1
|
Fernandez A, Urwicz L, Vuilleumier P, Berna C. Impact of hypnosis on psychophysiological measures: A scoping literature review. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2022; 64:36-52. [PMID: 34748461 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2021.1873099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Exploring psychophysiological changes during hypnosis can help to better understand the nature and extent of the hypnotic phenomenon by characterizing its influence on the autonomic nervous system (ANS), in addition to its central brain effects. Hypnosis is thought to induce a relaxation response, yet studies using objective psychophysiological measures alongside hypnosis protocols show various results. We review this literature and clarify the effects of hypnosis on psychophysiological indices of ANS activity and more specifically of the stress/relaxation response, such as heart rate variability and electrodermal activity. Studies reporting psychophysical measures during hypnosis were identified by a series of Pubmed searches. Data was extracted with an interest for the influence of hypnotizability and effects of specific suggestions or tasks on the findings. We found 49 studies comprising 1315 participants, 45 concerning healthy volunteers and only 4 on patients. Sixteen compared high vs. low hypnotizable people; 30 measured heart rate, 18 measured heart rate variability, 25 electrodermal activity, and 23 respiratory signals as well as other physiological parameters. Globally, results converge to show reductions in sympathetic responses and/or increases in parasympathetic tone under hypnosis. Several methodological limitations are underscored, such as older studies (N = 16) using manual analyses, small sample sizes (<30, N = 31), as well as uncontrolled multiple comparisons. Nevertheless, we confirm that hypnosis leads to a physiological relaxation response and highlight promising avenues for this research. Suggestions are made for guiding future work in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Fernandez
- Center of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leah Urwicz
- Center of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center of Affective Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center of Affective Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Berna
- Center of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine (FBM), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Santarcangelo EL, Carli G. Individual Traits and Pain Treatment: The Case of Hypnotizability. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:683045. [PMID: 34149351 PMCID: PMC8206467 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.683045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Laura Santarcangelo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Carli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
De Pascalis V, Scacchia P, Vecchio A. Influences of hypnotic suggestibility, contextual factors, and EEG alpha on placebo analgesia. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL HYPNOSIS 2021; 63:302-328. [PMID: 33999775 DOI: 10.1080/00029157.2020.1863182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We tested the role of hypnotic suggestibility, involuntariness, pain expectation, and subjective hypnotic depth in the prediction of placebo analgesia (PA) responsiveness. We also tested the link of lower and upper alpha sub-band (i.e., 'alpha1' and 'alpha2') power changes with tonic PA responding during waking and hypnosis conditions. Following an initial PA manipulation condition, we recorded EEG activity during waking and hypnosis under two treatments: (1) painful stimulation (Pain); (2) painful stimulation after application of a PA cream. Alpha1 and alpha2 power were derived using the individual alpha frequency method. We found that (1) PA in both waking and hypnosis conditions significantly reduced relative pain perception; (2) during waking, all the above mentioned contextual measures were associated with pain reduction, while involuntariness alone was associated with pain reduction within hypnosis. Enhanced alpha2 power at the left-parietal lead was solely associated with pain reduction in waking, but not in hypnosis condition. Using multiple regression and mediation analyses we found that: (i) during waking, the enhancement of relative left-parietal alpha2 power, directly influenced the enhancement in pain reduction, and, indirectly, through the mediating positive effect of involuntariness; (j) during hypnosis, the enhancement of left-temporoparietal alpha2 power, through the mediation of involuntariness, influenced pain reduction. Current findings obtained during waking suggest that enhanced alpha2 power may serve as a direct-objective measure of the subjective reduction of tonic pain in response to PA treatment. Overall, our findings suggest that placebo analgesia during waking and hypnosis involves different processes of top-down regulation.
