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Vázquez-González D, Corona JC. Pioglitazone enhances brain mitochondrial biogenesis and phase II detoxification capacity in neonatal rats with 6-OHDA-induced unilateral striatal lesions. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1186520. [PMID: 37575308 PMCID: PMC10416244 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1186520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The psychostimulant methylphenidate (MPH) is the first-line pharmacological treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but has numerous adverse side effects. The PPARγ receptor agonist pioglitazone (PIO) is known to improve mitochondrial bioenergetics and antioxidant capacity, both of which may be deficient in ADHD, suggesting utility as an adjunct therapy. Here, we assessed the effects of PIO on ADHD-like symptoms, mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant pathways in multiple brain regions of neonate rats with unilateral striatal lesions induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) as an experimental ADHD model. Unilateral striatal injection of 6-OHDA reduced ipsilateral dopaminergic innervation by 33% and increased locomotor activity. This locomotor hyperactivity was not altered by PIO treatment for 14 days. However, PIO increased the expression of proteins contributing to mitochondrial biogenesis in the striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum and prefrontal cortex of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. In addition, PIO treatment enhanced the expression of the phase II transcription factor Nrf2 in the striatum, prefrontal cortex and cerebellum. In contrast, no change in the antioxidant enzyme catalase was observed in any of the brain regions analyzed. Thus, PIO may improve mitochondrial biogenesis and phase 2 detoxification in the ADHD brain. Further studies are required to determine if different dose regimens can exert more comprehensive therapeutic effects against ADHD neuropathology and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan Carlos Corona
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
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2
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Khan MA, Haider N, Singh T, Bandopadhyay R, Ghoneim MM, Alshehri S, Taha M, Ahmad J, Mishra A. Promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the management of Parkinson's disease: recent advancements and contemporary research. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:873-919. [PMID: 36807081 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-023-01180-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the progressive neurological diseases which affect around 10 million population worldwide. The clinical manifestation of motor symptoms in PD patients appears later when most dopaminergic neurons have degenerated. Thus, for better management of PD, the development of accurate biomarkers for the early prognosis of PD is imperative. The present work will discuss the potential biomarkers from various attributes covering biochemical, microRNA, and neuroimaging aspects (α-synuclein, DJ-1, UCH-L1, β-glucocerebrosidase, BDNF, etc.) for diagnosis, recent development in PD management, and major limitations with current and conventional anti-Parkinson therapy. This manuscript summarizes potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets, based on available preclinical and clinical evidence, for better management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ahmed Khan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Nafis Haider
- Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran, 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanveer Singh
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, 77807, USA
| | - Ritam Bandopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Mohammed M Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Murtada Taha
- Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran, 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Javed Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) - Guwahati, Sila Katamur (Halugurisuk), Kamrup, Changsari, Assam, 781101, India.
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PPARs and Their Neuroprotective Effects in Parkinson's Disease: A Novel Therapeutic Approach in α-Synucleinopathy? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043264. [PMID: 36834679 PMCID: PMC9963164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common α-synucleinopathy worldwide. The pathognomonic hallmark of PD is the misfolding and propagation of the α-synuclein (α-syn) protein, observed in post-mortem histopathology. It has been hypothesized that α-synucleinopathy triggers oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and synaptic dysfunction, leading to neurodegeneration. To this date, there are no disease-modifying drugs that generate neuroprotection against these neuropathological events and especially against α-synucleinopathy. Growing evidence suggests that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists confer neuroprotective effects in PD, however, whether they also confer an anti-α-synucleinopathy effect is unknown. Here we analyze the reported therapeutic effects of PPARs, specifically the gamma isoform (PPARγ), in preclinical PD animal models and clinical trials for PD, and we suggest possible anti-α-synucleinopathy mechanisms acting downstream from these receptors. Elucidating the neuroprotective mechanisms of PPARs through preclinical models that mimic PD as closely as possible will facilitate the execution of better clinical trials for disease-modifying drugs in PD.
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Tahamtan M, Aghaei I, Shabani M, Nazari A, Pooladvand V, Razavinasab M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ doesn't modify altered electrophysiological properties of the CA1 pyramidal neurons in a rat model of hepatic cirrhosis. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:2687-2697. [PMID: 35943675 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Regarding the low quality of life due to the cognitive complications in the patients with hepatic cirrhosis (HC), the goal of this study was to examine the possible neuroprotective effect of pioglitazone (PIO) on the electrophysiological alterations of hippocampus, a major area of cognition, in the experimental model of bile duct ligation (BDL). We used adult male Wistar rats in the present study to perform BDL or sham surgery. Pioglitazone was administered in BDL rats two weeks after the surgery for the next continuous four weeks. The effects of pioglitazone on BDL-induced electrophysiological alterations of the CA1 pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus were evaluated by whole-cell patch clamp recordings. Our findings demonstrated that chronic administration of PIO could not reverse the electrophysiological changes in the CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus in BDL rats but could improve the hepatic dysfunction.Together, the results of this study suggest that PIO administration cannot counteract altered intrinsic properties of the hippocampal neurons which has been shown recently as an involved mechanism of the cognitive impairments in hepatic encephalopathy (HE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Tahamtan
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Iraj Aghaei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shabani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 76198-13159, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Abbas Nazari
- Department of Biology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Pooladvand
- Biochemical Department, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Moazamehosadat Razavinasab
- Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, 76198-13159, Kerman, Iran.
