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Mendelson WB. Looking back at a life in sleep research-and some thoughts for the future. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2022; 3:zpac031. [PMID: 37193401 PMCID: PMC10104403 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpac031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In reviewing my studies, some of which are nearing the half century mark, I've described work on sleep-related growth hormone, the effects of hypnotics on the perception of sleep, REM sleep induction in humans by cholinergic drugs, the benzodiazepine receptor, the anatomic sites of action of hypnotics, the endocannabinoid system and sleep, and the relation of anesthesia to sleep. Special mention along the way goes to cases in which drugs produced totally unexpected effects, including methysergide producing opposite effects on growth hormone secretion in sleep and a waking provocative test, the converse actions on sleep of the B-10 benzodiazepine enantiomers, and the promotion of wakefulness by microinjection of the hypnotic triazolam into the dorsal raphe nuclei. This work is placed in the context of what was known at the time, as well as what has been observed in subsequent years. Many of these studies indicate that the medial preoptic area may be a common site for the sleep-promoting action of a wide range of agents including traditional hypnotics, ethanol, propofol and melatonin. In the future it may be worthwhile looking at the beta-carbolines, and also the endocannabinoid system, when exploring drugs with new mechanisms of action for treating sleep/wake disorders. An Addendum to this paper describes memories of working with Frederick Snyder, J. Christian Gillin, Richard Jed Wyatt, and Floyd E. Bloom.
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Braga MFM, Juranek J, Eiden LE, Li Z, Figueiredo TH, de Araujo Furtado M, Marini AM. GABAergic circuits of the basolateral amygdala and generation of anxiety after traumatic brain injury. Amino Acids 2022; 54:1229-1249. [PMID: 35798984 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has reached epidemic proportions around the world and is a major public health concern in the United States. Approximately 2.8 million individuals sustain a traumatic brain injury and are treated in an Emergency Department yearly in the U.S., and about 50,000 of them die. Persistent symptoms develop in 10-15% of the cases including neuropsychiatric disorders. Anxiety is the second most common neuropsychiatric disorder that develops in those with persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms after TBI. Abnormalities or atrophy in the temporal lobe has been shown in the overwhelming number of TBI cases. The basolateral amygdala (BLA), a temporal lobe structure that consolidates, stores and generates fear and anxiety-based behavioral outputs, is a critical brain region in the anxiety circuitry. In this review, we sought to capture studies that characterized the relationship between human post-traumatic anxiety and structural/functional alterations in the amygdala. We compared the human findings with results obtained with a reproducible mild TBI animal model that demonstrated a direct relationship between the alterations in the BLA and an anxiety-like phenotype. From this analysis, both preliminary insights, and gaps in knowledge, have emerged which may open new directions for the development of rational and more efficacious treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F M Braga
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics and Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science School of Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Jenifer Juranek
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lee E Eiden
- Section On Molecular Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Zheng Li
- Section On Synapse Development and Plasticity, National Institute of Mental Health, Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Taiza H Figueiredo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics and Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science School of Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Marcio de Araujo Furtado
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics and Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Science School of Medicine, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Ann M Marini
- Department of Neurology and Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Solomon VR, Tallapragada VJ, Chebib M, Johnston G, Hanrahan JR. GABA allosteric modulators: An overview of recent developments in non-benzodiazepine modulators. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 171:434-461. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Prevot TD, Li G, Vidojevic A, Misquitta KA, Fee C, Santrac A, Knutson DE, Stephen MR, Kodali R, Zahn NM, Arnold LA, Scholze P, Fisher JL, Marković BD, Banasr M, Cook JM, Savic M, Sibille E. Novel Benzodiazepine-Like Ligands with Various Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, or Pro-Cognitive Profiles. