1
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Wang Y, Guo H, He F. Circadian disruption: from mouse models to molecular mechanisms and cancer therapeutic targets. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:297-322. [PMID: 36513953 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10072-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock is a timekeeping system for numerous biological rhythms that contribute to the regulation of numerous homeostatic processes in humans. Disruption of circadian rhythms influences physiology and behavior and is associated with adverse health outcomes, especially cancer. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of circadian disruption-associated cancer initiation and development remain unclear. It is essential to construct good circadian disruption models to uncover and validate the detailed molecular clock framework of circadian disruption in cancer development and progression. Mouse models are the most widely used in circadian studies due to their relatively small size, fast reproduction cycle, easy genome manipulation, and economic practicality. Here, we reviewed the current mouse models of circadian disruption, including suprachiasmatic nuclei destruction, genetic engineering, light disruption, sleep deprivation, and other lifestyle factors in our understanding of the crosstalk between circadian rhythms and oncogenic signaling, as well as the molecular mechanisms of circadian disruption that promotes cancer growth. We focused on the discoveries made with the nocturnal mouse, diurnal human being, and cell culture and provided several circadian rhythm-based cancer therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haidong Guo
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Feng He
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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2
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Haddad AF, Young JS, Amara D, Berger MS, Raleigh DR, Aghi MK, Butowski NA. Mouse models of glioblastoma for the evaluation of novel therapeutic strategies. Neurooncol Adv 2021; 3:vdab100. [PMID: 34466804 PMCID: PMC8403483 DOI: 10.1093/noajnl/vdab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable brain tumor with a median survival of approximately 15 months despite an aggressive standard of care that includes surgery, chemotherapy, and ionizing radiation. Mouse models have advanced our understanding of GBM biology and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for GBM patients. However, model selection is crucial when testing developmental therapeutics, and each mouse model of GBM has unique advantages and disadvantages that can influence the validity and translatability of experimental results. To shed light on this process, we discuss the strengths and limitations of 3 types of mouse GBM models in this review: syngeneic models, genetically engineered mouse models, and xenograft models, including traditional xenograft cell lines and patient-derived xenograft models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F Haddad
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jacob S Young
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dominic Amara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - David R Raleigh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicholas A Butowski
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Corresponding Author: Nicholas A. Butowski, MD, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Ave Eighth Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA ()
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3
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Silvia N, Dai G. CEREBRAL ORGANOIDS AS A MODEL FOR GLIOBLASTOMA MULTIFORME. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 13:152-159. [PMID: 32355905 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly lethal and elusive cancer. While many in vitro and in vivo models have been developed to recapitulate the factors that contribute to its invasive behavior, they suffer from drawbacks related to genetic variability, expense and scope. Technologies utilizing human pluripotent stem cells can now generate organoids which can recapitulate the relative complexity the cytoarchitecture and microenvironment of human brain tissue. In conjunction with protocols which effectively induce GBM tumors within these "cerebral organoids", such approaches represent an unprecedented model to investigate GBM invasion and its effect on the brain ECM. This review focuses on methods of brain organoid development, protocols for inducing GBM, the relevant findings on invasion and microenvironmental changes, and discusses their limitations and potential future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel Silvia
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Guohao Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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4
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Vitucci M, Irvin DM, McNeill RS, Schmid RS, Simon JM, Dhruv HD, Siegel MB, Werneke AM, Bash RE, Kim S, Berens ME, Miller CR. Genomic profiles of low-grade murine gliomas evolve during progression to glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2018; 19:1237-1247. [PMID: 28398584 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gliomas are diverse neoplasms with multiple molecular subtypes. How tumor-initiating mutations relate to molecular subtypes as these tumors evolve during malignant progression remains unclear. Methods We used genetically engineered mouse models, histopathology, genetic lineage tracing, expression profiling, and copy number analyses to examine how genomic tumor diversity evolves during the course of malignant progression from low- to high-grade disease. Results Knockout of all 3 retinoblastoma (Rb) family proteins was required to initiate low-grade tumors in adult mouse astrocytes. Mutations activating mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, specifically KrasG12D, potentiated Rb-mediated tumorigenesis. Low-grade tumors showed mutant Kras-specific transcriptome profiles but lacked copy number mutations. These tumors stochastically progressed to high-grade, in part through acquisition of copy number mutations. High-grade tumor transcriptomes were heterogeneous and consisted of 3 subtypes that mimicked human mesenchymal, proneural, and neural glioblastomas. Subtypes were confirmed in validation sets of high-grade mouse tumors initiated by different driver mutations as well as human patient-derived xenograft models and glioblastoma tumors. Conclusion These results suggest that oncogenic driver mutations influence the genomic profiles of low-grade tumors and that these, as well as progression-acquired mutations, contribute strongly to the genomic heterogeneity across high-grade tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Vitucci