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Barbiero JK, Ramos DC, Boschen S, Bassani T, Da Cunha C, Vital MABF. Fenofibrate promotes neuroprotection in a model of rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:513-526. [PMID: 36094044 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease, the etiology of which remains unknown, but some likely causes include oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and neuroinflammation. Peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists have been studied in animal models of Parkinson's disease and have shown neuroprotective effects. In this study, we aimed to (1) confirm the neuroprotective effects of PPAR-alpha agonist fenofibrate. To this end, male rats received fenofibrate (100 mg/kg) orally for 15 days, 5 days before the intraperitoneal injections of rotenone (2.5 mg/kg for 10 days). After finishing the treatment with rotenone and fenofibrate, animals were subjected to the open field, the forced swim test and the two-way active avoidance task. Subsequently, rats were euthanized for measurement of dopamine and metabolites levels in the striatum and quantification of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). In addition, we aimed to (2) evaluate the neuroprotective effects of fenofibrate on the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates. Here, rats were treated for 5 days with fenofibrate continuing for over 28 days with rotenone. Then, animals were perfused for immunohistochemistry analysis of α-synuclein. The results showed that fenofibrate reduced depressive-like behavior and memory impairment induced by rotenone. Moreover, fenofibrate diminished the depletion of striatal dopamine and protected against dopaminergic neuronal death in the SNpc. Likewise, the administration of fenofibrate attenuated the aggregation of α-synuclein in the SNpc and striatum in the rotenone-lesioned rats. Our study confirmed that fenofibrate exerted neuroprotective effects because parkinsonian rats exhibited reduced behavioral, neurochemical and immunohistochemical changes, and importantly, a lower number of α-synuclein aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína K Barbiero
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Laboratório de Fisiologia e Farmacologia do Sistema Nervoso Central, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Xiao B, Kuruvilla J, Tan EK. Mitophagy and reactive oxygen species interplay in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:135. [PMID: 36257956 PMCID: PMC9579202 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00402-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy impairment and oxidative stress are cardinal pathological hallmarks in Parkinson's disease (PD), a common age-related neurodegenerative condition. The specific interactions between mitophagy and reactive oxygen species (ROS) have attracted considerable attention even though their exact interplay in PD has not been fully elucidated. We highlight the interactions between ROS and mitophagy, with a focus on the signalling pathways downstream to ROS that triggers mitophagy and draw attention to potential therapeutic compounds that target these pathways in both experimental and clinical models. Identifying a combination of ROS inhibitors and mitophagy activators to provide a physiologic balance in this complex signalling pathways may lead to a more optimal outcome. Deciphering the exact temporal relationship between mitophagy and oxidative stress and their triggers early in the course of neurodegeneration can unravel mechanistic clues that potentially lead to the development of compounds for clinical drug trials focusing on prodromic PD or at-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xiao
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Joshua Kuruvilla
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
- Neuroscience Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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KANG JB, KOH PO. Identification of changed proteins by retinoic acid in cerebral ischemic damage: a proteomic study. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1194-1204. [PMID: 35831120 PMCID: PMC9523306 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a severe neurodegenerative disease with a high mortality rate. Retinoic acid is a representative metabolite of vitamin A. It has many beneficial effects including anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective effects. The purpose of this study is to identify specific proteins that are regulated by retinoic acid in ischemic stroke. Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed to induce focal cerebral ischemia. Retinoic acid (5 mg/kg) or vehicle was injected intraperitoneally into male rats for four days prior to MCAO operation. Neurobehavioral tests were performed 24 hr after MCAO and the cerebral cortex was collected for proteomic study. Retinoic acid alleviates neurobehavioral deficits and histopathological changes caused by MCAO. Furthermore, we identified various proteins that were altered by retinoic acid in MCAO damage. Among these identified proteins, adenosylhomocysteinase, isocitrate dehydrogenase [NAD+] subunit α, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor β, and apolipoprotein A1 were down-regulated in MCAO animals with vehicle treatment, whereas retinoic acid treatment alleviated these reductions. However, heat shock protein 60 was up-regulated in MCAO animals with vehicle, while retinoic acid treatment attenuated this increase. The changes in these expressions were confirmed by reverse transcription-PCR. These proteins regulate cell metabolism and mediate stress responses. Our results demonstrated that retinoic acid attenuates the neuronal damage by MCAO and regulates the various protein expressions that are involved in the survival of cells. Thus, we can suggest that retinoic acid exerts neuroprotective effects on focal cerebral ischemia by modulation of specific proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Bin KANG
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Phil-Ok KOH
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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Parkinson's Disease and Sugar Intake-Reasons for and Consequences of a Still Unclear Craving. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153240. [PMID: 35956417 PMCID: PMC9370710 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lately, studies have shown that patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) report a strong craving for sweets and consume significantly more fast-acting carbohydrates than healthy controls. Consuming food with a high-sugar content is assumed to lead to an increase in insulin concentration, which could positively influence dopamine concentration in the brain and unconsciously be used by patients as kind of “self-medication” to compensate for a lack of dopamine in PD. On the other hand, high-sugar intake could also lead to insulin resistance and diabetes, which is discussed as a causative factor for progressive neurodegeneration in PD. In this critical appraisal, we discuss the role of sugar intake and insulin on dopamine metabolism in patients with PD and how this could influence the potential neurodegeneration mediated by insulin resistance.
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Kang JB, Shah MA, Park DJ, Koh PO. Retinoic acid regulates the ubiquitin-proteasome system in a middle cerebral artery occlusion animal model. Lab Anim Res 2022; 38:13. [PMID: 35562751 PMCID: PMC9102573 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-022-00123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoic acid is a major metabolite of vitamin A and exerts beneficial effects including anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in neurons. The ubiquitin–proteasome system is an important biological system that regulates cell survival. Ubiquitination regulates protein degradation and plays an important role in oxidative stress. Deubiquitinating enzymes cleave ubiquitin from proteins and control ubiquitination-induced degradation. We detected decreases in ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1, ubiquitin thioesterase OTUB1, and proteasome subunit alpha types 1 and 3 in cerebral ischemic damage. In this study, we investigated whether retinoic acid regulates the expression of deubiquitinating enzymes ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1, ubiquitin thioesterase OTUB1, and proteasome subunit alpha types 1 and 3 in cerebral ischemic injury. Right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was performed to induce cerebral ischemic damage in male rats. Retinoic acid (5 mg/kg) or vehicle was intraperitoneally injected every day from 4 days before surgery. Neurological behavioral tests were performed 24 h after MCAO, and right cerebral cortical tissues were collected. Results MCAO damage caused neurological behavioral dysfunction, and retinoic acid alleviated these deficits. The identified proteins decreased in MCAO animals with vehicle, while retinoic acid treatment attenuated these decreases. The results of proteomic study were confirmed by a reverse transcription-PCR technique. Expressions of ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1, ubiquitin thioesterase OTUB1, and proteasome subunit alpha types 1 and 3 were decreased in MCAO animals treated with vehicle. Retinoic acid treatment alleviated these MCAO-induced reductions. The ubiquitin–proteasome system plays an essential role in maintaining cell function and preserving cell shape against ischemic damage. Conclusions These findings suggest that retinoic acid regulates ubiquitin- and proteasome-related proteins including ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1, ubiquitin thioesterase OTUB1, and proteasome subunit alpha types 1 and 3 in a brain ischemia model. Changes in these proteins are involved in the neuroprotective effects of retinoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Bin Kang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Murad-Ali Shah
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Dong-Ju Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea
| | - Phil-Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju-daero, Jinju, 52828, South Korea.
