AP) and all groups showed statistically significant results. This study also showed that time taken for each concentration to affect Kv1.4 does not play any significant roles. Conclusion 4-hydroxybenzoic acid was found to be able to enhance the inactivation of Kv1.4 by lowering the membrane potential so that the abnormal neuronal firing can be inhibited. With IC50 slightly higher than 10 μM, increasing concentrations (100 μM, 1 mM and 2.5 mM) had shown to exhibit toxicity effects. The best concentration from this study is 10 μM with Hill slope of 0.1799.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Zhang
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Fatin H Mohamad
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jia Hui Wong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Habsah Mohamad
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Hadi Ismail
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff
- Center for Neuroscience Services and Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hasnah Osman
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Kok Tong Wong
- School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Zamzuri Idris
- Center for Neuroscience Services and Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Center for Neuroscience Services and Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Department of Neurosciences, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Rajput MA, Khan RA, Assad T. Anti-epileptic activity of Nelumbo nucifera fruit. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1883-1887. [PMID: 28776277 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is the most commonly encountered neurological disorder affecting around 70 million people worldwide, out of which approximately 80% belongs to developing countries. Several shortcomings appeared with the use of conventional antiepileptic agents like, inadequate seizure control, side effects and cost which limit their use. Thus extensive studies are necessary to investigate the pharmacological effects of plants, which would facilitate discovery of novel drugs from herbal source permitting their use to benefit mankind. Hence current study was focused to evaluate the anti-epileptic potential of Nelumbo nucifera fruit in order to ascertain its therapeutic potential. Anti-epileptic activity was assessed using strychnine induced seizure model in 35 male Wister rats divided in five groups i.e. control, reference and 3 test groups. Each group was composed of 7 animals and was given 2% gum tragacanth (control), diazepam 1 mg/kg PO (reference) and N. nucifera fruit 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg PO (test) OD for 15 days. N. nucifera fruit extract at 200 mg/kg exhibited extremely noteworthy delay in the inception of convulsions as compared to control however duration of convulsions was increased significantly but intensity of convulsions was reduced resulting in better survival rate i.e. 42.85% which was comparable to diazepam. Therefore it can be concluded that N. nucifera fruit may be valuable in managing epilepsy but further studies are required on large number of animals to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Rajput
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
| | - Rafeeq Alam Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan.
| | - Tahira Assad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, 75270, Pakistan
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Singh D, Goel RK. Anticonvulsant mechanism of saponins fraction from adventitious roots of Ficus religiosa: possible modulation of GABAergic, calcium and sodium channel functions. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chindo BA, Schröder H, Koeberle A, Werz O, Becker A. Analgesic potential of standardized methanol stem bark extract of Ficus platyphylla in mice: Mechanisms of action. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 184:101-106. [PMID: 26945978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Extracts of the stem bark of Ficus platyphylla (FP) have been used in traditional the Nigerian medicine to treat psychoses, depression, epilepsy, pain and inflammation. Previous studies have revealed the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of FP in different assays including acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced nociception, and albumin-induced oedema. PURPOSE/METHODS In this study, we assessed the effects of the standardised extract of FP on hot plate nociceptive threshold and vocalisation threshold in response to electrical stimulation of the tail root in order to confirm its acclaimed analgesic properties. We also investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects, with the focus on opiate receptor binding and the key enzymes of eicosanoid biosynthesis, namely cyclooxygenase (COX) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). RESULTS FP (i) increased the hot plate nociceptive threshold and vocalisation threshold. The increase in hot plate nociceptive threshold was detectable over a period of 30min whereas the increase in vocalisation threshold persisted over a period of 90min. (ii) FP showed an affinity for µ opiate receptors but not for δ or κ opiate receptors, and (iii) FP inhibited the activities of COX-2 and 5-LO but not of COX-1. CONCLUSIONS We provided evidence supporting the use of FP in Nigerian folk medicine for the treatment of different types of pain, and identified opioid and non-opioid targets. It is interesting to note that the dual inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LO appears favourable in terms of both efficacy and side effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Chindo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P. M. B. 21, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Helmut Schröder