Collapse
|
4
|
Manetti R, Manzoni D, Orsini P, Sebastiani L, Santarcangelo EL. Postural effects of interoceptive imagery as a function of hypnotizability. Physiol Behav 2021; 229:113222. [PMID: 33127462 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of pleasant and unpleasant interoceptive imagery on postural control in participants with different hypnotizability, interoceptive sensibility and ability of imagery. Forty-one healthy individuals classified as high (highs), medium (mediums) and low hypnotizables (lows) according to the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, form A (SHSS, A) were characterized for Interoceptive Sensitivity (IS) through the Multisensory Assessment of Interoceptive Awareness (MAIA) and for organic mental imagery (ORG) through Betts' questionnaire. The experimental session included baseline closed eyes conditions preceding tasks of pleasant (P) and unpleasant imagery (U) and a neutral cognitive task (NT) while standing on a stabilometric platform. Subjective reports of vividness and pleasantness/unpleasantness of mental images were collected. Postural variables, ECG and pneumogram were acquired. Highs exhibited greater vividness of imagery than mediums/lows and larger Area of the Centre of Pressure (CoP), while mediums and lows decreased it during all tasks with respect to baseline conditions. Significant differences moderated by IS and ORG were found between highs and lows in the CoP Area. In all groups significant task related differences in the CoP Area were moderated only by IS. Cardiovascular variables were similar in the three groups, but differed among tasks and were influenced by IS and ORG. Our findings extend earlier observations on the role of hypnotisability in the postural correlates of sensorimotor imagery to interoceptive imagery, support the hypothesis that interoceptive sensibility moderates postural control and cardiorespiratory variables during interoceptive imagery, and confirm earlier reports of the absence of hypnotisability-related modulation of cardiorespiratory variables during emotional tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Manetti
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Diego Manzoni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Orsini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Sebastiani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Enrica L Santarcangelo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zarei SP, Briscese L, Capitani S, Rossi B, Carboncini MC, Santarcangelo EL, Motie Nasrabadi A. Hypnotizability-Related Effects of Pain Expectation on the Later Modulation of Cortical Connectivity. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2020; 68:306-326. [PMID: 32510271 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2020.1762196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examined hypnotizability-related modulation of the cortical network following expected and nonexpected nociceptive stimulation. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded in 9 high (highs) and 8 low (lows) hypnotizable participants receiving nociceptive stimulation with (W1) and without (noW) a visual warning preceding the stimulation by 1 second. W1 and noW were compared to baseline conditions to assess the presence of any later effect and between each other to assess the effects of expectation. The studied EEG variables measured local and global features of the cortical connectivity. With respect to lows, highs exhibited scarce differences between experimental conditions. The hypnotizability-related differences in the later processing of nociceptive information could be relevant to the development of pain-related individual traits. Present findings suggest a lower impact of nociceptive stimulation in highs than in lows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Briscese
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Simone Capitani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Bruno Rossi
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Maria C Carboncini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa , Italy
| | - Enrica L Santarcangelo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa , Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Presciuttini S, Carli G, Santarcangelo EL. HYPNOTIZABILITY-RELATED FAAH C385A POLYMORPHISM: POSSIBLE ENDOCANNABINOID CONTRIBUTION TO SUGGESTION-INDUCED ANALGESIA. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2020; 68:29-37. [PMID: 31914367 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2020.1682254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) degrades the endogenous endocannabinoid (eCB) anandamide and might be involved in the response to suggestions of analgesia in subjects with high hypnotizability scores (highs). Since the A allele of the FAAH C385A polymorphism (rs324420) is associated with lower FAAH activity, it was studied in 21 highs, 66 low hypnotizable individuals (lows), and 172 individuals not selected for hypnotizability (controls) representing the general population. No significant difference was observed among groups, but the A allele frequency showed a significant trend to increase from lows to controls and from controls to highs. Since eCB small differences can be amplified by eCB interactions with other neurotransmitters, a contribution of the FAAH polymorphism to the highs' analgesia should not be excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvano Presciuttini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Carli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Enrica L Santarcangelo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
