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Koponen ME, Forget P. Pharmacological Interventions for Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia: A Scoping Review of Preclinical Trials. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237060. [PMID: 36498635 PMCID: PMC9735807 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid analgesics are the most effective pharmacological agents for moderate and severe pain. However, opioid use has several limitations such as opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH), which refers to the increased pain sensitivity that occurs once analgesia wears off after opioid administration. Several pharmacological interventions have been suggested for OIH, but the current literature does not provide guidelines on which interventions are the most effective and whether they differ depending on the opioid that induces hyperalgesia. This scoping review aimed to identify and describe all the preclinical trials investigating pharmacological interventions for OIH caused by remifentanil, fentanyl, or morphine as the first step towards evaluating whether the most effective OIH interventions are different for different opioids. METHODS Electronic database searches were carried out in Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science. Detailed data extraction was conducted on the eligible trials. RESULTS 72 trials were eligible for the review. Of these, 27 trials investigated remifentanil, 14 trials investigated fentanyl, and 31 trials investigated morphine. A total of 82 interventions were identified. The most studied interventions were ketamine (eight trials) and gabapentin (four trials). The majority of the interventions were studied in only one trial. The most common mechanism suggested for the interventions was inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. CONCLUSION This scoping review identified plenty of preclinical trials investigating pharmacological interventions for OIH. Using the current literature, it is not possible to directly compare the effectiveness of the interventions. Hence, to identify the most effective interventions for each opioid, the interventions must be indirectly compared in a meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Elena Koponen
- Neuroscience with Psychology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrice Forget
- Epidemiology Group, Institute of Applied Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
- Department of Anaesthesia, National Health Service (NHS) Grampian, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK
- Pain and Opioids after Surgery (PANDOS) European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (ESAIC) Research Group, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Tian Z, Feng B, Wang XQ, Tian J. Focusing on cyclin-dependent kinases 5: A potential target for neurological disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1030639. [PMID: 36438186 PMCID: PMC9687395 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1030639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases 5 (Cdk5) is a special member of proline-directed serine threonine kinase family. Unlike other Cdks, Cdk5 is not directly involved in cell cycle regulation but plays important roles in nervous system functions. Under physiological conditions, the activity of Cdk5 is tightly controlled by p35 or p39, which are specific activators of Cdk5 and highly expressed in post-mitotic neurons. However, they will be cleaved into the corresponding truncated forms namely p25 and p29 under pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases and neurotoxic insults. The binding to truncated co-activators results in aberrant Cdk5 activity and contributes to the initiation and progression of multiple neurological disorders through affecting the down-stream targets. Although Cdk5 kinase activity is mainly regulated through combining with co-activators, it is not the only way. Post-translational modifications of Cdk5 including phosphorylation, S-nitrosylation, sumoylation, and acetylation can also affect its kinase activity and then participate in physiological and pathological processes of nervous system. In this review, we focus on the regulatory mechanisms of Cdk5 and its roles in a series of common neurological disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, anxiety/depression, pathological pain and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Tian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Pharmacy, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xing-Qin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Tian
- Department of Infection, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, The First Batch of Key Disciplines On Public Health in Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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Abstract
The chronification of pain can be attributed to changes in membrane receptors and channels underlying neuronal plasticity and signal transduction largely within nociceptive neurons that initiate and maintain pathological pain states. These proteins are subject to dynamic modification by posttranslational modifications, creating a code that controls protein function in time and space. Phosphorylation is an important posttranslational modification that affects ∼30% of proteins in vivo. Increased phosphorylation of various nociceptive ion channels and of their modulators underlies sensitization of different pain states. Cyclin-dependent kinases are proline-directed serine/threonine kinases that impact various biological and cellular systems. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), one member of this kinase family, and its activators p35 and p39 are expressed in spinal nerves, dorsal root ganglia, and the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. In neuropathic pain conditions, expression and/or activity of Cdk5 is increased, implicating Cdk5 in nociception. Experimental evidence suggests that Cdk5 is regulated through its own phosphorylation, through increasing p35's interaction with Cdk5, and through cleavage of p35 into p25. This narrative review discusses the molecular mechanisms of Cdk5-mediated regulation of target proteins involved in neuropathic pain. We focus on Cdk5 substrates that have been linked to nociceptive pathways, including channels (eg, transient receptor potential cation channel and voltage-gated calcium channel), proteins involved in neurotransmitter release (eg, synaptophysin and collapsin response mediator protein 2), and receptors (eg, glutamate, purinergic, and opioid). By altering the phosphoregulatory "set point" of proteins involved in pain signaling, Cdk5 thus appears to be an attractive target for treating neuropathic pain conditions.