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - David M Irvin
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Robert S McNeill
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Ralf S Schmid
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Jeremy M Simon
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Harshil D Dhruv
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Marni B Siegel
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Andrea M Werneke
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Ryan E Bash
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Seungchan Kim
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Michael E Berens
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Neurosciences Center, and Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina;Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
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5
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McNeill RS, Canoutas DA, Stuhlmiller TJ, Dhruv HD, Irvin DM, Bash RE, Angus SP, Herring LE, Simon JM, Skinner KR, Limas JC, Chen X, Schmid RS, Siegel MB, Van Swearingen AED, Hadler MJ, Sulman EP, Sarkaria JN, Anders CK, Graves LM, Berens ME, Johnson GL, Miller CR. Combination therapy with potent PI3K and MAPK inhibitors overcomes adaptive kinome resistance to single agents in preclinical models of glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2018; 19:1469-1480. [PMID: 28379424 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nox044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor. Prognosis remains poor despite multimodal therapy. Developing alternative treatments is essential. Drugs targeting kinases within the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) effectors of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling represent promising candidates. Methods We previously developed a non-germline genetically engineered mouse model of GBM in which PI3K and MAPK are activated via Pten deletion and KrasG12D in immortalized astrocytes. Using this model, we examined the influence of drug potency on target inhibition, alternate pathway activation, efficacy, and synergism of single agent and combination therapy with inhibitors of these 2 pathways. Efficacy was then examined in GBM patient-derived xenografts (PDX) in vitro and in vivo. Results PI3K and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor potency was directly associated with target inhibition, alternate RTK effector activation, and efficacy in mutant murine astrocytes in vitro. The kinomes of GBM PDX and tumor samples were heterogeneous, with a subset of the latter harboring MAPK hyperactivation. Dual PI3K/MEK inhibitor treatment overcame alternate effector activation, was synergistic in vitro, and was more effective than single agent therapy in subcutaneous murine allografts. However, efficacy in orthotopic allografts was minimal. This was likely due to dose-limiting toxicity and incomplete target inhibition. Conclusion Drug potency influences PI3K/MEK inhibitor-induced target inhibition, adaptive kinome reprogramming, efficacy, and synergy. Our findings suggest that combination therapies with highly potent, brain-penetrant kinase inhibitors will be required to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S McNeill
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Demitra A Canoutas
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Timothy J Stuhlmiller
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Harshil D Dhruv
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David M Irvin
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ryan E Bash
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Steven P Angus
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura E Herring
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeremy M Simon
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kasey R Skinner
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Juanita C Limas
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Xin Chen
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ralf S Schmid
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Marni B Siegel
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amanda E D Van Swearingen
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael J Hadler
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Erik P Sulman
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Carey K Anders
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lee M Graves
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael E Berens
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Gary L Johnson
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biology, Pharmacology, Genetics, Medicine, and Neurology, Divisions of Neuropathology and Hematology/Oncology, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Proteomics Core Facility, Neurosciences Center, Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, and Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina (UNC) School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Cancer & Cell Biology Division, TGen, Phoenix, Arizona; Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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6
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Chow RD, Guzman CD, Wang G, Schmidt F, Youngblood MW, Ye L, Errami Y, Dong MB, Martinez MA, Zhang S, Renauer P, Bilguvar K, Gunel M, Sharp PA, Zhang F, Platt RJ, Chen S. AAV-mediated direct in vivo CRISPR screen identifies functional suppressors in glioblastoma. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1329-1341. [PMID: 28805815 PMCID: PMC5614841 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A causative understanding of genetic factors that regulate glioblastoma (GBM) pathogenesis is of central importance. Here, we developed an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated autochthonous CRISPR screen in GBM. Stereotaxic delivery of an AAV library targeting genes commonly mutated in human cancers into the brains of conditional Cas9 mice resulted in tumors that recapitulate human GBM. Capture sequencing revealed diverse mutational profiles across tumors. The mutation frequencies in mice correlate with those in two independent patient cohorts. Co-mutation analysis identified co-occurring driver combinations such as Mll2, B2m-Nf1, Mll3-Nf1 and Zc3h13-Rb1, which were subsequently validated using AAV minipools. Distinct from Nf1-mutant tumors, Rb1-mutant tumors are undifferentiated and aberrantly express Homeobox gene clusters. The addition of Zc3h13 or Pten mutations altered the gene expression profiles of Rb1 mutants, rendering them more resistant to temozolomide. Our study provides a functional landscape of gliomagenesis suppressors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Chow
