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Bruns RF, Mitchell SN, Wafford KA, Harper AJ, Shanks EA, Carter G, O'Neill MJ, Murray TK, Eastwood BJ, Schaus JM, Beck JP, Hao J, Witkin JM, Li X, Chernet E, Katner JS, Wang H, Ryder JW, Masquelin ME, Thompson LK, Love PL, Maren DL, Falcone JF, Menezes MM, Zhang L, Yang CR, Svensson KA. Preclinical profile of a dopamine D1 potentiator suggests therapeutic utility in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Neuropharmacology 2017; 128:351-365. [PMID: 29102759 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
DETQ, an allosteric potentiator of the dopamine D1 receptor, was tested in therapeutic models that were known to respond to D1 agonists. Because of a species difference in affinity for DETQ, all rodent experiments used transgenic mice expressing the human D1 receptor (hD1 mice). When given alone, DETQ reversed the locomotor depression caused by a low dose of reserpine. DETQ also acted synergistically with L-DOPA to reverse the strong hypokinesia seen with a higher dose of reserpine. These results indicate potential as both monotherapy and adjunct treatment in Parkinson's disease. DETQ markedly increased release of both acetylcholine and histamine in the prefrontal cortex, and increased levels of histamine metabolites in the striatum. In the hippocampus, the combination of DETQ and the cholinesterase inhibitor rivastigmine increased ACh to a greater degree than either agent alone. DETQ also increased phosphorylation of the AMPA receptor (GluR1) and the transcription factor CREB in the striatum, consistent with enhanced synaptic plasticity. In the Y-maze, DETQ increased arm entries but (unlike a D1 agonist) did not reduce spontaneous alternation between arms at high doses. DETQ enhanced wakefulness in EEG studies in hD1 mice and decreased immobility in the forced-swim test, a model for antidepressant-like activity. In rhesus monkeys, DETQ increased spontaneous eye-blink rate, a measure that is known to be depressed in Parkinson's disease. Together, these results provide support for potential utility of D1 potentiators in the treatment of several neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, and major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Bruns
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Stephen N Mitchell
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Erl Wood Manor, United Kingdom
| | - Keith A Wafford
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Erl Wood Manor, United Kingdom
| | - Alex J Harper
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Erl Wood Manor, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine A Shanks
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Erl Wood Manor, United Kingdom
| | - Guy Carter
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Erl Wood Manor, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J O'Neill
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Erl Wood Manor, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey K Murray
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Erl Wood Manor, United Kingdom
| | - Brian J Eastwood
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Erl Wood Manor, United Kingdom
| | - John M Schaus
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - James P Beck
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Junliang Hao
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Witkin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Xia Li
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Eyassu Chernet
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Jason S Katner
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - John W Ryder
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Meghane E Masquelin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Linda K Thompson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Patrick L Love
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Deanna L Maren
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Julie F Falcone
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Michelle M Menezes
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
| | - Linli Zhang
- Shanghai ChemPartner, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | - Kjell A Svensson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Ugarte A, Gil-Bea F, García-Barroso C, Cedazo-Minguez Á, Ramírez MJ, Franco R, García-Osta A, Oyarzabal J, Cuadrado-Tejedor M. Decreased levels of guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are associated with cognitive decline and amyloid pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2016; 41:471-82. [PMID: 25488891 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Levels of the cyclic nucleotides guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cGMP) or adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) that play important roles in memory processes are not characterized in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study was to analyse the levels of these nucleotides in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients diagnosed with clinical and prodromal stages of AD and study the expression level of the enzymes that hydrolyzed them [phosphodiesterases (PDEs)] in the brain of AD patients vs. METHODS For cGMP and cAMP CSF analysis, the cohort (n = 79) included cognitively normal participants (subjective cognitive impairment), individuals with stable mild cognitive impairment or AD converters (sMCI and cMCI), and mild AD patients. A high throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was used. Interactions