De Pascalis V, Scacchia P. The influence of reward sensitivity, heart rate dynamics and EEG-delta activity on placebo analgesia. Behav Brain Res 2018; 359:320-332. [PMID: 30439452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Personality traits have been shown to interact with environmental cues to modulate biological responses including treatment responses, and potentially having a role in the formation of placebo effects. Here we used the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ) to identify personality traits that predict placebo analgesic responding. Cardiac inter-beat (RR) time series and electroencephalographic (EEG) band oscillations were recorded from healthy women in a cold-pain (Pain) and placebo analgesia (PA) condition. The measures of Hypnotizability, and self-reported ratings of Hypnotic Depth, Motivation, Pain Expectation, Involuntariness in PA responding, Pain and Distress intensity were obtained. Separate principal components factor analyses with varimax rotation were performed on summarized heart rate variability (HRV) measures of time, frequency, nonlinear Complexity, and EEG-band activity. Both analyses yielded a similar three-factor solution including Frequency HRV (factor-1), Complexity HRV dynamics (factor-2), and time HRV & EEG-delta activity (factor-3). Reward Interest sub-trait of the Behavioral Approach System (BAS-RI), Pain Expectation, Involuntariness in PA responding, and Hypnotic Depth were positively associated, whereas negative changes in time-HRV & EEG-delta scores were associated with Pain Reduction. Multiple mediation analyses disclosed that BAS-RI, potentially served by the dopaminergic system, through Involuntariness in PA responding can alter placebo responding to laboratory pain. Our results also show that a linear compound of HR slowing and higher EEG delta activity during PA explains a substantial proportion of the variance in placebo analgesic responses. Future studies should examine the potential role that these individual difference measures may play in patient responsiveness to treatments for clinical pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V De Pascalis
- Department of Psychology "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.
| | - P Scacchia
- Department of Psychology "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Varanini M, Balocchi R, Carli G, Paoletti G, Santarcangelo EL. HYPNOTIZABILITY AND PAIN MODULATION: A Body-Mind Perspective. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2018; 66:265-281. [PMID: 29856285 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2018.1460561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated whether the cardiac activity and cognitive-emotional traits sustained by the behavioral inhibition/activation system (BIS/BAS) may contribute to hypnotizability-related pain modulation. Nociceptive stimulation (cold-pressor test) was administered to healthy participants with high (highs) and low (lows) hypnotizability in the presence and absence of suggestions for analgesia. Results showed that heart rate increased abruptly at the beginning of nociceptive stimulation in all participants. Then, only in highs heart rate decreased for the entire duration of hand immersion. During stimulation with suggestions of analgesia, pain threshold negatively correlated with heart rate. BIS/BAS activity partially accounted for the observed hypnotizability-related differences in the relation between cardiac interoception and pain experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Varanini
- a Institute of Physilogy , National Council of Research , Pisa , Italy
| | - Rita Balocchi
- a Institute of Physilogy , National Council of Research , Pisa , Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Boselli E, Musellec H, Bernard F, Guillou N, Hugot P, Augris-Mathieu C, Diot-Junique N, Bouvet L, Allaouchiche B. EFFECTS OF CONVERSATIONAL HYPNOSIS ON RELATIVE PARASYMPATHETIC TONE AND PATIENT COMFORT DURING AXILLARY BRACHIAL PLEXUS BLOCKS FOR AMBULATORY UPPER LIMB SURGERY:A Quasiexperimental Pilot Study. Int J Clin Exp Hypn 2018; 66:134-146. [PMID: 29601275 DOI: 10.1080/00207144.2018.1421355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This two-center quasiexperimental pilot study was to determine the effect of conversational hypnosis on patient comfort and parasympathetic tone, which may represent a quantitative measure of hypnotic depth, during regional anesthesia. The patients received conversational hypnosis in one center and oral premedication in the other. The patients' subjective comfort (0-10 rating scale) and objective parasympathetic tone, as assessed by the Analgesia/Nociception Index (ANI), were measured before and after regional anesthesia. The parasympathetic tone and comfort scores evidenced a significantly greater increase in the hypnosis patients than in controls. These findings suggest that using conversational hypnosis during regional anesthesia may be followed by a subjective increase in patient comfort and an objective increase in parasympathetic tone, monitored by ANI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Boselli