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher D Guzman
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Immunobiology Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Guangchuan Wang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Florian Schmidt
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark W Youngblood
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lupeng Ye
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Youssef Errami
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matthew B Dong
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael A Martinez
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sensen Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paul Renauer
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Kaya Bilguvar
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Murat Gunel
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Phillip A Sharp
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Randall J Platt
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Systems Biology Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Immunobiology Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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7
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Animal Models in Glioblastoma: Use in Biology and Developing Therapeutic Strategies. ADVANCES IN BIOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF GLIOBLASTOMA 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56820-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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8
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Irvin DM, McNeill RS, Bash RE, Miller CR. Intrinsic Astrocyte Heterogeneity Influences Tumor Growth in Glioma Mouse Models. Brain Pathol 2016; 27:36-50. [PMID: 26762242 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of cellular origin on glioma pathogenesis remains elusive. We previously showed that mutations inactivating Rb and Pten and activating Kras transform astrocytes and induce tumorigenesis throughout the adult mouse brain. However, it remained unclear whether astrocyte subpopulations were susceptible to these mutations. We therefore used genetic lineage tracing and fate mapping in adult conditional, inducible genetically engineered mice to monitor transformation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) astrocytes and immunofluorescence to monitor cellular composition of the tumor microenvironment over time. Because considerable regional heterogeneity exists among astrocytes, we also examined the influence of brain region on tumor growth. GFAP astrocyte transformation induced uniformly rapid, regionally independent tumor growth, but transformation of GLAST astrocytes induced slowly growing tumors with significant regional bias. Transformed GLAST astrocytes had reduced proliferative response in culture and in vivo and malignant progression was delayed in these tumors. Recruited glial cells, including proliferating astrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitors and microglia, were the majority of GLAST, but not GFAP astrocyte-derived tumors and their abundance dynamically changed over time. These results suggest that intrinsic astrocyte heterogeneity, and perhaps regional brain microenvironment, significantly contributes to glioma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Irvin
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Robert S McNeill
- Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Ryan E Bash
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Pathobiology and Translational Science Graduate Program, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.,Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
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9
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Bagó JR, Alfonso-Pecchio A, Okolie O, Dumitru R, Rinkenbaugh A, Baldwin AS, Miller CR, Magness ST, Hingtgen SD. Therapeutically engineered induced neural stem cells are tumour-homing and inhibit progression of glioblastoma. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10593. [PMID: 26830441 PMCID: PMC4740908 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transdifferentiation (TD) is a recent advancement in somatic cell reprogramming. The direct conversion of TD eliminates the pluripotent intermediate state to create cells that are ideal for personalized cell therapy. Here we provide evidence that TD-derived induced neural stem cells (iNSCs) are an efficacious therapeutic strategy for brain cancer. We find that iNSCs genetically engineered with optical reporters and tumouricidal gene products retain the capacity to differentiate and induced apoptosis in co-cultured human glioblastoma cells. Time-lapse imaging shows that iNSCs are tumouritropic, homing rapidly to co-cultured glioblastoma cells and migrating extensively to distant tumour foci in the murine brain. Multimodality imaging reveals that iNSC delivery of the anticancer molecule TRAIL decreases the growth of established solid and diffuse patient-derived orthotopic glioblastoma xenografts 230- and 20-fold, respectively, while significantly prolonging the median mouse survival. These findings establish a strategy for creating autologous cell-based therapies to treat patients with aggressive forms of brain cancer. Neural stem cells have a tropism for glioblastoma. Here the authors employ fibroblasts directly reprogrammed into induced neural stem cells and loaded with cytotoxic molecules to migrate to xenotransplanted brain tumours in mice, achieving tumour shrinkage and prolonged survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juli R Bagó
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Adolfo Alfonso-Pecchio
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Onyi Okolie
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Raluca Dumitru