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Zhong Y, Chen J, Chen J, Chen Y, Li L, Xie Y. Crosstalk between Cdk5/p35 and ERK1/2 signalling mediates spinal astrocyte activity via the PPARγ pathway in a rat model of chronic constriction injury. J Neurochem 2019; 151:166-184. [PMID: 31314915 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The specific mechanisms underlying cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5)-mediated neuropathic pain at the spinal cord level remain elusive. The aim of the present study was to explore the role of crosstalk between Cdk5/p35 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signalling in mediating spinal astrocyte activity via the PPARγ pathway in a rat model of chronic constriction injury (CCI). Here, we quantified pain behaviour after CCI; detected the localization of p35, Cdk5, phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2), phosphorylated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (pPPARγ), neuronal nuclei (a neuronal marker), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, an activated astrocyte marker) and ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (a microglial marker) in the dorsal horn using immunofluorescence; measured the protein levels of Cdk5, p35, pERK1/2, pPPARγ and GFAP using western blot analysis; and gauged the enzyme activity of Cdk5/p35 kinase using a Cdk5/p35 kinase activity assay kit. Tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Ligation of the right sciatic nerve induced mechanical allodynia; thermal hyperalgesia; and the time-dependent upregulation of p35, pERK1/2 and GFAP and downregulation of pPPARγ. p35 colocalized with Cdk5, pERK1/2, pPPARγ, neurons and astrocytes but not microglia. Meanwhile, intrathecal injection of the Cdk5 inhibitor roscovitine, the mitogen-activated ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126 and the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone prevented or reversed behavioural allodynia, increased pPPARγ expression, inhibited astrocyte activation and alleviated proinflammatory cytokine (tumour necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) release from activated astrocytes. Furthermore, crosstalk between the Cdk5/p35 and ERK1/2 pathways was observed with CCI. Blockade of either Cdk5/p35 or ERK1/2 inhibited Cdk5 activity. These findings indicate that spinal crosstalk between the Cdk5/p35 and ERK1/2 pathways mediates astrocyte activity via the PPARγ pathway in CCI rats and that targeting this crosstalk could be an effective strategy to attenuate CCI and astrocyte-derived neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yubo Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P. R. China
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Cortés N, Guzmán-Martínez L, Andrade V, González A, Maccioni RB. CDK5: A Unique CDK and Its Multiple Roles in the Nervous System. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 68:843-855. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Cortés
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán-Martínez
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Andrade
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea González
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo B. Maccioni
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- International Center for Biomedicine (ICC), Santiago, Chile
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, East Campus, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Mechanisms of acute and chronic pain after surgery: update from findings in experimental animal models. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2019; 31:575-585. [PMID: 30028733 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0000000000000646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Management of postoperative pain is still a major issue and relevant mechanisms need to be investigated. In preclinical research, substantial progress has been made, for example, by establishing specific rodent models of postoperative pain. By reviewing most recent preclinical studies in animals related to postoperative, incisional pain, we outline the currently available surgical-related pain models, discuss assessment methods for pain-relevant behavior and their shortcomings to reflect the clinical situation, delineate some novel clinical-relevant mechanisms for postoperative pain, and point toward future needs. RECENT FINDINGS Since the development of the first rodent model of postoperative, incisional pain almost 20 years ago, numerous variations and some procedure-specific models have been emerged including some conceivably relevant for investigating prolonged, chronic pain after surgery. Many mechanisms have been investigated by using these models; most recent studies focussed on endogenous descending inhibition and opioid-induced hyperalgesia. However, surgical models beyond the classical incision model have so far been used only in exceptional cases, and clinical relevant behavioral pain assays are still rarely utilized. SUMMARY Pathophysiological mechanisms of pain after surgery are increasingly discovered, but utilization of pain behavior assays are only sparsely able to reflect clinical-relevant aspects of acute and chronic postoperative pain in patients.