- a University of Lyon, University Lyon I Claude Bernard, APCSe VetAgroSup UPSP 2016.A101 , Lyon , France
| | - Hervé Musellec
- c Centre hospitalier privé Saint-Grégoire , Saint-Grégoire , France
| | - Franck Bernard
- c Centre hospitalier privé Saint-Grégoire , Saint-Grégoire , France
| | - Nicolas Guillou
- c Centre hospitalier privé Saint-Grégoire , Saint-Grégoire , France
| | - Pierre Hugot
- c Centre hospitalier privé Saint-Grégoire , Saint-Grégoire , France
| | | | | | - Lionel Bouvet
- a University of Lyon, University Lyon I Claude Bernard, APCSe VetAgroSup UPSP 2016.A101 , Lyon , France
| | - Bernard Allaouchiche
- a University of Lyon, University Lyon I Claude Bernard, APCSe VetAgroSup UPSP 2016.A101 , Lyon , France
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rodríguez I, Herskovic V, Gerea C, Fuentes C, Rossel PO, Marques M, Campos M. Understanding Monitoring Technologies for Adults With Pain: Systematic Literature Review. J Med Internet Res 2017; 19:e364. [PMID: 29079550 PMCID: PMC5681725 DOI: 10.2196/jmir.7279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring of patients may decrease treatment costs and improve quality of care. Pain is the most common health problem that people seek help for in hospitals. Therefore, monitoring patients with pain may have significant impact in improving treatment. Several studies have studied factors affecting pain; however, no previous study has reviewed the contextual information that a monitoring system may capture to characterize a patient's situation. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review to (1) determine what types of technologies have been used to monitor adults with pain, and (2) construct a model of the context information that may be used to implement apps and devices aimed at monitoring adults with pain. METHODS A literature search (2005-2015) was conducted in electronic databases pertaining to medical and computer science literature (PubMed, Science Direct, ACM Digital Library, and IEEE Xplore) using a defined search string. Article selection was done through a process of removing duplicates, analyzing title and abstract, and then reviewing the full text of the article. RESULTS In the final analysis, 87 articles were included and 53 of them (61%) used technologies to collect contextual information. A total of 49 types of context information were found and a five-dimension (activity, identity, wellness, environment, physiological) model of context information to monitor adults with pain was proposed, expanding on a previous model. Most technological interfaces for pain monitoring were wearable, possibly because they can be used in more realistic contexts. Few studies focused on older adults, creating a relevant avenue of research on how to create devices for users that may have impaired cognitive skills or low digital literacy. CONCLUSIONS The design of monitoring devices and interfaces for adults with pain must deal with the challenge of selecting relevant contextual information to understand the user's situation, and not overburdening or inconveniencing users with information requests. A model of contextual information may be used by researchers to choose possible contextual information that may be monitored during studies on adults with pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iyubanit Rodríguez
- Department of Computer Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Herskovic
- Department of Computer Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Gerea
- Department of Computer Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Fuentes
- Department of Computer Science, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro O Rossel
- Department of Computer Science, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Maíra Marques
- Department of Computer Science, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Campos
- Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fidanza F, Varanini M, Ciaramella A, Carli G, Santarcangelo EL. Pain modulation as a function of hypnotizability: Diffuse noxious inhibitory control induced by cold pressor test vs explicit suggestions of analgesia. Physiol Behav 2017; 171:135-141. [PMID: 28082248 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of explicit suggestions of analgesia and of the activation of the Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Control (DNIC) by cold pressor test on pain perception and heart rate in healthy participants with high (highs, N=18), low (lows, N=18) and intermediate scores of hypnotizability (mediums, N=15) out of hypnosis. Pain reports and the stimulus-locked heart rate changes induced by electrical nociceptive stimulation of the left hand were studied in the absence of concomitant stimuli (Control), during suggestions of analgesia (SUGG, glove analgesia) and during cold pressor test used as a conditioning stimulus to the