- Department of Genetics, UNC Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Core, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Neuroscience Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Amanda Rinkenbaugh
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Albert S Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Neuroscience Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Department of Neurology, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Scott T Magness
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Shawn D Hingtgen
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.,Biomedical Research Imaging Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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10
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Schmid RS, Simon JM, Vitucci M, McNeill RS, Bash RE, Werneke AM, Huey L, White KK, Ewend MG, Wu J, Miller CR. Core pathway mutations induce de-differentiation of murine astrocytes into glioblastoma stem cells that are sensitive to radiation but resistant to temozolomide. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:962-73. [PMID: 26826202 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma stem cells (GSCs) from human glioblastomas (GBMs) are resistant to radiation and chemotherapy and may drive recurrence. Treatment efficacy may depend on GSCs, expression of DNA repair enzymes such as methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT), or transcriptome subtype. METHODS To model genetic alterations in human GBM core signaling pathways, we induced Rb knockout, Kras activation, and Pten deletion mutations in cortical murine astrocytes. Neurosphere culture, differentiation, and orthotopic transplantation assays were used to assess whether these mutations induced de-differentiation into GSCs. Genome-wide chromatin landscape alterations and expression profiles were examined by formaldehyde-assisted isolation of regulatory elements (FAIRE) seq and RNA-seq. Radiation and temozolomide efficacy were examined in vitro and in an allograft model in vivo. Effects of radiation on transcriptome subtype were examined by microarray expression profiling. RESULTS Cultured triple mutant astrocytes gained unlimited self-renewal and multilineage differentiation capacity. These cells harbored significantly altered chromatin landscapes that were associated with downregulation of astrocyte- and upregulation of stem cell-associated genes, particularly the Hoxa locus of embryonic transcription factors. Triple-mutant astrocytes formed serially transplantable glioblastoma allografts that were sensitive to radiation but expressed MGMT and were resistant to temozolomide. Radiation induced a shift in transcriptome subtype of GBM allografts from proneural to mesenchymal. CONCLUSION A defined set of core signaling pathway mutations induces de-differentiation of cortical murine astrocytes into GSCs with altered chromatin landscapes and transcriptomes. This non-germline genetically engineered mouse model mimics human proneural GBM on histopathological, molecular, and treatment response levels. It may be useful for dissecting the mechanisms of treatment resistance and developing more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf S Schmid
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Jeremy M Simon
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Mark Vitucci
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Robert S McNeill
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Ryan E Bash
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Andrea M Werneke
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Lauren Huey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Kristen K White
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Matthew G Ewend
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Jing Wu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.S., L.H., M.G.E., J.W., C.R.M.); Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.V., R.S.M., R.E.B., A.M.W., K.K.W., C.R.M.); Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities and Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.M.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (M.G.E., J.W.); Department of Neurology and Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
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11
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Kirschstein T, Köhling R. Animal models of tumour-associated epilepsy. J Neurosci Methods 2015; 260:109-17. [PMID: 26092434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Brain tumours cause a sizeable proportion of epilepsies in adulthood, and actually can be etiologically responsible also for childhood epilepsies. Conversely, seizures are often first clinical signs of a brain tumour. Nevertheless, several issues of brain-tumour associated seizures and epilepsies are far from understood, or clarified regarding clinical consensus. These include both the specific mechanisms of epileptogenesis related to different tumour types, the possible relationship between malignancy and seizure emergence, the interaction between tumour mass and surrounding neuronal networks, and - not least - the best treatment options depending on different tumour types. To investigate these issues, experimental models of tumour-induced epilepsies are necessary. This review concentrates on the description of currently used models, focusing on methodological aspects. It highlights advantages and shortcomings of these models, and identifies future experimental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Kirschstein
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Gertrudenstrasse 9, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
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12