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Chidambaran V, Zhang X, Geisler K, Stubbeman BL, Chen X, Weirauch MT, Meller J, Ji H. Enrichment of Genomic Pathways Based on Differential DNA Methylation Associated With Chronic Postsurgical Pain and Anxiety in Children: A Prospective, Pilot Study. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 20:771-785. [PMID: 30639570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have reported child anxiety sensitivity (Child Anxiety Sensitivity Index [CASI]) predicts chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP). Herein, we evaluated DNA methylation profiles to understand the gene-environment interactions underlying CPSP and CASI, to identify shared, enriched, genomic pathways. In 73 prospectively recruited adolescents undergoing spine fusion, preoperative CASI and pain data over 12 months after surgery were collected. DNA from the peripheral blood of evaluable subjects with (n = 16) and without CPSP (n = 40) were analyzed using MethylationEPIC arrays. We identified 637 and 2,445 differentially DNA methylated positions (DMPs) associated with CPSP and CASI, respectively (P ≤ .05). Ingenuity pathway analysis of 39 genes with DMPs for both CPSP and CASI revealed enrichment of several canonical pathways, including GABA receptor (P = .00016 for CPSP; P =.0008 for CASI) and dopamine-DARPP32 feedback in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (P = .004 for CPSP and P =.00003 for CASI) signaling. Gene-gene interaction network enrichment analysis revealed participation of pathways in cell signaling, molecular transport, metabolism, and neurologic diseases (P < 10-8). Bioinformatic approaches to identify histone marks and transcription factor (TF) binding events underlying DMPs, showed their location in active regulatory regions in pain pathway relevant brain cells. Using Enrichr/Pinet enrichment and Library of Integrated Network-Based Cellular Signatures knockdown signatures, we identified TFs regulating genes with DMPs in association with CPSP and CASI. In conclusion, we identified epigenetically enriched pathways associated with CPSP and anxiety sensitivity in children undergoing surgery. Our findings support GABA hypofunction and the roles of the dopamine-DARPP32 pathway in emotion/reward and pain. This pilot study provides new epigenetic insights into the pathophysiology of CPSP and a basis for future studies in biomarker development and targetable interventions. PERSPECTIVE: Differential DNA methylation in regulatory genomic regions enriching shared neural pathways were associated with CPSP and CASI in adolescents undergoing spine surgery. Our findings support GABA hypofunction and the roles of the dopamine-DARPP32 pathway in emotion/reward contributing to behavioral maintenance of pain 10 to 12 months after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Chidambaran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - Xue Zhang
- Pyrosequencing core for genomic and epigenomic research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Kristie Geisler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Bobbie L Stubbeman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew T Weirauch
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jarek Meller
- Divisions of Biomedical Informatics and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Hong Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati; Division of Asthma Research, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio
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8
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Prochazkova M, Hall B, Hu M, Okine T, Reukauf J, Binukumar BK, Amin ND, Roque E, Pant HC, Kulkarni A. Peripheral and orofacial pain sensation is unaffected by the loss of p39. Mol Pain 2017; 13:1744806917737205. [PMID: 28969475 PMCID: PMC5656108 DOI: 10.1177/1744806917737205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdk5 is a key neuronal kinase necessary for proper brain development, which has recently been implicated in modulating nociception. Conditional deletion of Cdk5 in pain-sensing neurons attenuates pain responses to heat in both the periphery and orofacial regions. Cdk5 activity is regulated by binding to the activators p35 and p39, both of which possess a cyclin box. Our previous examination of the nociceptive role of the well-characterized Cdk5 activator p35 using mice that either lack or overexpress this regulatory subunit demonstrated that Cdk5/p35 activity affects mechanical, chemical, and thermal nociception. In contrast, the nociceptive role of Cdk5’s other less-studied activator p39 is unknown. Here, we report that the knockout of p39 in mice did not affect orofacial and peripheral nociception. The lack of any algesic response to nociceptive stimuli in the p39 knockout mice contrasts with the hypoalgesic effects that result from the deletion of p35. Our data demonstrate different and nonoverlapping roles of Cdk5 activators in the regulation of orofacial as well as peripheral nociception with a crucial role for Cdk5/p35 in pain signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Prochazkova
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | - Bradford Hall
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | - Minghan Hu