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Darbinyan LV, Simonyan KV, Hambardzumyan LE, Manukyan LP, Badalyan SH, Sarkisian VH. Protective effect of curcumin against rotenone-induced substantia nigra pars compacta neuronal dysfunction. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1111-1118. [PMID: 35239141 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00941-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Rotenone is involved in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, and curcumin may prevent or effectively slow the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous research has shown that the naturally occurring phenolic compound curcumin can reduce inflammation and oxidation, making it a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases. The present study involves investigation of rotenone-induced histological changes in the brain area, hippocampus using Nissl staining after 35 day of subcutaneous injection of rotenone in adult male rats. We sought to determine whether curcumin could protect against rotenone-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in a rat model by in vivo electrical recording from Substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). Curcumin treatment significantly improved electrical activity of neurons in the SNc of rotenone-induced PD model rats. The pattern of histological alterations corresponds with electrophysiological manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Darbinyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - K V Simonyan
- Neuroendocrine Relationships Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - L E Hambardzumyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - L P Manukyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - S H Badalyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - V H Sarkisian
- Sensorimotor Integration Laboratory, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, 0028, Yerevan, Armenia
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De Iuliis A, Montinaro E, Fatati G, Plebani M, Colosimo C. Diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease: dangerous liaisons between insulin and dopamine. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:523-533. [PMID: 34380882 PMCID: PMC8504381 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.320965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease has been described in several epidemiological studies over the 1960s to date. Molecular studies have shown the possible functional link between insulin and dopamine, as there is strong evidence demonstrating the action of dopamine in pancreatic islets, as well as the insulin effects on feeding and cognition through central nervous system mechanism, largely independent of glucose utilization. Therapies used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus appear to be promising candidates for symptomatic and/or disease-modifying action in neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease, while an old dopamine agonist, bromocriptine, has been repositioned for the type 2 diabetes mellitus treatment. This review will aim at reappraising the different studies that have highlighted the dangerous liaisons between diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ennio Montinaro
- Department of Neurology, Santa Maria University Hospital, Terni, Italy
| | | | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Medicine-DiMED, University of Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine-DiMED, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Laboratory Medicine-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Colosimo
- Department of Neurology, Santa Maria University Hospital, Terni, Italy
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Gouda NA, Elkamhawy A, Cho J. Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Parkinson’s Disease and Future Prospects: A 2021 Update. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020371. [PMID: 35203580 PMCID: PMC8962417 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder pathologically distinguished by degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Muscle rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia are all clinical motor hallmarks of PD. Several pathways have been implicated in PD etiology, including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein clearance, and neuroinflammation, but how these factors interact remains incompletely understood. Although many breakthroughs in PD therapy have been accomplished, there is currently no cure for PD, only trials to alleviate the related motor symptoms. To reduce or stop the clinical progression and mobility impairment, a disease-modifying approach that can directly target the etiology rather than offering symptomatic alleviation remains a major unmet clinical need in the management of PD. In this review, we briefly introduce current treatments and pathophysiology of PD. In addition, we address the novel innovative therapeutic targets for PD therapy, including α-synuclein, autophagy, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and others. Several immunomodulatory approaches and stem cell research currently in clinical trials with PD patients are also discussed. Moreover, preclinical studies and clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of novel and repurposed therapeutic agents and their pragmatic applications with encouraging outcomes are summarized. Finally, molecular biomarkers under active investigation are presented as potentially valuable tools for early PD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha A. Gouda
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
| | - Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea; (N.A.G.); (A.E.)
- Correspondence:
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Saleem U, Shehzad A, Shah S, Raza Z, Shah MA, Bibi S, Chauhdary Z, Ahmad B. Antiparkinsonian activity of Cucurbita pepo seeds along with possible underlying mechanism. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:1231-1251. [PMID: 33759084 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cucurbita pepo is used as a vegetable in Pakistan and its seeds are also rich in tocopherol. Data showed the pivotal role of tocopherol in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). The current study was designed to probe into the antiparkinson activity of methanolic extract of C. pepo (MECP) seeds in the haloperidol-induced Parkinson rat model. Behavioral studies showed improvement in motor functions. The increase in catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione levels whereas the decreases in the malondialdehyde and nitrite levels were noted in a dose-dependent manner. Acetylcholine-esterase (AchE) activity was increased. Molecular docking results revealed significant binding interaction of selected phytoconstituents within an active site of target protein AchE (PDB ID: 4EY7). Furthermore, α-synuclein was up regulated with down regulation of TNF-α and IL-1β in the qRT-PCR study. Subsequently, ADMET results on the basis of structure to activity predictions in terms of pharmacokinetics and toxicity estimations show that selected phytochemicals exhibited moderately acceptable properties. These properties add knowledge towards the structural features which could improve the bioavailability of selected phytochemicals before moving towards the initial phase of the drug development. Our integrated drug discovery scheme concluded that C. pepo seeds could ameliorate symptoms of PD and may prove a lead remedy for the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Aisha Shehzad
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Shah
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Zohaib Raza
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ajmal Shah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.
| | - Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
- The International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Utilization of Cordyceps Bioresouces in China and Southeast Asia, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, Yunnan, China
| | - Zunera Chauhdary
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Bashir Ahmad
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
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Duarte P, Cuadrado A, León R. Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors: From Classic to New Clinical Approaches. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 264:229-259. [PMID: 32852645 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are involved in the oxidative deamination of different amines and neurotransmitters. This pointed them as potential targets for several disorders and along the last 70 years a wide variety of MAO inhibitors have been developed as successful drugs for the treatment of complex diseases, being the first drugs approved for depression in the late 1950s. The discovery of two MAO isozymes (MAO-A and B) with different substrate selectivity and tissue expression patterns led to novel therapeutic approaches and to the development of new classes of inhibitors, such as selective irreversible and reversible MAO-B inhibitors and reversible MAO-A inhibitors. Significantly, MAO-B inhibitors constitute a widely studied group of compounds, some of them approved for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Further applications are under development for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and cardiovascular diseases, among others. This review summarizes the most important aspects regarding the development and clinical use of MAO inhibitors, going through mechanistic and structural details, new indications, and future perspectives. Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of different amines and neurotransmitters. The two different isozymes, MAO-A and MAO-B, are located at the outer mitochondrial membrane in different tissues. The enzymatic reaction involves formation of the corresponding aldehyde and releasing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ammonia or a substituted amine depending on the substrate. MAO's role in neurotransmitter metabolism made them targets for major depression and Parkinson's disease, among other neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, these compounds are being studied for other diseases such as cardiovascular ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Duarte
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Departmento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols' UAM-CSIC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando y Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Química Médica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientÚficas (IQM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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Chang KH, Chen CM. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9070597. [PMID: 32650609 PMCID: PMC7402083 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9070597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is caused by progressive neurodegeneration of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons with abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein in substantia nigra (SN). Studies have suggested the potential involvement of dopamine, iron, calcium, mitochondria and neuroinflammation in contributing to overwhelmed oxidative stress and neurodegeneration in PD. Function studies on PD-causative mutations of SNCA, PRKN, PINK1, DJ-1, LRRK2, FBXO7 and ATP13A2 further indicate the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PD. Therefore, it is reasonable that molecules involved in oxidative stress, such as DJ-1, coenzyme Q10, uric acid, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosin, homocysteine, retinoic acid/carotenes, vitamin E, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, xanthine oxidase and products of lipid peroxidation, could be candidate biomarkers for PD. Applications of antioxidants to modulate oxidative stress could be a strategy in treating PD. Although a number of antioxidants, such as creatine, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, pioglitazone, melatonin and desferrioxamine, have been tested in clinical trials, none of them have demonstrated conclusive evidence to ameliorate the neurodegeneration in PD patients. Difficulties in clinical studies may be caused by the long-standing progression of neurodegeneration, lack of biomarkers for premotor stage of PD and inadequate drug delivery across blood–brain barrier. Solutions for these challenges will be warranted for future studies with novel antioxidative treatment in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-3281200 (ext. 8347); Fax: +886-3-3288849