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El Meskini R, Iacovelli AJ, Kulaga A, Gumprecht M, Martin PL, Baran M, Householder DB, Van Dyke T, Weaver Ohler Z. A preclinical orthotopic model for glioblastoma recapitulates key features of human tumors and demonstrates sensitivity to a combination of MEK and PI3K pathway inhibitors. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:45-56. [PMID: 25431423 PMCID: PMC4283649 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.018168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the highest grade malignant brain tumor, are mostly ineffective, and better preclinical model systems are needed to increase the successful translation of drug discovery efforts into the clinic. Previous work describes a genetically engineered mouse (GEM) model that contains perturbations in the most frequently dysregulated networks in GBM (driven by RB, KRAS and/or PI3K signaling and PTEN) that induce development of Grade IV astrocytoma with properties of the human disease. Here, we developed and characterized an orthotopic mouse model derived from the GEM that retains the features of the GEM model in an immunocompetent background; however, this model is also tractable and efficient for preclinical evaluation of candidate therapeutic regimens. Orthotopic brain tumors are highly proliferative, invasive and vascular, and express histology markers characteristic of human GBM. Primary tumor cells were examined for sensitivity to chemotherapeutics and targeted drugs. PI3K and MAPK pathway inhibitors, when used as single agents, inhibited cell proliferation but did not result in significant apoptosis. However, in combination, these inhibitors resulted in a substantial increase in cell death. Moreover, these findings translated into the in vivo orthotopic model: PI3K or MAPK inhibitor treatment regimens resulted in incomplete pathway suppression and feedback loops, whereas dual treatment delayed tumor growth through increased apoptosis and decreased tumor cell proliferation. Analysis of downstream pathway components revealed a cooperative effect on target downregulation. These concordant results, together with the morphologic similarities to the human GBM disease characteristics of the model, validate it as a new platform for the evaluation of GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaa El Meskini
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Anthony J Iacovelli
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alan Kulaga
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michelle Gumprecht
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Philip L Martin
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Maureen Baran
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Deborah B Householder
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Terry Van Dyke
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Zoë Weaver Ohler
- Center for Advanced Preclinical Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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13
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McNeill RS, Vitucci M, Wu J, Miller CR. Contemporary murine models in preclinical astrocytoma drug development. Neuro Oncol 2014; 17:12-28. [PMID: 25246428 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite 6 decades of research, only 3 drugs have been approved for astrocytomas, the most common malignant primary brain tumors. However, clinical drug development is accelerating with the transition from empirical, cytotoxic therapy to precision, targeted medicine. Preclinical animal model studies are critical for prioritizing drug candidates for clinical development and, ultimately, for their regulatory approval. For decades, only murine models with established tumor cell lines were available for such studies. However, these poorly represent the genomic and biological properties of human astrocytomas, and their preclinical use fails to accurately predict efficacy in clinical trials. Newer models developed over the last 2 decades, including patient-derived xenografts, genetically engineered mice, and genetically engineered cells purified from human brains, more faithfully phenocopy the genomics and biology of human astrocytomas. Harnessing the unique benefits of these models will be required to identify drug targets, define combination therapies that circumvent inherent and acquired resistance mechanisms, and develop molecular biomarkers predictive of drug response and resistance. With increasing recognition of the molecular heterogeneity of astrocytomas, employing multiple, contemporary models in preclinical drug studies promises to increase the efficiency of drug development for specific, molecularly defined subsets of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S McNeill
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Mark Vitucci
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - Jing Wu
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (R.S.M., M.V., C.R.M.); Departments of Neurosurgery and Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.W.); Department of Neurology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Neurosciences Center University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (C.R.M.)
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McNeill RS, Schmid RS, Bash RE, Vitucci M, White KK, Werneke AM, Constance BH, Huff B, Miller CR. Modeling astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo using cortical astrocytes or neural stem cells from conditional, genetically engineered mice. J Vis Exp 2014:e51763. [PMID: 25146643 DOI: 10.3791/51763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Current astrocytoma models are limited in their ability to define the roles of oncogenic mutations in specific brain cell types during disease pathogenesis and their utility for preclinical drug development. In order to design a better model system for these applications, phenotypically wild-type cortical astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSC) from conditional, genetically engineered mice (GEM) that harbor various combinations of floxed oncogenic alleles were harvested and grown in culture. Genetic recombination was induced in vitro using adenoviral Cre-mediated recombination, resulting in expression of mutated oncogenes and deletion of tumor suppressor genes. The phenotypic consequences of these mutations were defined by measuring proliferation, transformation, and drug response in vitro. Orthotopic allograft models, whereby transformed cells are stereotactically injected into the brains of immune-competent, syngeneic littermates, were developed to define the role of oncogenic mutations and cell type on tumorigenesis in vivo. Unlike most established human glioblastoma cell line xenografts, injection of transformed GEM-derived cortical astrocytes into the brains of immune-competent littermates produced astrocytomas, including the most aggressive subtype, glioblastoma, that recapitulated the histopathological hallmarks of human astrocytomas, including diffuse invasion of normal brain parenchyma. Bioluminescence imaging of orthotopic allografts from transformed astrocytes engineered to express luciferase was utilized to monitor in vivo tumor growth over time. Thus, astrocytoma models using astrocytes and NSC harvested from GEM with conditional oncogenic alleles provide an integrated system to study the genetics and cell biology of astrocytoma pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo and may be useful in preclinical drug development for these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S McNeill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Ralf S Schmid
