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Zafrilla-López M, Acosta-Díez M, Mitjans M, Giménez-Palomo A, Saiz PA, Barrot-Feixat C, Jiménez E, Papiol S, Ruiz V, Gavín P, García-Portilla MP, González-Blanco L, Bobes J, Schulze TG, Vieta E, Benabarre A, Arias B. Lithium response in bipolar disorder: Epigenome-wide DNA methylation signatures and epigenetic aging. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 85:23-31. [PMID: 38669938 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is the first-line treatment for bipolar disorder (BD) even though only 30 % of BD patients are considered excellent responders. The mechanisms by which Li exerts its action are not clearly understood, but it has been suggested that specific epigenetic mechanisms, such as methylation processes, may play a role. In this regard, DNA methylation patterns can be used to estimate epigenetic age (EpiAge), which is accelerated in BD patients and reversed by Li treatment. Our first aim was to compare the DNA methylation profile in peripheral blood between BD patients categorized as excellent responders to Li (Ex-Rp) and non-responders (N-Rp). Secondly, EpiAge was estimated to detect differential age acceleration between the two groups. A total of 130 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and 16 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between Ex-Rp (n = 26) and N-Rp (n = 37) were identified (FDR adjusted p-value < 0.05). We found 122 genes mapping the DMPs and DMRs, nine of which (HOXB6, HOXB3, HOXB-AS3, TENM2, CACNA1B, ANK3, EEF2K, CYP1A1, and SORCS2) had previously been linked to Li response. We found genes related to the GSK3β pathway to be highly represented. Using FUMA, we found enrichment in Gene Ontology Cell Component for the synapse. Gene network analysis highlighted functions related to the cell cycle, nervous system development and function, and gene expression. No significant differences in age acceleration were found between Ex-Rp and N-Rp for any of the epigenetic clocks analysed. Our findings indicate that a specific methylation pattern could determine the response to Li in BD patients. We also found that a significant portion of the differentially methylated genes are closely associated with the GSK3β pathway, reinforcing the role of this system in Li response. Future longitudinal studies with larger samples will help to elucidate the epigenetic mechanisms underlying Li response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Zafrilla-López
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Acosta-Díez
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Mitjans
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Anna Giménez-Palomo
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Psychiatry and Psychology Service, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar A Saiz
- Department of Psychiatry, Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ester Jiménez
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Psychiatry and Psychology Service, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergi Papiol
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Victoria Ruiz
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Psychiatry and Psychology Service, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrícia Gavín
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Psychiatry and Psychology Service, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Paz García-Portilla
- Department of Psychiatry, Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia González-Blanco
- Department of Psychiatry, Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Bobes
- Department of Psychiatry, Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Psychiatry and Psychology Service, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Benabarre
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Psychiatry and Psychology Service, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Arias
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Haupt M, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Lithium beyond psychiatric indications: the reincarnation of a new old drug. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2383-2387. [PMID: 33907010 PMCID: PMC8374558 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.313015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium has been used in the treatment of bipolar disorders for decades, but the exact mechanisms of action remain elusive to this day. Recent evidence suggests that lithium is critically involved in a variety of signaling pathways affecting apoptosis, inflammation, and neurogenesis, all of which contributing to the complex pathophysiology of various neurological diseases. As a matter of fact, preclinical work reports both acute and long-term neuroprotection in distinct neurological disease models such as Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer’s disease, and ischemic stroke. Lithium treatment reduces cell injury, decreases α-synuclein aggregation and Tau protein phosphorylation, modulates inflammation and even stimulates neuroregeneration under experimental conditions of Parkinson’s disease, traumatic brain injury, and Alzheimer’s disease. The therapeutic impact of lithium under conditions of ischemic stroke was also studied in numerous preclinical in vitro and in vivo studies, giving rise to a randomized double-blind clinical stroke trial. The preclinic data revealed a lithium-induced upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins such as B-cell lymphoma 2, heat shock protein 70, and activated protein 