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16
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The effects of retinol oral supplementation in 6-hydroxydopamine dopaminergic denervation model in Wistar rats. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:25-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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17
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Azmy MS, Menze ET, El-Naga RN, Tadros MG. Neuroprotective Effects of Filgrastim in Rotenone-Induced Parkinson's Disease in Rats: Insights into its Anti-Inflammatory, Neurotrophic, and Antiapoptotic Effects. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:6572-6588. [PMID: 29327204 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All current treatments of Parkinson's disease (PD) focus on enhancing the dopaminergic effects and providing symptomatic relief; however, they cannot delay the disease progression. Filgrastim, a recombinant methionyl granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, demonstrated neuroprotection in many neurodegenerative and neurological diseases. This study aimed to assess the neuroprotective effects of filgrastim in rotenone-induced rat model of PD and investigate the potential underlying mechanisms of filgrastim actions. The effects of two doses of filgrastim (20 and 40 μg/kg) on spontaneous locomotion, catalepsy, body weight, histology, and striatal dopamine (DA) content, as well as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and α-synuclein expression, were evaluated. Then, the effective dose was further tested for its potential anti-inflammatory, neurotrophic, and antiapoptotic effects. Filgrastim (40 μg/kg) prevented rotenone-induced motor deficits, weight reduction, striatal DA depletion, and histological damage. Besides, it significantly inhibited rotenone-induced decrease in TH expression and increase in α-synuclein immunoreactivity in the midbrains and striata of the rats. These effects were associated with reduction of rotenone-induced neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor depletion. Collectively, these results suggest that filgrastim might be a good candidate for management of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariama S Azmy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Esther T Menze
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Reem N El-Naga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mariane G Tadros
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Lee PC, Ahmed I, Loriot MA, Mulot C, Paul KC, Bronstein JM, Ritz B, Elbaz A. Smoking and Parkinson disease: Evidence for gene-by-smoking interactions. Neurology 2018; 90:e583-e592. [PMID: 29352099 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether cigarette smoking interacts with genes involved in individual susceptibility to xenobiotics for the risk of Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS Two French population-based case-control studies (513 patients, 1,147 controls) were included as a discovery sample to examine gene-smoking interactions based on 3,179 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 289 genes involved in individual susceptibility to xenobiotics. SNP-by-cigarette smoking interactions were tested in the discovery sample through an empirical Bayes (EB) approach. Nine SNPs were selected for replication in a population-based case-control study from California (410 patients, 845 controls) with standard logistic regression and the EB approach. For SNPs that replicated, we performed pooled analyses including the discovery and replication datasets and computed pooled odds ratios and confidence intervals (CIs) using random-effects meta-analysis. RESULTS Nine SNPs interacted with smoking in the discovery dataset and were selected for replication. Interactions of smoking with rs4240705 in the RXRA gene and rs1900586 in the SLC17A6 gene were replicated. In pooled analyses (logistic regression), the interactions between smoking and rs4240705-G and rs1900586-G were 1.66 (95% CI 1.28-2.14, p = 1.1 × 10-4, p for heterogeneity = 0.366) and 1.61 (95% CI 1.17-2.21, p = 0.003, p for heterogeneity = 0.616), respectively. For both SNPs, while smoking was significantly less frequent in patients than controls in AA homozygotes, this inverse association disappeared in G allele carriers. CONCLUSIONS We identified and replicated suggestive gene-by-smoking interactions in PD. The inverse association of smoking with PD was less pronounced in carriers of minor alleles of both RXRA-rs4240705 and SLC17A6-rs1900586. These findings may help identify biological pathways involved in the inverse association between smoking and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chen Lee
- From the Department of Health Care Management (P.-C.L.), College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan; Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases (I.A.), INSERM, UVSQ, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (M.-A.L.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Biochimie, Pharmacogénétique et Oncologie Moléculaire; INSERM UMR-S 1147 (C.M.), CRB EPIGENETEC, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Departments of Epidemiology (K.C.P., B.R.) and Environmental Health (J.M.B., B.R.), Fielding School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology (J.M.B., B.R.), Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles; and Université Paris-Saclay (A.E.), Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Ismaïl Ahmed
- From the Department of Health Care Management (P.-C.L.), College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan; Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases (I.A.), INSERM, UVSQ, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (M.-A.L.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Biochimie, Pharmacogénétique et Oncologie Moléculaire; INSERM UMR-S 1147 (C.M.), CRB EPIGENETEC, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Departments of Epidemiology (K.C.P., B.R.) and Environmental Health (J.M.B., B.R.), Fielding School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology (J.M.B., B.R.), Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles; and Université Paris-Saclay (A.E.), Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Marie-Anne Loriot
- From the Department of Health Care Management (P.-C.L.), College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan; Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases (I.A.), INSERM, UVSQ, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (M.-A.L.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Biochimie, Pharmacogénétique et Oncologie Moléculaire; INSERM UMR-S 1147 (C.M.), CRB EPIGENETEC, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Departments of Epidemiology (K.C.P., B.R.) and Environmental Health (J.M.B., B.R.), Fielding School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology (J.M.B., B.R.), Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles; and Université Paris-Saclay (A.E.), Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Claire Mulot
- From the Department of Health Care Management (P.-C.L.), College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan; Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases (I.A.), INSERM, UVSQ, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (M.-A.L.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Biochimie, Pharmacogénétique et Oncologie Moléculaire; INSERM UMR-S 1147 (C.M.), CRB EPIGENETEC, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Departments of Epidemiology (K.C.P., B.R.) and Environmental Health (J.M.B., B.R.), Fielding School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology (J.M.B., B.R.), Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles; and Université Paris-Saclay (A.E.), Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Kimberly C Paul
- From the Department of Health Care Management (P.-C.L.), College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan; Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases (I.A.), INSERM, UVSQ, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (M.-A.L.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Biochimie, Pharmacogénétique et Oncologie Moléculaire; INSERM UMR-S 1147 (C.M.), CRB EPIGENETEC, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Departments of Epidemiology (K.C.P., B.R.) and Environmental Health (J.M.B., B.R.), Fielding School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology (J.M.B., B.R.), Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles; and Université Paris-Saclay (A.E.), Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Jeff M Bronstein
- From the Department of Health Care Management (P.-C.L.), College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan; Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases (I.A.), INSERM, UVSQ, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (M.-A.L.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Biochimie, Pharmacogénétique et Oncologie Moléculaire; INSERM UMR-S 1147 (C.M.), CRB EPIGENETEC, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Departments of Epidemiology (K.C.P., B.R.) and Environmental Health (J.M.B., B.R.), Fielding School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology (J.M.B., B.R.), Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles; and Université Paris-Saclay (A.E.), Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Beate Ritz
- From the Department of Health Care Management (P.-C.L.), College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan; Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases (I.A.), INSERM, UVSQ, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (M.-A.L.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Biochimie, Pharmacogénétique et Oncologie Moléculaire; INSERM UMR-S 1147 (C.M.), CRB EPIGENETEC, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Departments of Epidemiology (K.C.P., B.R.) and Environmental Health (J.M.B., B.R.), Fielding School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology (J.M.B., B.R.), Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles; and Université Paris-Saclay (A.E.), Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Alexis Elbaz
- From the Department of Health Care Management (P.-C.L.), College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taiwan; Biostatistics, Biomathematics, Pharmacoepidemiology and Infectious Diseases (I.A.), INSERM, UVSQ, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif; Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (M.-A.L.), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Biochimie, Pharmacogénétique et Oncologie Moléculaire; INSERM UMR-S 1147 (C.M.), CRB EPIGENETEC, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Departments of Epidemiology (K.C.P., B.R.) and Environmental Health (J.M.B., B.R.), Fielding School of Public Health, and Department of Neurology (J.M.B., B.R.), Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles; and Université Paris-Saclay (A.E.), Université Paris-Sud, UVSQ, CESP, INSERM, Villejuif, France.