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Ryan E Bash
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Mark Vitucci
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Kristen K White
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Andrea M Werneke
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Brian H Constance
- Biological and Biomedical Sciences Program, University of North Carolina School of Medicine
| | - Byron Huff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - C Ryan Miller
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine; Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine;
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15
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Mouse models of cancer: Sleeping Beauty transposons for insertional mutagenesis screens and reverse genetic studies. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 27:86-95. [PMID: 24468652 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The genetic complexity and heterogeneity of cancer has posed a problem in designing rationally targeted therapies effective in a large proportion of human cancer. Genomic characterization of many cancer types has provided a staggering amount of data that needs to be interpreted to further our understanding of this disease. Forward genetic screening in mice using Sleeping Beauty (SB) based insertional mutagenesis is an effective method for candidate cancer gene discovery that can aid in distinguishing driver from passenger mutations in human cancer. This system has been adapted for unbiased screens to identify drivers of multiple cancer types. These screens have already identified hundreds of candidate cancer-promoting mutations. These can be used to develop new mouse models for further study, which may prove useful for therapeutic testing. SB technology may also hold the key for rapid generation of reverse genetic mouse models of cancer, and has already been used to model glioblastoma and liver cancer.
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16
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Rao SS, Lannutti JJ, Viapiano MS, Sarkar A, Winter JO. Toward 3D biomimetic models to understand the behavior of glioblastoma multiforme cells. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2013; 20:314-27. [PMID: 24044776 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumors are one of the most deadly forms of human cancer and despite improved treatments, median survival time for the majority of patients is a dismal 12-15 months. A hallmark of these aggressive tumors is their unique ability to diffusively infiltrate normal brain tissue. To understand this behavior and successfully target the mechanisms underlying tumor progression, it is crucial to develop robust experimental ex vivo disease models. This review discusses current two-dimensional (2D) experimental models, as well as animal-based models used to examine GBM cell migration, including their advantages and disadvantages. Recent attempts to develop three-dimensional (3D) tissue engineering-inspired models and their utility in unraveling the role of microenvironment on tumor cell behaviors are also highlighted. Further, the use of 3D models to bridge the gap between 2D and animal models is explored. Finally, the broad utility of such models in the context of brain cancer research is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas S Rao
- 1 William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio
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17
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Vitucci M, Karpinich NO, Bash RE, Werneke AM, Schmid RS, White KK, McNeill RS, Huff B, Wang S, Van Dyke T, Miller CR. Cooperativity between MAPK and PI3K signaling activation is required for glioblastoma pathogenesis. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:1317-29. [PMID: 23814263 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/not084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) genomes feature recurrent genetic alterations that dysregulate core intracellular signaling pathways, including the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint and the MAPK and PI3K effector arms of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling. Elucidation of the phenotypic consequences of activated RTK effectors is required for the design of effective therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. METHODS Genetically defined, G1/S checkpoint-defective cortical murine astrocytes with constitutively active Kras and/or Pten deletion mutations were used to systematically investigate the individual and combined roles of these 2 RTK signaling effectors in phenotypic hallmarks of glioblastoma pathogenesis, including growth, migration, and invasion in vitro. A novel syngeneic orthotopic allograft model system was used to examine in vivo tumorigenesis. RESULTS Constitutively active Kras and/or Pten deletion mutations activated both MAPK and PI3K signaling. Their combination led to maximal growth, migration, and invasion of G1/S-defective astrocytes in vitro and produced progenitor-like transcriptomal profiles that mimic human proneural GBM. Activation of both RTK effector arms was required for in vivo tumorigenesis and produced highly invasive, proneural-like GBM. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that cortical astrocytes can be transformed into GBM and that combined dysregulation of MAPK and PI3K signaling revert G1/S-defective astrocytes to a primitive gene expression state. This genetically-defined, immunocompetent model of proneural GBM will be useful for preclinical development of MAPK/PI3K-targeted, subtype-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Vitucci
- Corresponding Author: C. Ryan Miller, MD, PhD, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 6109B Neurosciences Research Building, Campus Box 7250, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7250.
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18
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Carroll SL. Parsing out reality from genetically engineered mouse models of neurologic diseases. Brain Res Bull 2012; 88:1-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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