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
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Chindo BA, Kahl E, Trzeczak D, Dehmel P, Becker A, Fendt M. Standardized extract of Ficus platyphylla reverses apomorphine-induced changes in prepulse inhibition and locomotor activity in rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 293:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Ren Z, Wang L, Qin M, You Y, Pan W, Zhou L, Sun D, Xu A. Pharmacological characterization of conotoxin lt14a as a potent non-addictive analgesic. Toxicon 2015; 96:57-67. [PMID: 25617597 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Conotoxin lt14a is a small peptide consisting of 13 amino acids. It was originally identified from the cDNA of Conus litteratus in the South China Sea. Previous reports showed lt14a exhibited antinociceptive activity using a hot plate-induced pain mouse model and acted as an antagonist of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. We confirmed that conotoxin lt14a administration resulted in antinociception activity using a mouse inflammatory pain model and a rat model of mechanically-induced pain. The mRNA expression of c-fos and NOS in the spinal cord of rats was suppressed by lt14a. Labeling of lt14a with an Alexa Fluor 488 ester showed that lt14a was bound to the surface of PC12 cells and that this binding was inhibited by pre-application of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist tubocurarine chloride (TUB) and the nAChR blocker hexamethonium bromide (HB). These data confirm previous reports that showed lt14a binds to the surface of PC12 cells via nAChRs with patch clamp whole-cell recordings. Additional results showed that lt14a suppressed extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) phosphorylation in PC12 cells activated by Ach. Our results showed that lt14a did not induce drug dependence but rather suppressed morphine withdrawal symptoms. Our work suggests that lt14a is a novel antinociceptive agent that targets the nAChR receptor without inducing drug dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghua Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mengying Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuwen You
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuguang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Anlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, National Engineering Research Center of South China Sea Marine Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China; Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Road, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Chindo BA, Schröder H, Becker A. Methanol extract of Ficus platyphylla ameliorates seizure severity, cognitive deficit and neuronal cell loss in pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:86-93. [PMID: 25636876 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Decoctions of Ficus plathyphylla are used in Nigeria's folk medicine to manage epilepsy for many years and their efficacies are widely acclaimed among the rural communities of Northern Nigeria. In this study, we examined the ameliorative effects of the standardized methanol extract of Ficus platyphylla (FP) stem bark on seizure severity, cognitive deficit and neuronal cell loss in pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice. The (35)S-GTPγS, glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid receptors binding properties of the extract were also evaluated. Male CD-1 mice were kindled with an initial subeffective dose of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ, 37.5mg/kg, i.p.) for a total of 13 convulsant injections and the treatment groups concurrently received FP (100 and 200mg/kg). Control animals received the same number of saline injections. Twenty-four h after kindling completion the animals' learning performance was tested in a two-way shuttle-box. The animals were challenged with another subeffective dose of PTZ (32.5mg/kg, i.p.) on day 7 after kindling completion. Animals were sacrificed a day after the challenged experiment and the brains were processed for histological investigation. FP ameliorates seizure severity, cognitive deficits and neuronal cell loss in PTZ kindled mice. Components of the extract showed affinity for GABAergic and glutamatergic receptors. Glutamate release was diminished and the (35)S-GTPγS binding assay revealed no intrinsic activity at glutamatergic receptors. Our results revealed that FP contains psychoactive secondary metabolites with anticonvulsant properties, thus supporting the isolation and development of the biologically active components of this medicinal plant as antiepileptic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Chindo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P. M. B. 21, Abuja, Nigeria.