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Darbinyan LV, Hambardzumyan LE, Simonyan KV, Chavushyan VA, Manukyan LP, Badalyan SA, Khalaji N, Sarkisian VH. Protective effects of curcumin against rotenone-induced rat model of Parkinson's disease: in vivo electrophysiological and behavioral study. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:1791-1803. [PMID: 28695411 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0060-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin is a naturally occurring phenolic yellow chemical isolated from the rhizomes of the plant Curcuma longa (turmeric), and is a major component of the spice turmeric. Curcumin has protective effects against rotenone-induced neural damage in Parkinson's disease (PD). The present study aims at providing new evidence for the validity of the rotenone rat model of PD by examining whether neuronal activity in the hippocampus is altered. Male albino rats were treated with rotenone injections (2.5 mg/ml intraperitoneally) for 21 days. We examined the effects of curcumin (200 mg/kg) on behavior and electrophysiology in a rat model of PD induced by rotenone. Motor activity was assessed by cylinder test. The electrical activity of neurons was measured in hippocampus. Rotenone causes significant reduction of neuronal activity. The results show that curcumin can improve the motor impairments and electrophysiological parameters and may be beneficial in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Darbinyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Lab, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - L E Hambardzumyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Lab, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - K V Simonyan
- Neuroendocrine Relationships Lab, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - V A Chavushyan
- Neuroendocrine Relationships Lab, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - L P Manukyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Lab, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - S A Badalyan
- Sensorimotor Integration Lab, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - N Khalaji
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Uremia University of Medical Sciences, Uremia, Iran
| | - V H Sarkisian
- Sensorimotor Integration Lab, Orbeli Institute of Physiology NAS RA, Yerevan, Armenia
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Wang H, Zhou J, Liu QZ, Wang LL, Shang J. Simvastatin and Bezafibrate ameliorate Emotional disorder Induced by High fat diet in C57BL/6 mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2335. [PMID: 28539670 PMCID: PMC5443827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic disorders may lead to emotional disorders. This study aimed to explore the effect of simvastatin (SMV) and bezafibrate (BZ) on improving HFD-induced emotional changes, and tried to identify their different mechanisms. The intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) was used to evaluate glucose control ability; and behavior tests including open field tests (OFT), forced swimming tests (FST), tail suspension tests (TST) and sucrose preference (SPT), were then performed to evaluate emotional changes. Serum samples were collected for the LC-MS based metabolomics analysis to explore the emotional-related differential compounds; we then evaluated the effect of the drugs. The abnormal serum metabolic profiling and emotional changes caused by HFD in mice was alleviated by SMV treatment, whereas BZ only affected the emotional disorder. The improvement of cannabinoid analogues and then produced influences on the endocannabinoid system, which may be a potential mechanism SMV action. BZ promoted tryptophan-serotonin pathway and inhibited tryptophan-kynurenine pathway, which may be its mechanism of action. Here, we proposed a shed light on the biological mechanisms underlying the observed effects, and identified an important drug candidate for the treatment of emotional disorders induced by HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qiong Zhen Liu
- Qinghai Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai Province, P.R. China
| | - Lu Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jing Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China.
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21
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Darbinyan L, Hambardzumyan L, Simonyan K, Chavushyan V, Manukyan L, Sarkisian V. Rotenone impairs hippocampal neuronal activity in a rat model of Parkinson’s disease. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2017; 24:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Filograna R, Beltramini M, Bubacco L, Bisaglia M. Anti-Oxidants in Parkinson's Disease Therapy: A Critical Point of View. Curr Neuropharmacol 2016; 14:260-71. [PMID: 26517052 PMCID: PMC4857623 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666151030102718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative neurological syndrome, which is characterized
by the preferential death of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the Substantia Nigra. The
pathogenesis of this disorder remains poorly understood and PD is still incurable. Current drug
treatments are aimed primarily for the treatment of symptoms to improve the quality of life.
Therefore, there is a need to find out new therapeutic strategies that not only provide symptomatic
relief but also halt or reverse the neuronal damage hampering PD progression. Oxidative stress has
been identified as one of the major contributors for the nigral loss in both sporadic and genetic forms
of PD. In this review we first evaluate the current literature that links oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction to
PD. We then consider the results obtained through the treatment of animal models or PD patients with molecules that
prevent oxidative stress or reduce mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marco Bisaglia
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58B, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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Agarwal S, Yadav A, Chaturvedi RK. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) as therapeutic target in neurodegenerative disorders. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:1166-1177. [PMID: 27514452 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear receptors and they serve to be a promising therapeutic target for several neurodegenerative disorders, which includes Parkinson disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. PPARs play an important role in the downregulation of mitochondrial dysfunction, proteasomal dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, which are the major causes of the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we discuss about the role of PPARs as therapeutic targets in neurodegenerative disorders. Several experimental approaches suggest potential application of PPAR agonist as well as antagonist in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Several epidemiological studies found that the regular usage of PPAR activating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is effective in decreasing the progression of neurodegenerative diseases including PD and AD. We also reviewed the neuroprotective effects of PPAR agonists and associated mechanism of action in several neurodegenerative disorders both in vitro as well as in vivo animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Agarwal
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, India.