1, resulting in decreased neuronal cell loss. Lithium, however, does not only yield postischemic neuroprotection but also enhances endogenous neuroregeneration by stimulating neural stem cell proliferation and by regulating distinct signaling pathways such as the RE1-silencing transcription factor. In line with this, lithium treatment has been shown to modulate postischemic cytokine secretion patterns, diminishing microglial activation and stabilizing blood-brain barrier integrity yielding reduced levels of neuroinflammation. The aforementioned observations culminated in a first clinical trial, which revealed an improved motor recovery in patients with cortical stroke after lithium treatment. Beside its well-known psychiatric indications, lithium is thus a promising neuroprotective candidate for the aforementioned neurological diseases. A detailed understanding of the lithium-induced mechanisms, however, is important for prospective clinical trials which may pave the way for a successful bench-to-bedside translation in the future. In this review, we will give an overview of lithium-induced neuroprotective mechanisms under various pathological conditions, with special emphasis on ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Haupt
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Neurology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Neurology, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- University Medical Center Göttingen, Department of Neurology, Göttingen, Germany
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De-Paula VJ, Dos Santos CCC, Luque MCA, Ali TM, Kalil JE, Forlenza OV, Cunha-Neto E. Acute and chronic lithium treatment increases Wnt/β-catenin transcripts in cortical and hippocampal tissue at therapeutic concentrations in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:193-197. [PMID: 33170418 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lithium activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling leading to stabilization of free cytosolic β-catenin. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the in vivo effect of acute and chronic lithium treatment on the expression of β-catenin target genes, addressing its transcripts HIG2, Bcl-xL, Cyclin D1, c-myc, in cortical and hippocampal tissue from adult mice. Lithium doses were established to yield therapeutic working concentrations. In acute treatment, mice received a 300µL of a 350 mg/kg solution of LiCl by gavage, and were euthanized after 2 h, 6 h and 12 h. To determine the effect of chronic treatment, animals were continuously fed either with chow supplemented with 2 g/kg Li2CO3, or regular chow (controls), being euthanized after 30 days. All animals had access to drinking water and 0.9% saline ad libitum. After acute and chronic treatments samples of peripheral blood were obtained from the tail vein for each animal, and serum concentrations of lithium were determined. All transcripts were up-regulated in cortical and hippocampal tissues of lithium-treated mice, both under acute and chronic treatments. There was a positive correlation between serum lithium concentrations and the increment in the expression of all transcripts. This effect was observed in all time points of the acute treatment (i.e., 2, 6 and 12 hours) and also after 30 days. We conclude that Wnt/β-catenin transcriptional response (HIG2, Bcl-xL, Cyclin D1 and c-myc) is up-regulated in the mouse brain in response to acute and chronic lithium treatment at therapeutic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa J De-Paula
- Laboratório de Psicobiologia (LIM23), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil.
- Laboratorio de Neurociências (LIM27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil.
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Carla Cristine C Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia (LIM60), Divisão de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Carolina A Luque
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia (LIM60), Divisão de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Taccyana M Ali
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia (LIM60), Divisão de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Sao Paulo, Brasil
| | - Jorge E Kalil
- Laboratorio de Neurociências (LIM27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Sao Paulo, Brasil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia (LIM60), Divisão de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil
- Laboratorio de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, Sao Paulo, Brasil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii)-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
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Losenkov IS, Plotnikov EV, Epimakhova EV, Bokhan NA. [Lithium in the psychopharmacology of affective disorders and mechanisms of its effects on cellular physiology]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:108-115. [PMID: 33340305 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120111108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
However, despite successful use of lithium in the treatment of affective disorders for almost 40 years, the mechanisms of its therapeutic action are still poorly understood. This review presents and summarizes the current literature about the use of lithium in treatment of affective disorders, as well as its effects on cellular physiology, with a separate description of the effect of this ion on the functioning of nerve tissue and ion-molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Losenkov