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | - Tracy Okine
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | - Jennifer Reukauf
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | - B K Binukumar
- Neuronal Cytoskeletal Protein Regulation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Niranjana D Amin
- Neuronal Cytoskeletal Protein Regulation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health
| | - Eva Roque
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research
| | - Harish C Pant
- Neuronal Cytoskeletal Protein Regulation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health
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Liu Y, Ni Y, Zhang W, Sun YE, Ma Z, Gu X. N-acetyl-cysteine attenuates remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia via inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-9 in dorsal root ganglia. Oncotarget 2017; 8:16988-17001. [PMID: 28199982 PMCID: PMC5370016 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia (RIH) remains a clinical challenge because the mechanisms are not fully understood. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) is a key component in neuroinflammation because of its facilitation of pro-inflammatory cytokine maturation. Therefore, inhibition of MMP-9 may represent a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of RIH. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: Control, Incision and Remifentanil. A right plantar surgical incision was performed in Group Incision, and intraoperative remifentanil (0.04 mg/kg, 0.4 ml) was infused subcutaneously for 30 min in Group Remifentanil. The results indicated that intraoperative remifentanil induced an up-regulation and activation of MMP-9 in DRGs but not spinal cords. MMP-9 was expressed primarily in DRG neurons co-expressing mu opioid receptors (MOR), and elicited interleukin-1β (IL-1β) cleavage in DRG neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs). Intraperitoneal injection of N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), a broadly used safe drug, significantly attenuated RIH via suppressing the activation of MMP-9 in DRGs. NAC inhibited the cleavage of IL-1β in DRGs, which is a critical substrate of MMP-9, and markedly suppressed glial activation and neuron excitability in spinal dorsal horn induced by remifentanil. These results demonstrated that NAC can effectively alleviate RIH via powerfully inhibiting MMP-9 activation in DRGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuan Ni
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-E Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China
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Ye L, Xiao L, Yang SY, Duan JJ, Chen Y, Cui Y, Chen Y. Cathepsin S in the spinal microglia contributes to remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia in rats. Neuroscience 2017; 344:265-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Ye L, Xiao L, Bai X, Yang SY, Li Y, Chen Y, Cui Y, Chen Y. Spinal mitochondrial-derived ROS contributes to remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia via modulating NMDA receptor in rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 634:79-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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GluN2B N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and excitatory amino acid transporter 3 are upregulated in primary sensory neurons after 7 days of morphine administration in rats: implication for opiate-induced hyperalgesia. Pain 2016; 157:147-158. [PMID: 26335908 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of the peripheral nervous system to opiate-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) is not well understood. In this study, we determined the changes in excitability of primary sensory neurons after sustained morphine administration for 7 days. Changes in the expression of glutamate receptors and glutamate transporters after morphine administration were ascertained in dorsal root ganglions. Patch clamp recordings from intact dorsal root ganglions (ex vivo preparation) of morphine-treated rats showed increased excitability of small diameter (≤30 μm) neurons with respect to rheobase and membrane threshold, whereas the excitability of large diameter (>30 μm) neurons remained unchanged. Small diameter neurons also displayed increased responses to glutamate, which were mediated mainly by GluN2B containing N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and to a lesser degree by the neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter 3/excitatory amino acid carrier 1. Coadministration in vivo of the GluN2B selective antagonist Ro 25-6981 with morphine for 7 days prevented the appearance of OIH and increased morphine-induced analgesia. Administration of morphine for 7 days led to an increased expression of GluN2B and excitatory amino acid transporter 3/excitatory amino acid carrier 1, but not of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate, kainate, or group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, or of the vesicular glutamate transporter 2. These results suggest that peripheral glutamatergic neurotransmission contributes to OIH and that GluN2B subunit of NMDA receptors in the periphery may be a target for therapy.