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Pinto M, Nissanka N, Peralta S, Brambilla R, Diaz F, Moraes CT. Pioglitazone ameliorates the phenotype of a novel Parkinson's disease mouse model by reducing neuroinflammation. Mol Neurodegener 2016; 11:25. [PMID: 27038906 PMCID: PMC4818913 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-016-0090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. The cause of the motor symptoms is the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra with consequent depletion of dopamine in the striatum. Although the etiology of PD is unknown, mitochondrial dysfunctions, including cytochrome c oxidase (Complex IV) impairment in dopaminergic neurons, have been associated with the disease's pathophysiology. In order to analyze the role of Complex IV in PD, we knocked out Cox10 (essential for the maturation of COXI, a catalytic subunit of Complex IV) in dopaminergic neurons. We also tested whether the resulting phenotype was improved by stimulating the PPAR-γ pathway. RESULTS Cox10/DAT-cre mice showed decreased numbers of TH+ and DAT+ cells in the substantia nigra, early striatal dopamine depletion, motor defects reversible with L-DOPA treatment and hypersensitivity to L-DOPA with hyperkinetic behavior. We found that chronic pioglitazone (PPAR-γ agonist) treatment ameliorated the motor phenotype in Cox10/DAT-cre mice. Although neither mitochondrial function nor the number of dopaminergic neurons was improved, neuroinflammation in the midbrain and the striatum was decreased. CONCLUSIONS By triggering a mitochondrial Complex IV defect in dopaminergic neurons, we created a new mouse model resembling the late stages of PD with massive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and striatal dopamine depletion. The motor phenotypes were improved by Pioglitazone treatment, suggesting that targetable secondary pathways can influence the development of certain forms of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Pinto
- />Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Avenue, Rm.229, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Nadee Nissanka
- />Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Susana Peralta
- />Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Avenue, Rm.229, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Roberta Brambilla
- />Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
- />The Miami Project To Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Francisca Diaz
- />Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Avenue, Rm.229, Miami, FL 33136 USA
| | - Carlos T. Moraes
- />Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1420 NW 9th Avenue, Rm.229, Miami, FL 33136 USA
- />Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136 USA
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A Feed-Forward Circuit of Endogenous PGC-1α and Estrogen Related Receptor α Regulates the Neuronal Electron Transport Chain. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2016:2405176. [PMID: 27088034 PMCID: PMC4818948 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2405176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a central regulator of cellular and mitochondrial metabolism. Cellular bioenergetics are critically important in “energy-guzzling” neurons, but the components and wiring of the transcriptional circuit through which PGC-1α regulates the neuronal electron transport chain have not been established. This information may be vital for restoring neuronal bioenergetics gene expression that is compromised during incipient Parkinson's neuropathology and in aging-dependent brain diseases. Here we delineate a neuronal transcriptional circuit controlled by endogenous PGC-1α. We show that a feed-forward circuit of endogenous neuronal PGC-1α and the orphan nuclear estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) activates the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial electron transport chain. PGC-1α not only trans-activated expression of ERRα, but also coactivated ERRα target genes in complexes I, II, IV, and V of the neuronal electron transport chain via association with evolutionary conserved ERRα promoter binding motifs. Chemical activation of this transcriptional program induced transcription of the neuronal electron transport chain. These data highlight a neuronal transcriptional circuit regulated by PGC-1α that can be therapeutically targeted for Parkinson's and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Aghaei I, Hajali V, Dehpour A, Haghani M, Sheibani V, Shabani M. Alterations in the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of Purkinje neurons in a rat model of hepatic encephalopathy: Relative preventing effect of PPARγ agonist. Brain Res Bull 2016; 121:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Jain S, Sharma B. Neuroprotective effect of selective DPP-4 inhibitor in experimental vascular dementia. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:182-93. [PMID: 26382939 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Vascular risk factors are associated with a higher incidence of dementia. Diabetes mellitus is considered as a main risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Both forms of dementia are posing greater risk to the world population and are increasing at a faster rate. In the past we have reported the induction of vascular dementia by experimental diabetes. This study investigates the role of vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor in the pharmacological interdiction of pancreatectomy diabetes induced vascular endothelial dysfunction and subsequent vascular dementia in rats. Attentional set shifting and Morris water-maze test were used for assessment of learning and memory. Vascular endothelial function, blood brain barrier permeability, serum glucose, serum nitrite/nitrate, oxidative stress (viz. aortic superoxide anion, brain thiobarbituric acid reactive species and brain glutathione), brain calcium and inflammation (myeloperoxidase) were also estimated. Pancreatectomy diabetes rats have shown impairment of endothelial function, blood brain barrier permeability, learning and memory along with increase in brain inflammation, oxidative stress and calcium. Administration of vildagliptin has significantly attenuated pancreatectomy induced impairment of learning, memory, endothelial function, blood brain barrier permeability and biochemical parameters. It may be concluded that vildagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor may be considered as potential pharmacological agents for the management of pancreatectomy induced endothelial dysfunction and subsequent vascular dementia. The selective modulators of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 may further be explored for their possible benefits in vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Jain
- CNS and CVS Lab., Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Bharat Institute of Technology, Partapur Bypass, Meerut, Pin-250103, Uttar Pradesh, India; Department of Pharmacology, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, A-Block, Ground Floor, Sector-125, Noida - 201303, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Bhupesh Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Bharat Institute of Technology, Partapur Bypass, Meerut, Pin-250103, Uttar Pradesh, India; CNS Pharmacology, Conscience Research, Pocket F-233, B, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India.
