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Franco R, Lillo A, Rivas-Santisteban R, Reyes-Resina I, Navarro G. Microglial Adenosine Receptors: From Preconditioning to Modulating the M1/M2 Balance in Activated Cells. Cells 2021; 10:1124. [PMID: 34066933 PMCID: PMC8148598 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal survival depends on the glia, that is, on the astroglial and microglial support. Neurons die and microglia are activated not only in neurodegenerative diseases but also in physiological aging. Activated microglia, once considered harmful, express two main phenotypes: the pro-inflammatory or M1, and the neuroprotective or M2. When neuroinflammation, i.e., microglial activation occurs, it is important to achieve a good M1/M2 balance, i.e., at some point M1 microglia must be skewed into M2 cells to impede chronic inflammation and to afford neuronal survival. G protein-coupled receptors in general and adenosine receptors in particular are potential targets for increasing the number of M2 cells. This article describes the mechanisms underlying microglial activation and analyzes whether these cells exposed to a first damaging event may be ready to be preconditioned to better react to exposure to more damaging events. Adenosine receptors are relevant due to their participation in preconditioning. They can also be overexpressed in activated microglial cells. The potential of adenosine receptors and complexes formed by adenosine receptors and cannabinoids as therapeutic targets to provide microglia-mediated neuroprotection is here discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Franco
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Rafael Rivas-Santisteban
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Reyes-Resina
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Navarro
- CiberNed, Network Research Center, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Spanish National Health Institute Carlos III, 28034 Madrid, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
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Das T, Soren K, Yerasi M, Kamle A, Kumar A, Chakravarty S. Molecular Basis of Sex Difference in Neuroprotection induced by Hypoxia Preconditioning in Zebrafish. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:5177-5192. [PMID: 32862360 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02091-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, the major cause of ischemic injury, leads to debilitating disease in infants via birth asphyxia and cerebral palsy, whereas in adults via heart attack and stroke. A widespread, natural protective phenomenon termed 'hypoxic preconditioning' (PH) occurs when prior exposures to hypoxia eventually result in robust hypoxia resistance. Accordingly, we have developed and optimized a novel model of hypoxic preconditioning in adult zebrafish to mimic the tolerance of mini stroke(s) in human, which appears to protect against the severe damage inflicted by a major stroke event. Here, we observed a remarkable difference in the progression pattern of neuroprotection between preconditioning hypoxia followed by acute hypoxia (PH) group, and acute hypoxia (AH) only group, with noticeable sex difference when compared with normoxia behaviour upon recovery. Since gender difference has been reported in stroke risk factors and disease history, it was pertinent to investigate whether any such sex difference also exists in PH's protective mechanism against acute ischemic stroke. In order to elucidate the neural molecular mechanisms behind sex difference in neuroprotection induced by PH, a high throughput proteomics approach utilizing iTRAQ was performed, followed by protein enrichment analysis using ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) tool. Out of thousands of significantly altered proteins in zebrafish brain, the ones having critical role either in neuroglial proliferation/differentiation or neurotrophic functions were validated by analyzing their expression levels in preconditioned (PH), acute hypoxia (AH), and normoxia groups. The data indicate that female zebrafish brains are more protected against the severity of AH when exposed to the hypoxic preconditioning. The study also sheds light on the involvement of many signalling pathways underlying sex difference in preconditioning-induced neuroprotective mechanism, which can be further validated for the therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapatee Das
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, U.P., 201002, India
| | - Kalyani Soren
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, U.P., 201002, India
| | - Mounica Yerasi
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Avijeet Kamle
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, U.P., 201002, India.,CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Hyderabad, India
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, U.P., 201002, India.