| | - Helmut Schröder
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Axel Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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Chindo BA, Ya'U J, Danjuma NM, Okhale SE, Gamaniel KS, Becker A. Behavioral and anticonvulsant effects of the standardized extract of Ficus platyphylla stem bark. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:351-360. [PMID: 24754912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Decoctions of Ficus platyphylla Del.-Holl (Family: Moraceae) are used in Nigeria׳s folk medicine for the management of epilepsy and their efficacies are widely acclaimed among the rural communities of northern Nigeria. The aim of the study is to examine the behavioral and anticonvulsant properties of the standardized methanol extract of Ficus platyphylla (FP) stem bark, in order to scientifically describe its potential values in the management of convulsive disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and preliminary phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract were utilized and the intraperitoneal median lethal dose (LD50) determined in mice. The effects of FP were investigated on some murine models of behavior and its anticonvulsant effects studied on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-, strychnine (STN)-, picrotoxin (PCT)-, isoniazid (INH)-, aminophylline (AMI)- and maximal electroshock (MES)-induced seizures in mice. RESULTS The intraperitoneal oral LD50 of FP was estimated to be 5000mg/kg. FP significantly reduced the locomotor activities including the total distance covered, speed, active time and rearing counts. It shortened the onset and prolonged the duration of diazepam-induced sleep, but had no effect on motor coordination on the rota-rod treadmill or beam-walking assay in mice at the doses tested. The extract protected the mice against PTZ- and STN-induced seizures and significantly delayed the latencies of myoclonic jerks and tonic seizures induced by all the standard convulsant agents (PTZ, PCT, INH, STN and AMI) used in this study, but failed to protect the mice against MES seizures at the doses tested. The HPLC fingerprint of the extract shows a spectrum profile characteristic of Ficus platyphylla, while the preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoids and tannins. CONCLUSION Our study provides scientific evidence that FP may contain psychoactive principles with potential anticonvulsant properties, thus supporting further development of the psychoactive components of this plant as anticonvulsant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A Chindo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kaduna State University, Kaduna, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P.M.B. 21, Abuja, Nigeria; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Jamilu Ya'U
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Nuhu M Danjuma
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Samuel E Okhale
- Department of Medicinal Plant Research and Traditional Medicine, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P.M.B. 21, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Karniyus S Gamaniel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development, P.M.B. 21, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Axel Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Danjuma NM, Chindo BA, Abdu-Aguye I, Anuka JA, Hussaini IM. Psychopharmacological properties of saponins from Randia nilotica stem bark. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:1-7. [PMID: 23845096 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.784343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Decoctions of Randia nilotica Stapf. (Rubiaceae) have been used in the Nigerian traditional medicine for the management of epilepsy, anxiety, depression and psychosis for many years and their efficacies are widely acclaimed among the rural communities of Northern Nigeria. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to establish whether the saponins present in R. nilotica are responsible for its acclaimed beneficial effects in Nigerian traditional medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS The behavioural properties of the saponin-rich fraction (SFRN) of R. nilotica stem bark were studied on hole-board, diazepam-induced sleep, rota-rod and beam-walking in mice. The anticonvulsant properties of SFRN were also examined on maximal electroshock, pentylenetetrazole- and strychnine-induced seizures in mice. RESULTS The intraperitoneal LD₅₀ of SFRN in mice and rats were estimated to be 11.1 and 70.7 mg/kg, respectively. SFRN significantly prolonged the duration of diazepam-induced sleep; diminished head dip counts in the hole-board test and protected mice against maximal electroshock seizures. SFRN failed to protect mice against pentylenetetrazole- and strychnine-induced seizures; and had no effect on motor coordination on the rota-rod treadmill at the doses tested. SFRN significantly decreased the number of foot slips in the beam-walking assay in mice with no effect on time to reach the goal box. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of the psychopharmacological effects of SFRN, thus supporting further development of the psychoactive components as remedies for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Danjuma
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University , Zaria , Nigeria
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Zhu HL, Wan JB, Wang YT, Li BC, Xiang C, He J, Li P. Medicinal compounds with antiepileptic/anticonvulsant activities. Epilepsia 2013; 55:3-16. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Jian-Bo Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Yi-Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
| | - Bao-Cai Li
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming China
| | - Cheng Xiang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming China
| | - Jing He
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology; Kunming University of Science and Technology; Kunming China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine; Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences; University of Macau; Macao China
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Anticonvulsant Effect of Antiaris toxicaria (Pers.) Lesch. (Moraceae) Aqueous Extract in Rodents. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 2013:519208. [PMID: 24167736 PMCID: PMC3791639 DOI: 10.1155/2013/519208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antiaris toxicaria (Moraceae) was evaluated for anticonvulsant activity in rodents. Animal models used include maximal electroshock test (MEST); pentylenetetrazole-induced (PTZ) convulsions; picrotoxin-induced (PCT) convulsions; strychnine- (STR-) and 4-aminopyridine-induced convulsions. Increase in latency to seizures as well as reduction in duration and frequency of seizures indicated anticonvulsant activity. The extract was more effective in all models used except the maximal electroshock test and strychnine-induced convulsions. Antiaris toxicaria aqueous extract (200, 400, and 800 mg kg(-1)) significantly (P < 0.05 - 0.01) shortened the duration of convulsions in PTZ- and PCT-induced seizures. Delay in the onset of convulsions in the two tests was significant (P < 0.001). Reduction in the frequency of seizures was also significant (P < 0.05 - 0.001) in both tests. Antiaris further delayed the onset of seizures in 4-aminopyridine model while producing 75% protection against death in mice. Diazepam (0.1, 0.3, and 1 mg kg(-1)), carbamazepine (3, 10, and 30 mg kg(-1)), and sodium valproate (100-400 mg kg(-1)) were used as reference anticonvulsant drugs for various models. Flumazenil blocked the effect of the extract in the PTZ test significantly suggesting that Antiaris toxicaria may be acting by enhancing the effects of the GABAergic system. Antiaris toxicaria aqueous extract therefore possesses anticonvulsant activity.