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2019; 5:84-97. [PMID: 31192221 PMCID: PMC6528097 DOI: 10.1159/000496086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Altered gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) function is consistently reported in psychiatric disorders, normal aging, and neurodegenerative disorders and reduced function of GABA interneurons is associated with both mood and cognitive symptoms. Benzodiazepines (BZ) have broad anxiolytic, but also sedative, anticonvulsant and amnesic effects, due to nonspecific GABA-A receptor (GABAA-R) targeting. Varying the profile of activity of BZs at GABAA-Rs is predicted to uncover additional therapeutic potential. We synthesized four novel imidazobenzodiazepine (IBZD) amide ligands and tested them for positive allosteric modulation at multiple α-GABAA-R (α-positive allosteric modulators), pharmacokinetic properties, as well as anxiolytic and antidepressant activities in adult mice. Efficacy at reversing stress-induced or age-related working memory deficits was assessed using a spontaneous alternation task. Diazepam (DZP) was used as a control. Three ligands (GL-II-73, GL-II-74, and GL-II-75) demonstrated adequate brain penetration and showed predictive anxiolytic and antidepressant efficacies. GL-II-73 and GL-II-75 significantly reversed stress-induced and age-related working memory deficits. In contrast, DZP displayed anxiolytic but no antidepressant effects or effects on working memory. We demonstrate distinct profiles of anxiolytic, antidepressant, and/or pro-cognitive activities of newly designed IBZD amide ligands, suggesting novel therapeutic potential for IBZD derivatives in depression and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Prevot
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guanguan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Aleksandra Vidojevic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Keith A. Misquitta
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corey Fee
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anja Santrac
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Daniel E. Knutson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael Rajesh Stephen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Revathi Kodali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nicolas M. Zahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Petra Scholze
- Department of Pathobiology of the Nervous System, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janet L. Fisher
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Bojan D. Marković
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mounira Banasr
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James M. Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Miroslav Savic
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Etienne Sibille
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute of CAMH, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,*Etienne Sibille, PhD, Campbell Family Mental Health Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Room 134, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8 (Canada), E-Mail
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Phani Babu Tiruveedhula VVN, Methuku KR, Deschamps JR, Cook JM. Synthesis of aza and carbocyclic β-carbolines for the treatment of alcohol abuse. Regiospecific solution to the problem of 3,6-disubstituted β- and aza-β-carboline specificity. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:10705-15. [PMID: 26349488 DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01572c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel two step protocol was developed to gain regiospecific access to 3-substituted β- and aza-β-carbolines, 3-PBC (1), 3-ISOPBC (2), βCCt (3), 6-aza-3-PBC (4) and 6-aza-3-ISOPBC (5). These β-carbolines (1-3) are potential clinical agents to reduce alcohol self-administration, especially 3-ISOPBC·HCl (2·HCl) which appears to be a potent anti-alcohol agent active against binge drinking in a rat model of maternally deprived (MD) rats. The method consists of two consecutive palladium-catalyzed reactions: a Buchwald-Hartwig amination followed by an intramolecular Heck-type cyclization in high yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kashi Reddy Methuku
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
| | - Jeffrey R Deschamps
- Center for Bimolecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6930, Washington, D. C. 20375, USA
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA.
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Wright BT, Gluszek CF, Heldt SA. The effects of repeated zolpidem treatment on tolerance, withdrawal-like symptoms, and GABAA receptor mRNAs profile expression in mice: comparison with diazepam. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:2967-79. [PMID: 24531568 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3473-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Zolpidem is a short-acting, non-benzodiazepine hypnotic that acts as a full agonist at α1-containing GABAA receptors. Overall, zolpidem purportedly has fewer instances of abuse and dependence than traditionally used benzodiazepines. However, several studies have shown that zolpidem may be more similar to benzodiazepines in terms of behavioral tolerance and withdrawal symptoms. OBJECTIVES In the current study, we examined whether subchronic zolpidem or diazepam administration produced deficits in zolpidem's locomotor-impairing effects, anxiety-like behaviors, and changes in GABAAR subunit messenger RNA (mRNA). METHODS Mice were given subchronic injections of either zolpidem (10 mg/kg), diazepam (20 mg/kg), or vehicle twice daily for 7 days. On day 8, mice were given a challenge dose of zolpidem (2 mg/kg) or vehicle before open field testing. Another set of mice underwent the same injection regimen but were sacrificed on day 8 for qRT-PCR analysis. RESULTS We found that subchronic zolpidem and diazepam administration produced deficits in the acute locomotor-impairing effects of zolpidem and increased anxiety-like behaviors 1 day after drug termination. In addition, we found that subchronic treatment of zolpidem and diazepam induced distinct but overlapping GABAAR subunit mRNA changes in the cortex but few changes in the hippocampus, amygdala, or prefrontal cortex. Levels of mRNA measured in separate mice after a single injection of either zolpidem or diazepam revealed no mRNA changes. CONCLUSIONS In mice, subchronic treatment of zolpidem and diazepam can produce deficits in the locomotor-impairing effects of zolpidem, anxiety-like withdrawal symptoms, and subunit-specific mRNA changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany T Wright