right hand (DNIC, water temperature=10-12°C) in the REAL session. Participants were submitted also to a SHAM session in which the DNIC water temperature was 30°C and the suggestions for analgesia were substituted with weather forecast information. Both suggestions and DNIC reduced pain significantly in all subjects; however, the percentage of reduction was significantly larger in highs (pain intensity=55% of the control condition) than in mediums (70%) and lows (80%) independently of the REAL/SHAM session and of the specific pain manipulation. Heart rate was not modulated consistently with pain experience. Findings indicate that both suggestions and DNIC influence pain experience as a function of hypnotizability and suggest that both sensory and cognitive mechanisms co-operate in DNIC induced analgesia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizia Fidanza
- Dept. Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Varanini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giancarlo Carli
- Dept. Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Enrica L Santarcangelo
- Dept. Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, Pisa University, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Santarcangelo EL, Briscese L, Capitani S, Orsini P, Varanini M, Rossi B, Carboncini MC. Blink reflex in subjects with different hypnotizability: New findings for an old debate. Physiol Behav 2016; 163:288-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
13
|
Case LK, Pineda J, Ramachandran VS. Common coding and dynamic interactions between observed, imagined, and experienced motor and somatosensory activity. Neuropsychologia 2015; 79:233-45. [PMID: 25863237 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Motor imagery and perception - considered generally as forms of motor simulation - share overlapping neural representations with motor production. While much research has focused on the extent of this "common coding," less attention has been paid to how these overlapping representations interact. How do imagined, observed, or produced actions influence one another, and how do we maintain control over our perception and behavior? In the first part of this review we describe interactions between motor production and motor simulation, and explore apparent regulatory mechanisms that balance these processes. Next, we consider the somatosensory system. Numerous studies now support a "sensory mirror system" comprised of neural representations activated by either afferent sensation or vicarious sensation. In the second part of this review we summarize evidence for shared representations of sensation and sensory simulation (including imagery and observed sensation), and suggest that similar interactions and regulation of simulation occur in the somatosensory domain as in the motor domain. We suggest that both motor and somatosensory simulations are flexibly regulated to support simulations congruent with our sensorimotor experience and goals and suppress or separate the influence of those that are not. These regulatory mechanisms are frequently revealed by cases of brain injury but can also be employed to facilitate sensorimotor rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Case
- Center for Brain and Cognition, University of California, San Diego, USA; Pain and Integrative Neuroscience Branch, National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jaime Pineda
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Madeo D, Castellani E, Mocenni C, Santarcangelo EL. Pain perception and EEG dynamics: does hypnotizability account for the efficacy of the suggestions of analgesia? Physiol Behav 2015; 145:57-63. [PMID: 25837836 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We report novel findings concerning the role of hypnotizability, suggestions of analgesia and the activity of the Behavioral Inhibition/Activation System (BIS/BAS) in the modulation of the subjective experience of pain and of the associated EEG dynamics. The EEG of high (highs) and low hypnotizable participants (lows) who completed the BIS/BAS questionnaire was recorded during basal conditions, tonic nociceptive stimulation without (PAIN) and with suggestions for analgesia (AN). Participants scored the perceived pain intensity at the end of PAIN and AN. The EEG midline dynamics was characterized by indices indicating the signal predictability (Determinism) and complexity (Entropy) obtained through the Recurrence Quantification Analysis. The reduced pain intensity reported by highs during AN was partially accounted for by the activity of the Behavioral Activation System. The decreased midline cortical Determinism observed during nociceptive stimulation in both groups independently of suggestions remained significantly reduced only in lows after controlling for the activity of the Behavioral Activation System. Finally, controlling for the activity of the Behavioral Inhibition System abolished stimulation, suggestions and hypnotizability-related differences. Results indicate that the BIS/BAS activity may be more important than hypnotizability itself in pain modulation and in the associated EEG dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Madeo