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Shan W, Li J, Xu W, Li H, Zuo Z. Critical role of UQCRC1 in embryo survival, brain ischemic tolerance and normal cognition in mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1381-1396. [PMID: 30666338 PMCID: PMC6421091 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquinol cytochrome c reductase core protein I (UQCRC1) is a component of the complex III in the respiratory chain. Its biological functions are unknown. Here, we showed that knockout of UQCRC1 led to embryonic lethality. Disrupting one UQCRC1 allele in mice (heterozygous mice) of both sexes did not affect their growth but reduced UQCRC1 mRNA and protein in the brain. These mice had decreased complex III formation, complex III activity and ATP content in the brain at baseline. They developed worsened neurological outcome after brain ischemia/hypoxia or focal brain ischemia compared with wild-type mice. The ischemic cerebral cortex of the heterozygous mice had decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP content as well as increased free radicals. Also, the heterozygous mice performed poorly in the Barnes maze and novel object recognition tests. Finally, UQCRC1 was expressed abundantly in neurons and astrocytes. These results suggest a critical role of UQCRC1 in embryo survival. UQCRC1 may also be important by forming the complex III to maintain normal brain ischemic tolerance, learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, 1 Hospital Drive, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0710, USA
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, 1 Hospital Drive, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0710, USA
| | - Wenhao Xu
- Genetically Engineered Murine Model Core, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia Health System, 1 Hospital Drive, PO Box 800710, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0710, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Sedaghat Z, Kadkhodaee M, Seifi B, Ahghari P, Pourkhalili K, Akbari Z, Sadeghi M. Involvement of neuronal pathways in the protective effects of hindlimb perconditioning during renal ischemia. Exp Ther Med 2017; 13:1956-1960. [PMID: 28565793 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Remote ischemic perconditioning (RPEC) is a therapeutic intervention that has been demonstrated to reduce renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the underlying renal protective mechanism remains unclear. The present study hypothesized that RPEC may utilize neural pathways to transfer the protective signal from the perconditioned hindlimb to the kidney. Following a right nephrectomy, rats were randomly allocated into five groups (n=6). The sham group underwent the surgical protocol only. In all other groups, the left renal pedicle was clamped for 45 min and reperfused for 24 h. The I/R control group then underwent 45 min ischemia and 24 h reperfusion (I/R) with no more intervention but the I/R-NR control group underwent the ischemia and reperfusion followed by left femoral nerve (FN) and sciatic nerve (SN) resection. The RPEC group underwent ischemia and reperfusion followed by four cycles of 5 min occlusions of the left femoral artery and 5 min reperfusion. Finally, the RPEC-NR group underwent ischemia and reperfusion followed by left FN and SN resection. Following 24 h, renal functional indices, plasma blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr) levels, urinary N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (NAG) release and histopathological changes were assessed. Compared with the sham group, ischemia and reperfusion in the sham and I/R control groups resulted in renal dysfunction, indicated by significantly increased levels of BUN and Cr. This was accompanied by increased urinary NAG activity and morphological damage observed in control groups. In the RPEC group, renal histology and function were significantly improved compared with the control groups. However, FN and SN resection eliminated the protection of the kidney, which was induced by RPEC. In conclusion, remote hindlimb ischemic perconditioning reduced renal I/R injury in the rat kidney in a manner that potentially involves a neural pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Sedaghat
- Department of Physiology, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Bushehr 7514633341, Iran
| | - Mehri Kadkhodaee
- Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Behjat Seifi
- Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Parisa Ahghari
- Department of Physiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Branch), School of Medicine, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Khalil Pourkhalili
- Department of Physiology, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Bushehr 7514633341, Iran
| | - Zahra Akbari
- Department of Physiology, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Bushehr 7514633341, Iran
| | - Mehdi Sadeghi
- Department of Physiology, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Bushehr 7514633341, Iran
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Li S, Hafeez A, Noorulla F, Geng X, Shao G, Ren C, Lu G, Zhao H, Ding Y, Ji X. Preconditioning in neuroprotection: From hypoxia to ischemia. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:79-91. [PMID: 28110083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Sublethal hypoxic or ischemic events can improve the tolerance of tissues, organs, and even organisms from subsequent lethal injury caused by hypoxia or ischemia. This phenomenon has been termed hypoxic or ischemic preconditioning (HPC or IPC) and is well established in the heart and the brain. This review aims to discuss HPC and IPC with respect to their historical development and advancements in our understanding of the neurochemical basis for their neuroprotective role. Through decades of collaborative research and studies of HPC and IPC in other organ systems, our understanding of HPC and IPC-induced neuroprotection has expanded to include: early- (phosphorylation targets, transporter regulation, interfering RNA) and late- (regulation of genes like EPO, VEGF, and iNOS) phase changes, regulators of programmed cell death, members of metabolic pathways, receptor modulators, and many other novel targets. The rapid acceleration in our understanding of HPC and IPC will help facilitate transition into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Adam Hafeez
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fatima Noorulla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Neurology, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guo Shao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Ren
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guowei Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xunming Ji
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypoxic Conditioning Translational Medicine, Xuan Wu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Beijing, China.