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Wang Z, Yuan Y, Xie K, Tang X, Zhang L, Ao J, Li N, Zhang Y, Guo S, Wang G. PICK1 Regulates the Expression and Trafficking of AMPA Receptors in Remifentanil-Induced Hyperalgesia. Anesth Analg 2016; 123:771-81. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000001442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Rozas P, Lazcano P, Piña R, Cho A, Terse A, Pertusa M, Madrid R, Gonzalez-Billault C, Kulkarni AB, Utreras E. Targeted overexpression of tumor necrosis factor-α increases cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activity and TRPV1-dependent Ca2+ influx in trigeminal neurons. Pain 2016; 157:1346-1362. [PMID: 26894912 PMCID: PMC4868804 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We reported earlier that TNF-α, a proinflammatory cytokine implicated in many inflammatory disorders causing orofacial pain, increases the activity of Cdk5, a key kinase involved in brain development and function and recently found to be involved in pain signaling. To investigate a potential mechanism underlying inflammatory pain in trigeminal ganglia (TGs), we engineered a transgenic mouse model (TNF) that can conditionally overexpresses TNF-α upon genomic recombination by Cre recombinase. TNF mice were bred with Nav1.8-Cre mouse line that expresses the Cre recombinase in sensory neurons to obtain TNF-α:Nav1.8-Cre (TNF-α cTg) mice. Although TNF-α cTg mice appeared normal without any gross phenotype, they displayed a significant increase in TNF-α levels after activation of NFκB signaling in the TG. IL-6 and MCP-1 levels were also increased along with intense immunostaining for Iba1 and GFAP in TG, indicating the presence of infiltrating macrophages and the activation of satellite glial cells. TNF-α cTg mice displayed increased trigeminal Cdk5 activity, and this increase was associated with elevated levels of phospho-T407-TRPV1 and capsaicin-evocated Ca influx in cultured trigeminal neurons. Remarkably, this effect was prevented by roscovitine, an inhibitor of Cdk5, which suggests that TNF-α overexpression induced sensitization of the TRPV1 channel. Furthermore, TNF-α cTg mice displayed more aversive behavior to noxious thermal stimulation (45°C) of the face in an operant pain assessment device as compared with control mice. In summary, TNF-α overexpression in the sensory neurons of TNF-α cTg mice results in inflammatory sensitization and increased Cdk5 activity; therefore, this mouse model would be valuable for investigating the mechanism of TNF-α involved in orofacial pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Rozas
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Pain, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Cellular and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Lazcano
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Pain, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratory of Cellular and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Piña
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew Cho
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anita Terse
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Pertusa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Madrid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian Gonzalez-Billault
- Laboratory of Cellular and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ashok B. Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elias Utreras
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Pain, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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15
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Xie G, Liao M, Wang B, Zhang C. Determination of Roscovitine Enantiomeric Purity by HPLC on Chiral Stationary Phase. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Meijer L, Nelson DJ, Riazanski V, Gabdoulkhakova AG, Hery-Arnaud G, Le Berre R, Loaëc N, Oumata N, Galons H, Nowak E, Gueganton L, Dorothée G, Prochazkova M, Hall B, Kulkarni AB, Gray RD, Rossi AG, Witko-Sarsat V, Norez C, Becq F, Ravel D, Mottier D, Rault G. Modulating Innate and Adaptive Immunity by (R)-Roscovitine: Potential Therapeutic Opportunity in Cystic Fibrosis. J Innate Immun 2016; 8:330-49. [PMID: 26987072 DOI: 10.1159/000444256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(R)-Roscovitine, a pharmacological inhibitor of kinases, is currently in phase II clinical trial as a drug candidate for the treatment of cancers, Cushing's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. We here review the data that support the investigation of (R)-roscovitine as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF). (R)-Roscovitine displays four independent properties that may favorably combine against CF: (1) it partially protects F508del-CFTR from proteolytic degradation and favors its trafficking to the plasma membrane; (2) by increasing membrane targeting of the TRPC6 ion channel, it rescues acidification in phagolysosomes of CF alveolar macrophages (which show abnormally high pH) and consequently restores their bactericidal activity; (3) its effects on neutrophils (induction of apoptosis), eosinophils (inhibition of degranulation/induction of apoptosis) and lymphocytes (modification of the Th17/Treg balance in favor of the differentiation of anti-inflammatory lymphocytes and reduced production of various interleukins, notably IL-17A) contribute to the resolution of inflammation and restoration of innate immunity, and (4) roscovitine displays analgesic properties in animal pain models. The fact that (R)-roscovitine has undergone extensive preclinical safety/pharmacology studies, and phase I and II clinical trials in cancer patients, encourages its repurposing as a CF drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Meijer