- Department of Information Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Italy; Complex Systems Community, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Eleonora Castellani
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Mocenni
- Department of Information Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Italy; Complex Systems Community, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Enrica Laura Santarcangelo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kramer S, Zims R, Simang M, Rüger L, Irnich D. Hypnotic relaxation results in elevated thresholds of sensory detection but not of pain detection. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:496. [PMID: 25511129 PMCID: PMC4320636 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Many studies show an effectiveness of hypnotic analgesia. It has been discussed whether the analgesic effect is mainly caused by the relaxation that is concomitant to hypnosis. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of hypnotic relaxation suggestion on different somatosensory detection and pain thresholds. Methods Quantitative sensory testing (QST) measurements were performed before and during hypnosis in twenty-three healthy subjects on the dorsum of the right hand. Paired t-test was used to compare threshold changes. The influence of hypnotic susceptibility was evaluated by calculating correlation coefficients for threshold changes and hypnotic susceptibility (Harvard group scale). Results During hypnosis significantly changed somatosensory thresholds (reduced function) were observed for the following sensory detection thresholds: Cold Detection Threshold (CDT), Warm Detection Threshold (WDT), Thermal Sensory Limen (TSL) and Mechanical Detection Threshold (MDT). The only unchanged sensory detection threshold was Vibration Detection Threshold (VDT). No significant changes were observed for the determined pain detection thresholds (Cold Pain Thresholds, Heat Pain Thresholds, Mechanical Pain Sensitivity, Dynamic Mechanical Allodynia, Wind-up Ratio and Pressure Pain Threshold). No correlation of hypnotic susceptibility and threshold changes were detected. Conclusion Hypnotic relaxation without a specific analgesic suggestion results in thermal and mechanical detection, but not pain threshold changes. We thus conclude that a relaxation suggestion has no genuine effect on sensory pain thresholds. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier:
NCT02261155 (9th October 2014).
Collapse
|
16
|
Santarcangelo EL, Varanini M, Paoletti G, Castellani E, Palombo C, Carli G. Pain-inducing imagery as a function of hypnotisability and of the activity of Gray's Behavioral Inhibition/Activation Systems. Neurosci Lett 2013; 557 Pt B:184-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
17
|
The role of motivational factors in the relationship between hypnotizability and pain-inducing imagery. Neurosci Lett 2013; 557 Pt B:181-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
18
|
Santarcangelo EL, Paoletti G, Chiavacci I, Palombo C, Carli G, Varanini M. Cognitive modulation of psychophysical, respiratory and autonomic responses to cold pressor test. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75023. [PMID: 24130680 PMCID: PMC3794039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In healthy subjects with high hypnotisability (highs) under hypnosis, subjectively effective suggestions for analgesia abolish the increases in blood pressure associated with cold pressor test (cpt) by reducing the peripheral vascular resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of the suggestions of analgesia on the responses to cpt in healthy highs (n = 22) and in low hypnotisable participants (lows, n = 22) out of hypnosis. Cpt was administered without (CPT) and with suggestions for analgesia (CPT+AN). Psychophysical (pain intensity, pain threshold, cpt duration (time of immersion) and pain tolerance, defined as the difference between cpt duration and pain threshold), respiratory (amplitude and frequency) and autonomic variables (tonic skin conductance, mean RR interval (RR = 1/heart rate), blood pressure, skin blood flow) were studied. The suggestions for analgesia increased cpt duration and RR in both groups, but decreased pain intensity and enhanced pain threshold only in highs; in both groups they did not modulate systolic blood pressure, tonic skin conductance and skin blood flow; thus, increased parasympathetic activity appears responsible for the heart rate reduction induced by suggestions in both groups. In conclusion, our findings show that suggestions modulate pain experience differentially in highs and lows, and are partially effective also in lows. We hypothesize that the mechanisms responsible for the efficacy of suggestions in healthy lows may be involved also in their efficacy in chronic pain patients with low hypnotisability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrica L. Santarcangelo
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Paoletti
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Iacopo Chiavacci