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Singh D, Singh B, Goel RK. Role of saponins for the anticonvulsant effect of adventitious roots of Ficus religiosa. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2012; 50:816-822. [PMID: 22471888 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2011.636057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The adventitious roots of Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae) have been extensively used in traditional medicine for treatment of several disorders, including epilepsy. OBJECTIVE To investigate the possible anticonvulsant effect of the adventitious roots of Ficus religiosa, and to find the biologically active fraction, to substantiate its traditional use in epilepsy. METHODS The hydroethanolic extract of adventitious roots (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg; i.p.) of Ficus religiosa and its different fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, aqueous, saponins-rich, and saponins-lacking) at a dose equivalent to 20 mg/kg of the extract were administered 30 min prior to the induction of maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) convulsions. Duration of tonic hind-limb extension (THLE) and latency to clonic convulsions were noted in MES and PTZ tests, respectively. Neurotoxicity was assessed using rotarod test. RESULTS Treatment with the root extract (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg; i.p.), butanolic (6 mg/kg; i.p.) and saponins-rich fractions (3.4 mg/kg; i.p.) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the duration of THLE in MES test, as compared to control. The same treatment also significantly (p < 0.05) increased the latency to PTZ-induced clonic convulsions in comparison to control. The other fractions were found to be ineffective. The root extract and its active fractions at their effective doses showed no neurotoxic effects. CONCLUSION The present study concluded that the hydroethanolic extract of adventitious roots of Ficus religiosa has anticonvulsant activity. Retention of anticonvulsant effect in the saponins-rich fraction-treated animals indicated the role of saponins for the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damanpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
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Hosseinzadeh H, Imenshahidi M, Hosseini M, Razavi BM. Effect of Linalool on Morphine Tolerance and Dependence in Mice. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1399-404. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad; Iran
| | - Mohsen Imenshahidi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad; Iran
| | | | - Bibi Marjan Razavi
- School of Pharmacy; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad; Iran
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Neurol 2010; 23:194-201. [DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e328338cade] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Duclohier H. Structure-function studies on the voltage-gated sodium channel. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:2374-9. [PMID: 19747894 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent research on structure-function relationships aspects of voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are reviewed. Data issued from the literature are summarized and compared, including results from our own studies. The latter deal with the effects of drug binding, deglycosylation and the role of hydrophobic residues in the voltage sensors. Methods mainly consist of circular dichroism (CD) to asses the channel's secondary structure and conductance measurements after reconstitution into planar lipid bilayers. Molecular modelling was also used to tentatively explain experimental data. Since 30% of the channel's mass are glycoconjugates, the effects of removing them were first investigated. Then, the effects of the neurotoxin Batrachotoxin and the anticonvulsant Lamotrigine were studied. Both drugs induced a significant increase in the channel's helical content and a molecular model shows that lamotrigine interacts with residues previously identified as forming the binding sites in the pore. Finally, the role of hydrophobic residues with long sidechains in the voltage sensors (S4s) was investigated. Recent research on related studies on VGSCs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Duclohier
- Institut de Biologie et Physiologie Cellulaires, UMR 6187 CNRS-Université de Poitiers, Pôle Biologie Santé, 40 Avenue du Recteur Pineau, 86022 POITIERS, France.
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