- Centre de Perharidy, ManRos Therapeutics, Roscoff, France
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17
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants). This paper is the thirty-seventh consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2014 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (endogenous opioids and receptors), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (pain and analgesia); stress and social status (human studies); tolerance and dependence (opioid mediation of other analgesic responses); learning and memory (stress and social status); eating and drinking (stress-induced analgesia); alcohol and drugs of abuse (emotional responses in opioid-mediated behaviors); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (opioid involvement in stress response regulation); mental illness and mood (tolerance and dependence); seizures and neurologic disorders (learning and memory); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (opiates and conditioned place preferences (CPP)); general activity and locomotion (eating and drinking); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (alcohol and drugs of abuse); cardiovascular responses (opiates and ethanol); respiration and thermoregulation (opiates and THC); and immunological responses (opiates and stimulants).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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18
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Cicenas J, Kalyan K, Sorokinas A, Stankunas E, Levy J, Meskinyte I, Stankevicius V, Kaupinis A, Valius M. Roscovitine in cancer and other diseases. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015. [PMID: 26207228 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.03.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Roscovitine [CY-202, (R)-Roscovitine, Seliciclib] is a small molecule that inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) through direct competition at the ATP-binding site. It is a broad-range purine inhibitor, which inhibits CDK1, CDK2, CDK5 and CDK7, but is a poor inhibitor for CDK4 and CDK6. Roscovitine is widely used as a biological tool in cell cycle, cancer, apoptosis and neurobiology studies. Moreover, it is currently evaluated as a potential drug to treat cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, viral infections, polycystic kidney disease and glomerulonephritis. This review focuses on the use of roscovitine in the disease model as well as clinical model research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Cicenas
- 1 CALIPHO Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland ; 2 MAP Kinase Resource, Bern, Switzerland ; 3 Proteomics Centre, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 4 Systems Biomedicine Division and Department of Virology and Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training Research and Testing, Mumbai, India ; 5 Department of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 6 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA ; 7 Lithuanian Centre of Non-Formal Youth Education Vilnius, Lithuania ; 8 National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 9 Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karthik Kalyan
- 1 CALIPHO Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland ; 2 MAP Kinase Resource, Bern, Switzerland ; 3 Proteomics Centre, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 4 Systems Biomedicine Division and Department of Virology and Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training Research and Testing, Mumbai, India ; 5 Department of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 6 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA ; 7 Lithuanian Centre of Non-Formal Youth Education Vilnius, Lithuania ; 8 National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 9 Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aleksandras Sorokinas
- 1 CALIPHO Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland ; 2 MAP Kinase Resource, Bern, Switzerland ; 3 Proteomics Centre, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 4 Systems Biomedicine Division and Department of Virology and Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training Research and Testing, Mumbai, India ; 5 Department of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 6 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA ; 7 Lithuanian Centre of Non-Formal Youth Education Vilnius, Lithuania ; 8 National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 9 Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Stankunas
- 1 CALIPHO Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland ; 2 MAP Kinase Resource, Bern, Switzerland ; 3 Proteomics Centre, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 4 Systems Biomedicine Division and Department of Virology and Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training Research and Testing, Mumbai, India ; 5 Department of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 6 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA ; 7 Lithuanian Centre of Non-Formal Youth Education Vilnius, Lithuania ; 8 National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 9 Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Josh Levy
- 1 CALIPHO Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland ; 2 MAP Kinase Resource, Bern, Switzerland ; 3 Proteomics Centre, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 4 Systems Biomedicine Division and Department of Virology and Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training Research and Testing, Mumbai, India ; 5 Department of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 6 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA ; 7 Lithuanian Centre of Non-Formal Youth Education Vilnius, Lithuania ; 8 National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 9 Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ingrida Meskinyte