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Biasutto L, Azzolini M, Szabò I, Zoratti M. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore in AD 2016: An update. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1863:2515-30. [PMID: 26902508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 30years the mitochondrial permeability transition - the permeabilization of the inner mitochondrial membrane due to the opening of a wide pore - has progressed from being considered a curious artifact induced in isolated mitochondria by Ca(2+) and phosphate to a key cell-death-inducing process in several major pathologies. Its relevance is by now universally acknowledged and a pharmacology targeting the phenomenon is being developed. The molecular nature of the pore remains to this day uncertain, but progress has recently been made with the identification of the FOF1 ATP synthase as the probable proteic substrate. Researchers sharing this conviction are however divided into two camps: these believing that only the ATP synthase dimers or oligomers can form the pore, presumably in the contact region between monomers, and those who consider that the ring-forming c subunits in the FO sector actually constitute the walls of the pore. The latest development is the emergence of a new candidate: Spastic Paraplegia 7 (SPG7), a mitochondrial AAA-type membrane protease which forms a 6-stave barrel. This review summarizes recent developments of research on the pathophysiological relevance and on the molecular nature of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Mitochondrial Channels edited by Pierre Sonveaux, Pierre Maechler and Jean-Claude Martinou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Azzolini
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biology, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Zoratti
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy; University of Padova, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35121 Padova, Italy.
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Pedata F, Dettori I, Coppi E, Melani A, Fusco I, Corradetti R, Pugliese AM. Purinergic signalling in brain ischemia. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:105-30. [PMID: 26581499 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia is a multifactorial pathology characterized by different events evolving in the time. After ischemia a primary damage due to the early massive increase of extracellular glutamate is followed by activation of resident immune cells, i.e microglia, and production or activation of inflammation mediators. Protracted neuroinflammation is now recognized as the predominant mechanism of secondary brain injury progression. Extracellular concentrations of ATP and adenosine in the brain increase dramatically during ischemia in concentrations able to stimulate their respective specific P2 and P1 receptors. Both ATP P2 and adenosine P1 receptor subtypes exert important roles in ischemia. Although adenosine exerts a clear neuroprotective effect through A1 receptors during ischemia, the use of selective A1 agonists is hampered by undesirable peripheral effects. Evidence up to now in literature indicate that A2A receptor antagonists provide protection centrally by reducing excitotoxicity, while agonists at A2A (and possibly also A2B) and A3 receptors provide protection by controlling massive infiltration and neuroinflammation in the hours and days after brain ischemia. Among P2X receptors most evidence indicate that P2X7 receptor contribute to the damage induced by the ischemic insult due to intracellular Ca(2+) loading in central cells and facilitation of glutamate release. Antagonism of P2X7 receptors might represent a new treatment to attenuate brain damage and to promote proliferation and maturation of brain immature resident cells that can promote tissue repair following cerebral ischemia. Among P2Y receptors, antagonists of P2Y12 receptors are of value because of their antiplatelet activity and possibly because of additional anti-inflammatory effects. Moreover strategies that modify adenosine or ATP concentrations at injury sites might be of value to limit damage after ischemia. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicita Pedata
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Dettori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Coppi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessia Melani
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Fusco
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Renato Corradetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Pugliese
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Brassai A, Suvanjeiev RG, Bán EG, Lakatos M. Role of synaptic and nonsynaptic glutamate receptors in ischaemia induced neurotoxicity. Brain Res Bull 2015; 112:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tocco A, Pinson B, Thiébaud P, Thézé N, Massé K. Comparative genomic and expression analysis of the adenosine signaling pathway members in Xenopus. Purinergic Signal 2014; 11:59-77. [PMID: 25319637 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-014-9431-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is an endogenous molecule that regulates many physiological processes via the activation of four specific G-protein-coupled ADORA receptors. Extracellular adenosine may originate either from the hydrolysis of released ATP by the ectonucleotidases or from cellular exit via the equilibrative nucleoside transporters (SLC29A). Adenosine extracellular concentration is also regulated by its successive hydrolysis into uric acid by membrane-bound enzymes or by cell influx via the concentrative nucleoside transporters (SLC28A). All of these members constitute the adenosine signaling pathway and regulate adenosine functions. Although the roles of this pathway are quite well understood in adults, little is known regarding its functions during vertebrate embryogenesis. We have used Xenopus laevis as a model system to provide a comparative expression map of the different members of this pathway during vertebrate development. We report the characterization of the different enzymes, receptors, and nucleoside transporters in both X. laevis and X. tropicalis, and we demonstrate by phylogenetic analyses the high level of conservation of these members between amphibians and mammals. A thorough expression analysis of these members during development and in the adult frog reveals that each member displays distinct specific expression patterns. These data suggest potentially different developmental roles for these proteins and therefore for extracellular adenosine. In addition, we show that adenosine levels during amphibian embryogenesis are very low, confirming that they must be tightly controlled for normal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Tocco
- Université de Bordeaux, CIRID UMR 5164, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
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