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28
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Wevers NR, de Vries HE. Morphogens and blood-brain barrier function in health and disease. Tissue Barriers 2015; 4:e1090524. [PMID: 27141417 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2015.1090524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The microvasculature of the brain forms a protective blood-brain barrier (BBB) that ensures a homeostatic environment for the central nervous system (CNS), which is essential for optimal brain functioning. The barrier properties of the brain endothelial cells are maintained by cells surrounding the capillaries, such as astrocytes and pericytes. Together with the endothelium and a basement membrane, these supporting cells form the neurovascular unit (NVU). Accumulating evidence indicates that the supporting cells of the NVU release a wide variety of soluble factors that induce and control barrier properties in a concentration-dependent manner. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of how such factors, called morphogens, influence BBB integrity and functioning. Since impaired BBB function is apparent in numerous CNS disorders and is often associated with disease severity, we also discuss the potential therapeutic value of these morphogens, as they may represent promising therapies for a wide variety of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helga E de Vries
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center ; Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Haybaeck J, Postruznik M, Miller CL, Dulay JR, Llenos IC, Weis S. Increased expression of retinoic acid-induced gene 1 in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:279-89. [PMID: 25678793 PMCID: PMC4322876 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s72536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoids regulate gene expression in different cells and tissues at the transcriptional level. Retinoic acid transcriptionally regulates downstream regulatory molecules, including enzymes, transcription factors, cytokines, and cytokine receptors. Animal models indicate an involvement of retinoid signaling pathways in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and learning, especially in the hippocampus. Retinoic acid-inducible or induced gene 1 (RAI-1) is induced during neuronal differentiation, and was associated with the severity of the phenotype and response to medication in schizophrenic patients. METHODS In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry to investigate the expression of RAI-1 in 60 brains from the Stanley Neuropathology Consortium (15 cases each from controls and from patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression). Rating scores for density and intensity were determined in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. RESULTS All four groups showed high interindividual variation. RAI-1-positive cells were identified as neurons and astrocytes. Significantly increased intensities in cortical neurons were noted in all three major psychiatric groups compared with controls. The density of RAI-1-positive neurons was increased (P=0.06) in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In bipolar disorder, RAI-1-positive astrocytes in gray matter showed a significantly increased intensity and compound value. Thus, a significant increase in the parameters measured was found in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. CONCLUSION Our study shows a significant increase in expression of RAI-1 in the brains from patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression. The increased expression might reflect altered signaling pathways, like that for retinoic acid. The underlying mechanisms leading to the increased expression and its functional consequences are so far unknown, and remain to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Haybaeck
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Magdalena Postruznik
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Jeannette R Dulay
- Laboratory of Brain Research and Neuropathology, Departments of Psychiatry and Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and Stanley Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ida C Llenos
- Laboratory of Brain Research and Neuropathology, Departments of Psychiatry and Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and Stanley Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, State Neuropsychiatric Hospital Wagner-Jauregg, Medical School, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Serge Weis
- Laboratory of Brain Research and Neuropathology, Departments of Psychiatry and Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, and Stanley Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA ; Laboratory of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, State Neuropsychiatric Hospital Wagner-Jauregg, Medical School, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
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Athauda D, Foltynie T. The ongoing pursuit of neuroprotective therapies in Parkinson disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2014; 11:25-40. [PMID: 25447485 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many agents developed for neuroprotective treatment of Parkinson disease (PD) have shown great promise in the laboratory, but none have translated to positive results in patients with PD. Potential neuroprotective drugs, such as ubiquinone, creatine and PYM50028, have failed to show any clinical benefits in recent high-profile clinical trials. This 'failure to translate' is likely to be related primarily to our incomplete understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying PD, and excessive reliance on data from toxin-based animal models to judge which agents should be selected for clinical trials. Restricted resources inevitably mean that difficult compromises must be made in terms of trial design, and reliable estimation of efficacy is further hampered by the absence of validated biomarkers of disease progression. Drug development in PD dementia has been mostly unsuccessful; however, emerging biochemical, genetic and pathological evidence suggests a link between tau and amyloid-β deposition and cognitive decline in PD, potentially opening up new possibilities for therapeutic intervention. This Review discusses the most important 'druggable' disease mechanisms in PD, as well as the most-promising drugs that are being evaluated for their potential efficiency in treatment of motor and cognitive impairments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Athauda
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology and National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Skerrett R, Malm T, Landreth G. Nuclear receptors in neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 72 Pt A:104-16. [PMID: 24874548 PMCID: PMC4246019 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors have generated substantial interest in the past decade as potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. Despite years of effort, effective treatments for progressive neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease and ALS remain elusive, making non-classical drug targets such as nuclear receptors an attractive alternative. A substantial literature in mouse models of disease and several clinical trials have investigated the role of nuclear receptors in various neurodegenerative disorders, most prominently AD. These studies have met with mixed results, yet the majority of studies in mouse models report positive outcomes. The mechanisms by which nuclear receptor agonists affect disease pathology remain unclear. Deciphering the complex signaling underlying nuclear receptor action in neurodegenerative diseases is essential for understanding this variability in preclinical studies, and for the successful translation of nuclear receptor agonists into clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Skerrett
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Tarja Malm
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA; A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Neurobiology, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Gary Landreth
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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PPARγ and PGC-1α as therapeutic targets in Parkinson's. Neurochem Res 2014; 40:308-16. [PMID: 25007880 PMCID: PMC4326663 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated transcriptional factor that belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. PPARγ was initially identified through its role in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism and cell differentiation. It also influences the expression or activity of a number of genes in a variety of signalling networks. These include regulation of redox balance, fatty acid oxidation, immune responses and mitochondrial function. Recent studies suggest that the PPARγ agonists may serve as good candidates for the treatment of several neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, even though multiple etiological factors contribute to the development of these disorders. Recent reports have also signposted a role for PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in several neurodegenerative disorders including PD. In this review, we explore the current knowledge of mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of PPARγ agonists and PGC-1α in models of PD.
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology, although a complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors has been implicated as a pathogenic mechanism of selected neuronal loss. A better understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis, and molecular mechanisms underlying the disease process may be gained from research on animal models. While cell and tissue models are helpful in unraveling involved molecular pathways, animal models are much better suited to study the pathogenesis and potential treatment strategies. The animal models most relevant to PD include those generated by neurotoxic chemicals that selectively disrupt the catecholaminergic system such as 6-hydroxydopamine; 1-methyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropiridine; agricultural pesticide toxins, such as rotenone and paraquat; the ubiquitin proteasome system inhibitors; inflammatory modulators; and several genetically manipulated models, such as α-synuclein, DJ-1, PINK1, Parkin, and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 transgenic or knock-out animals. Genetic and nongenetic animal models have their own unique advantages and limitations, which must be considered when they are employed in the study of pathogenesis or treatment approaches. This review provides a summary and a critical review of our current knowledge about various in vivo models of PD used to test novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Le