between CSF cGMP or cAMP with mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score, CSF Aβ(1-42) and CSF p-tau were analysed. For PDE4, 5, 9 and 10 expression analysis, brains of AD patients vs. controls (n = 7 and n = 8) were used. RESULTS cGMP, and not cAMP levels, were significantly lower in the CSF of patients diagnosed with mild AD when compared with nondemented controls. CSF levels of cGMP showed a significant association with MMSE-diagnosed clinical dementia and with CSF biomarker Aβ42 in AD patients. Significant increase in PDE5 expression was detected in temporal cortex of AD patients compared with that of age-matched healthy control subjects. No changes in the expression of others PDEs were detected. CONCLUSIONS These results support the potential involvement of cGMP in the pathological and clinical development of AD. The cGMP reduction in early stages of AD might participate in the aggravation of amyloid pathology and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ugarte
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Francisco Gil-Bea
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carolina García-Barroso
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ángel Cedazo-Minguez
- KI-Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - M Javier Ramírez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana García-Osta
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julen Oyarzabal
- Small Molecule Discovery Platform, Molecular Therapeutics Program, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mar Cuadrado-Tejedor
- Neurobiology of Alzheimer's Disease, Neurosciences Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Anatomy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Oeckl P, Steinacker P, Lehnert S, Jesse S, Kretzschmar HA, Ludolph AC, Otto M, Ferger B. CSF concentrations of cAMP and cGMP are lower in patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease but not Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32664. [PMID: 22396786 PMCID: PMC3292568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cyclic nucleotides cyclic adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) are important second messengers and are potential biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we investigated by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of cAMP and cGMP of 82 patients and evaluated their diagnostic potency as biomarkers. For comparison with a well-accepted biomarker, we measured tau concentrations in CSF of CJD and control patients. CJD patients (n = 15) had lower cAMP (−70%) and cGMP (−55%) concentrations in CSF compared with controls (n = 11). There was no difference in PD, PD dementia (PDD) and ALS cases. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses confirmed cAMP and cGMP as valuable diagnostic markers for CJD indicated by the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.86 (cAMP) and 0.85 (cGMP). We calculated a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 64% for cAMP and a sensitivity of 67% and specificity of 100% for cGMP. The combination of both nucleotides increased the sensitivity to 80% and specificity to 91% for the term cAMPxcGMP (AUC 0.92) and to 93% and 100% for the ratio tau/cAMP (AUC 0.99). Conclusions/Significance We conclude that the CSF determination of cAMP and cGMP may easily be included in the diagnosis of CJD and could be helpful in monitoring disease progression as well as in therapy control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Oeckl
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Lehnert
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sarah Jesse
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans A. Kretzschmar
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Markus Otto
- Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Ferger
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Oeckl P, Ferger B. Simultaneous LC-MS/MS analysis of the biomarkers cAMP and cGMP in plasma, CSF and brain tissue. J Neurosci Methods 2011; 203:338-43. [PMID: 22001223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2011.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cyclic nucleotides cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) are important second messengers. They are useful biomarkers to indicate biological activity of drugs such as phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors which block the degradation of these nucleotides. Here, we established a fast and sensitive method for the simultaneous analysis of cAMP and cGMP by LC-MS/MS with broad applicability. The limit of detection is 50 pM. Linearity is given in a range of 0.5-500 nM for both nucleotides, with a high intra- and inter-assay precision and accuracy and an analysis time of 3.5 min. We validated the suitability of the method by pharmacological modulation of cAMP or cGMP concentrations in mice with the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram and the PDE5 inhibitor zaprinast. Rolipram significantly increased cAMP concentrations in plasma, CSF and brain tissue. Zaprinast increased cGMP concentrations in plasma but not in brain tissue, which is in accordance with its blood brain barrier permeability. In conclusion, the LC-MS/MS method described here could be a valuable analytical tool for investigating pharmacodynamic effects of PDE inhibitors and to monitor disease-related changes of cAMP and cGMP in the periphery as well as in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Oeckl
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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