- The Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Ave, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
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Kovačević J, Timić T, Tiruveedhula VV, Batinić B, Namjoshi OA, Milić M, Joksimović S, Cook JM, Savić MM. Duration of treatment and activation of α1-containing GABAA receptors variably affect the level of anxiety and seizure susceptibility after diazepam withdrawal in rats. Brain Res Bull 2014; 104:1-6. [PMID: 24695241 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Long-term use of benzodiazepine-type drugs may lead to physical dependence, manifested by withdrawal syndrome after abrupt cessation of treatment. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of duration of treatment, as well as the role of α1-containing GABAA receptors, in development of physical dependence to diazepam, assessed through the level of anxiety and susceptibility to pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures, 24h after withdrawal from protracted treatment in rats. Withdrawal of 2mg/kg diazepam after 28, but not after 14 or 21 days of administration led to an anxiety-like behavior in the elevated plus maze. Antagonism of the diazepam effects at α1-containing GABAA receptors, achieved by daily administration of the neutral modulator βCCt (5mg/kg), did not affect the anxiety level during withdrawal. An increased susceptibility to PTZ-induced seizures was observed during diazepam withdrawal after 21 and 28 days of treatment. Daily co-administration of βCCt further decreased the PTZ-seizure threshold after 21 days of treatment, whilst it prevented the diazepam withdrawal-elicited decrease of the PTZ threshold after 28 days of treatment. In conclusion, the current study suggests that the role of α1-containing GABAA receptors in mediating the development of physical dependence may vary based on the effect being studied and duration of protracted treatment. Moreover, the present data supports previous findings that the lack of activity at α1-containing GABAA receptors is not sufficient to eliminate physical dependence liability of ligands of the benzodiazepine type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Kovačević
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Timić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Veera V Tiruveedhula
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Bojan Batinić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ojas A Namjoshi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Marija Milić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Srđan Joksimović
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - James M Cook
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, P.O. Box 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Miroslav M Savić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Moreno LCGEAI, da Silva Oliveira GZ, Cavalcanti IMF, Santos-Magalhães NS, Rolim HML, de Freitas RM. Development and evaluation of liposomal formulation containing nimodipine on anxiolytic activity in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2014; 116:64-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Endogenous ligands of benzodiazepine binding site have inverse agonistic properties. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:1075-7. [PMID: 24183322 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Benzodiazepines have been widely used in clinical praxis for many decades. They act as GABAA receptor agonists and possess muscle-relaxant, hypnotic-sedative, anticonvulsant, and anxiolytic properties. Flumazenil acts as a benzodiazepine receptor antagonist (subunits α1, α2, α3, and α5) or partial agonist (subunits α4 and α6). It competitively inhibits the activity at the benzodiazepine recognition site on the GABA/benzodiazepine receptor complex, thereby reversing the effects of benzodiazepines. In our experiments, administration of flumazenil in rabbits was surprisingly associated with anxiolytic effects similar to those of midazolam. Additionally, flumazenil significantly and dose-dependently decreased the total number of vocalizations in rats, i.e. it was anxiolytic. These observations seem to be in contrast to the effect of flumazenil in humans, where it is believed to produce mainly anxiogenic effects. It seems that in individuals, who exhibit anxiogenic behavior or in individuals with anticipation anxiety, flumazenil acts as an anxiolytic agent, while in individuals without any signs of anxiety, flumazenil can also act as anxiogenic agent. Thus, we hypothesize that flumazenil is associated with decreased intensity of anticipatory anxiety due to occupancy of benzodiazepine binding sites by an endogenous ligand with inverse agonistic properties.
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