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Palombo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Varanini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hypnotic modulation of pain perception and of brain activity triggered by nociceptive laser stimuli. Cortex 2013; 49:446-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
Santarcangelo EL, Paoletti G, Balocchi R, Scattina E, Ghelarducci B, Varanini M. Watching neutral and threatening movies: subjective experience and autonomic responses in subjects with different hypnotizability levels. Int J Psychophysiol 2012; 84:59-64. [PMID: 22285555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 12/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Subjects with high hypnotizability scores (Highs) have been considered more prone to experience negative affect and more vulnerable to its autonomic effects with respect to low hypnotizable individuals (Lows). The aim of the study was to analyze the subjective experience, tonic skin conductance (SC), respiratory frequency (RF), heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) of healthy Highs and Lows during a long-lasting, emotionally neutral task (Session R, 46 subjects) and a moderately threatening one (Session T, 35 subjects). At the end of the relaxing Session R, all participants reported an increased relaxation. At the end of the threatening Session T, only 20 subjects reported a decreased relaxation (effective T: eT subsample). Highs and Lows of this subsample reported a similarly reduced relaxation and showed a similarly increased skin conductance. HR and HRV did not differ between the two sessions and between Highs and Lows. Among the subjects not reporting decreased relaxation at the end of Session T (ineffective T: iT subsample, n=15), relaxation was deeper and associated with lower skin conductance in Highs, although HR and HRV did not differ between Highs and Lows. All together, the results do not support the hypothesis of higher proneness of Highs to experience negative affect and to exhibit the autonomic correlates of negative emotion.
Collapse
|
22
|
Scattina E, Huber A, Menzocchi M, Paoletti G, Carli G, Manzoni D, Santarcangelo EL. Postural effects of imagined leg pain as a function of hypnotizability. Exp Brain Res 2011; 216:341-8. [PMID: 22080105 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2935-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been shown that, in subjects with high hypnotizability (Highs), imagined somatosensory stimulation can involuntarily activate the neural circuits involved in the modulation of reflex action. In this vein, aim of the study was to investigate whether the imagery of nociceptive stimulation in one leg may produce both subjective experience of pain and congruent postural adjustments during normal upright stance. The displacement of the centre of pressure (CoP) was studied during imagery of leg pain (LP) and during the control conditions of imagery of tactile stimulation of the same leg and of throat pain (TP) in 12 Highs and 12 low hypnotizable subjects (Lows). The results showed that the vividness of imagery was higher in Highs than in Lows for all tasks and that only Highs reported actually feeling pain during LP and TP. Congruently, during LP only Highs displaced their CoP towards the leg opposite to the one that was the object of painful imagery and increased their CoP mean velocity and area of excursion. Since the Highs' postural changes were not accounted for only by vividness of imagery and perceived pain intensity, high hypnotizability is apparently responsible for part of the postural effects of pain imagery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Scattina
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Santarcangelo EL, Scattina E, Carli G, Ghelarducci B, Orsini P, Manzoni D. Can imagery become reality? Exp Brain Res 2010; 206:329-35. [PMID: 20848275 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies showed that highly hypnotizable persons imagining a specific sensory context behave according to the corresponding real stimulation and perceive their behaviour as involuntary. The aim of the study was to confirm the hypothesis of a translation of sensory imagery into real perception and, thus, of a true involuntary response. We studied the imagery-induced modulation of the vestibulospinal (VS) reflex earlier component in highly (Highs) and low hypnotizable subjects (Lows), as it is not affected by voluntary control, its amplitude depends on the stimulus intensity, and the plane of body sway depends on the position of the head with respect to the trunk. Results showed that the effects of the "obstructive" imagery of anaesthesia are different from those elicited by the "constructive" imagery of head rotation. Indeed, both Highs and Lows having their face forward and reporting high vividness of imagery experienced anaesthesia and reduced their VS reflex amplitude in the frontal plane, while only Highs changed the plane of body sway according to the imagined head rotation that is from the frontal to the sagittal one. These effects cannot be voluntary and should be attributed to translation of sensory imagery into the corresponding real perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E L Santarcangelo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 31, Pisa, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|