- />1st Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011 China
| | - Pavani Sayana
- />Department of Medicine, Gandhi Medical College, Padmarao Nagar, Secunderabad, AP 500020 India
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- />Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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Reiner DJ, Yu SJ, Shen H, He Y, Bae E, Wang Y. 9-Cis retinoic acid protects against methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in nigrostriatal dopamine neurons. Neurotox Res 2013; 25:248-61. [PMID: 23884514 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-013-9413-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is a drug of abuse as well as a dopaminergic neurotoxin. 9-Cis retinoic acid (9cRA), a biologically active derivative of vitamin A, has protective effects against damage caused by H(2)O(2) and oxygen-glucose deprivation in vitro as well as infarction and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dNTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) labeling in ischemic brain. The purpose of this study was to examine if there was a protective role for 9cRA against MA toxicity in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Primary dopaminergic neurons, prepared from rat embryonic ventral mesencephalic tissue, were treated with MA. High doses of MA decreased tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity while increasing TUNEL labeling. These toxicities were significantly reduced by 9cRA. 9cRA also inhibited the export of Nur77 from nucleus to cytosol, a response that activates apoptosis. The interaction of 9cRA and MA in vivo was next examined in adult rats. 9cRA was delivered intracerebroventricularly; MA was given (5 mg/kg, 4×) one day later. Locomotor behavior was measured 2 days after surgery for a period of 48 h. High doses of MA significantly reduced locomotor activity and TH immunoreactivity in striatum. Administration of 9cRA antagonized these changes. Previous studies have shown that 9cRA can induce bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP7) expression and that administration of BMP7 attenuates MA toxicity. We demonstrated that MA treatment significantly reduced BMP7 mRNA expression in nigra. Noggin (a BMP antagonist) antagonized 9cRA-induced behavioral recovery and 9cRA-induced normalization of striatal TH levels. Our data suggest that 9cRA has a protective effect against MA-mediated neurodegeneration in dopaminergic neurons via upregulation of BMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Reiner
- Neural Protection and Regeneration Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
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Nolan YM, Sullivan AM, Toulouse A. Parkinson's disease in the nuclear age of neuroinflammation. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:187-96. [PMID: 23318001 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation is associated with the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, a movement disorder characterised by deterioration of the nigrostriatal system of the brain. Recent studies have yielded important insights into the regulation of inflammation by nuclear receptors, a superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Certain nuclear receptors are also emerging as regulators of neurodegeneration, including the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease, and the importance of transcriptional control in this process is becoming increasingly apparent. Here, we discuss the role of Nurr1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), retinoic acid receptors, and glucocorticoid receptors in neuroinflammatory processes that contribute to dopaminergic neuronal degeneration. We examine current evidence providing insight into the potential of these important players as therapeutic targets for Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne M Nolan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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Dumont M, Stack C, Elipenahli C, Jainuddin S, Gerges M, Starkova N, Calingasan NY, Yang L, Tampellini D, Starkov AA, Chan RB, Di Paolo G, Pujol A, Beal MF. Bezafibrate administration improves behavioral deficits and tau pathology in P301S mice. Hum Mol Genet 2012; 21:5091-105. [PMID: 22922230 PMCID: PMC3490516 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/dds355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-mediated transcription factors, which control both lipid and energy metabolism and inflammation pathways. PPARγ agonists are effective in the treatment of metabolic diseases and, more recently, neurodegenerative diseases, in which they show promising neuroprotective effects. We studied the effects of the pan-PPAR agonist bezafibrate on tau pathology, inflammation, lipid metabolism and behavior in transgenic mice with the P301S human tau mutation, which causes familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Bezafibrate treatment significantly decreased tau hyperphosphorylation using AT8 staining and the number of MC1-positive neurons. Bezafibrate treatment also diminished microglial activation and expression of both inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2. Additionally, the drug differentially affected the brain and brown fat lipidome of control and P301S mice, preventing lipid vacuoles in brown fat. These effects were associated with behavioral improvement, as evidenced by reduced hyperactivity and disinhibition in the P301S mice. Bezafibrate therefore exerts neuroprotective effects in a mouse model of tauopathy, as shown by decreased tau pathology and behavioral improvement. Since bezafibrate was given to the mice before tau pathology had developed, our data suggest that bezafibrate exerts a preventive effect on both tau pathology and its behavioral consequences. Bezafibrate is therefore a promising agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases associated with tau pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Dumont
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Ridder DA, Schwaninger M. In search of the neuroprotective mechanism of thiazolidinediones in Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2012; 238:133-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Yin LH, Shen H, Diaz-Ruiz O, Bäckman CM, Bae E, Yu SJ, Wang Y. Early post-treatment with 9-cis retinoic acid reduces neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:120. [PMID: 23040108 PMCID: PMC3523975 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoic acid (RA) is a biologically active derivative of vitamin A. Previous studies have demonstrated that RA has protective effects against damage caused by H2O2 or oxygen-glucose deprivation in mesangial and PC12 cells. Pretreatment with 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA) reduced infarction and TUNEL labeling in cerebral cortex as well as attenuated neurological deficits after distal middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. The purpose of this study was to examine a protective role of 9cRA in dopaminergic (DA) neurons in a typical rodent model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Results The protective role of 9cRA was first examined in rat primary ventromesencephalic culture. Treatment with 9cRA significantly reduced 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-mediated cell death and TUNEL labeling in cultured dopaminergic neurons. The protective effect was also examined in adult male rats. Animals received unilateral 6-OHDA lesioning at the left medial forebrain bundle on day 0. Methamphetamine -induced rotational behavior was examined on days 6, 20 and 30 after lesioning. Animals were separated into 2 groups to balance rotational behavior and lesion extent on day 6 and were treated with either 9cRA or vehicle (i.c.v. on day 7 + intra-nasal from day 8 to day 14). Post-treatment with 9cRA significantly reduced methamphetamine –mediated ipislateral rotation at 20 and 30 days after lesioning. In vivo voltammetry was used to examine DA overflow in striatum. Treatment with 9cRA significantly increased KCl -evoked DA release in the lesioned striatum. 9cRA also increased tyrosine hydroxylase (+) cell number in the lesioned nigra as determined by unbiased stereology. Conclusion Our data suggests that early post-treatment with 9cRA has a protective effect against neurodegeneration in nigrostriatal DA neurons in an animal model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Hu Yin
- Neural Protection and Regeneration Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Laloux C, Petrault M, Lecointe C, Devos D, Bordet R. Differential susceptibility to the PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine and 6-hydroxydopamine rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Res 2012; 65:514-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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de Oliveira DM, Ferreira Lima RM, El-Bachá RS. Brain rust: recent discoveries on the role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases. Nutr Neurosci 2012; 15:94-102. [PMID: 22583954 DOI: 10.1179/1476830511y.0000000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) and damages due to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) are common causes of injuries to cells and organisms. The prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases (ND) increases with aging and much of the research involving ROS and OS has emerged from works in this field. This text reviews some recent published articles about the role of OS in ND. Since there are many reviews in this field, the focus was centered in articles published recently. The Scientific Journals Directory supported by the Brazilian Ministry of Education Office for the Coordination of Higher Educational Personnel Improvement (CAPES) was used to search, download, and review articles. The search engine looked for the terms 'oxidative stress AND neurodegenerative diseases AND nutrition' in 10 different scientific collections. Biochemical markers for ND lack sensitivity or specificity for diagnosis or for tracking response to therapy today. OS has an intimate connection with ND, albeit low levels of ROS seem to protect the brain. Deleterious changes in mitochondria, OS, calcium, glucocorticoids, inflammation, trace metals, insulin, cell cycle, protein aggregation, and hundreds to thousands of genes occur in ND. The interaction of genes with their environment, may explain ND. Although OS has received much attention over the years, which increased the number of scientific works on antioxidant interventions, no one knows how to stop or delay ND at present. Interventions in vitro, in vivo, and in humans will continue to contribute for a better understanding of these pathologies.
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