- 1 CALIPHO Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland ; 2 MAP Kinase Resource, Bern, Switzerland ; 3 Proteomics Centre, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 4 Systems Biomedicine Division and Department of Virology and Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training Research and Testing, Mumbai, India ; 5 Department of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 6 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA ; 7 Lithuanian Centre of Non-Formal Youth Education Vilnius, Lithuania ; 8 National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 9 Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaidotas Stankevicius
- 1 CALIPHO Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland ; 2 MAP Kinase Resource, Bern, Switzerland ; 3 Proteomics Centre, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 4 Systems Biomedicine Division and Department of Virology and Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training Research and Testing, Mumbai, India ; 5 Department of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 6 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA ; 7 Lithuanian Centre of Non-Formal Youth Education Vilnius, Lithuania ; 8 National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 9 Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Algirdas Kaupinis
- 1 CALIPHO Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland ; 2 MAP Kinase Resource, Bern, Switzerland ; 3 Proteomics Centre, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 4 Systems Biomedicine Division and Department of Virology and Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training Research and Testing, Mumbai, India ; 5 Department of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 6 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA ; 7 Lithuanian Centre of Non-Formal Youth Education Vilnius, Lithuania ; 8 National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 9 Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Valius
- 1 CALIPHO Group, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland ; 2 MAP Kinase Resource, Bern, Switzerland ; 3 Proteomics Centre, Vilnius University Institute of Biochemistry, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 4 Systems Biomedicine Division and Department of Virology and Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training Research and Testing, Mumbai, India ; 5 Department of Biochemistry, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 6 RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA ; 7 Lithuanian Centre of Non-Formal Youth Education Vilnius, Lithuania ; 8 National Cancer Institute, Vilnius, Lithuania ; 9 Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
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19
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Lu C, Shi L, Zhang J, Kong M, Liu Y, Zhou Y, Xu L, He J, Ma Z, Gu X. Neuron-restrictive silencer factor in periaqueductal gray contributes to remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia via repression of the mu-opioid receptor. J Neurol Sci 2015; 352:48-52. [PMID: 25819118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ultra-short-acting mu-opioid receptor (MOR) agonist remifentanil induces postoperative hyperalgesia both in preclinical and clinical research studies. However, the precise mechanisms remain unclear, although changes in opioid receptor expression might be a correlative feature. Neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) functions as a crucial regulator of MOR expression in specific neuronal cells. Using a mouse model of incisional postoperative pain, we assessed the expression of MOR and NRSF and investigated whether disruption of NRSF expression could prevent the postoperative nociceptive sensitization induced by surgical incision and subcutaneous infusion of remifentanil. METHODS Paw withdrawal mechanical threshold (PWMT) and paw withdrawal thermal latency (PWTL) were independently used to assess mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia after surgery and cerebral ventricle injection of NRSF antisense oligonucleotide. Western blotting analyses were preformed to assess the expression levels of MOR and NRSF. RESULTS NRSF expression levels were enhanced after intraoperative infusion of remifentanil, resulting in repression of MOR expression in the periaqueductal gray (PAG). NRSF blockade with an NRSF antisense oligonucleotide significantly enhanced the expression levels of MOR and alleviated mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia induced by intraoperative infusion of remifentanil. CONCLUSION NRSF functions as a negative regulator of MOR in PAG and contributes to remifentanil-induced postoperative hyperalgesia. NRSF in PAG may be a potential target for this pain therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui'e Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Linyu Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Mingjian Kong
- Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province China.
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jianhua He
- Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province China.
| | - Zhengliang Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Medical College of Nanjing University, 321 Zhong Shan North Road, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
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