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E V Plotnikov
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E V Epimakhova
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N A Bokhan
- Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
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Nakamura M, Jang IS, Yamaga T, Kotani N, Akaike N. Effects of nitrous oxide on glycinergic transmission in rat spinal neurons. Brain Res Bull 2020; 162:191-198. [PMID: 32599127 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of nitrous oxide (N2O) on glycinergic inhibitory whole-cell and synaptic responses using a "synapse bouton preparation," dissociated mechanically from rat spinal sacral dorsal commissural nucleus (SDCN) neurons. This technique can evaluate pure single- or multi-synaptic responses from native functional nerve endings and enable us to accurately quantify how N2O influences pre- and postsynaptic transmission. We found that 70 % N2O enhanced exogenous glycine-induced whole-cell currents (IGly) at glycine concentrations lower than 3 × 10-5 M, but did not affect IGly at glycine concentrations higher than 10-4 M. N2O did not affect the amplitude and 1/e decay-time of both spontaneous and miniature glycinergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents recorded in the absence and presence of tetrodotoxin (sIPSCs and mIPSCs, respectively). The decrease in frequency induced by N2O was observed in sIPSCs but not in mIPSCs, which was recorded in the presence of both tetrodotoxin and Cd2+, which block voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels, respectively. N2O also decreased the amplitude and increased the failure rate and paired-pulse ratio of action potential-evoked glycinergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents. N2O slightly decreased the Ba2+ currents mediated by voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in SDCN neurons. We found that N2O suppresses glycinergic responses at synaptic levels with presynaptic effect having much more predominant role. The difference between glycinergic whole-cell and synaptic responses suggests that extrasynaptic responses seriously modulate whole-cell currents. Our results strongly suggest that these responses may thus in part explain analgesic effects of N2O via marked glutamatergic inhibition by glycinergic responses in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Nakamura
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Sung Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshitaka Yamaga
- Research Division for Life Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, 325 Izumi-machi, Kita-ku, Kumamoto 861-5598, Japan
| | - Naoki Kotani
- Research Division of Neurophysiology, Kitamoto Hospital, 3-7-6 Kawarasone, Koshigaya, Saitama 343-0821, Japan
| | - Norio Akaike
- Research Division of Neurophysiology, Kitamoto Hospital, 3-7-6 Kawarasone, Koshigaya, Saitama 343-0821, Japan; Research Division for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Corporation, Juryo Group, Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, 6-8-1 Yamamuro, Kita-ku, Kumamoto 860-8518, Japan.
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Kubota H, Akaike H, Okamitsu N, Jang IS, Nonaka K, Kotani N, Akaike N. Xenon modulates the GABA and glutamate responses at genuine synaptic levels in rat spinal neurons. Brain Res Bull 2020; 157:51-60. [PMID: 31987927 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Effects of xenon (Xe) on whole-cell currents induced by glutamate (Glu), its three ionotropic subtypes, and GABA, as well as on the fast synaptic glutamatergic and GABAergic transmissions, were studied in the mechanically dissociated "synapse bouton preparation" of rat spinal sacral dorsal commissural nucleus (SDCN) neurons. This technique evaluates pure single or multi-synapse responses from native functional nerve endings and enables us to quantify how Xe influences pre- and postsynaptic transmissions accurately. Effects of Xe on glutamate (Glu)-, alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-, kainate (KA)- and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)- and GABAA receptor-mediated whole-cell currents were investigated by the conventional whole-cell patch configuration. Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs and IPSCs) were measured as spontaneous (s) and evoked (e) EPSCs and IPSCs. Evoked synaptic currents were elicited by paired-pulse focal electric stimulation. Xe decreased Glu, AMPA, KA, and NMDA receptor-mediated whole-cell currents but did not change GABAA receptor-mediated whole-cell currents. Xe decreased the frequency and amplitude but did not affect the 1/e decay time of the glutamatergic sEPSCs. Xe decreased the frequency without affecting the amplitude and 1/e decay time of GABAergic sIPSCs. Xe decreased the amplitude and increased the failure rate (Rf) and paired-pulse ratio (PPR) without altering the 1/e decay time of both eEPSC and eIPSC, suggesting that Xe acts on the presynaptic side of the synapse. The presynaptic inhibition was greater in eEPSCs than in eIPSCs. We conclude that Xe decreases glutamatergic and GABAergic spontaneous and evoked transmissions at the presynaptic level. The glutamatergic presynaptic responses are the main target of anesthesia-induced neuronal responses. In contrast, GABAergic responses minimally contribute to Xe anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisahiko Kubota
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, 849-8501, Japan
| | - Hironari Akaike
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Nobuharu Okamitsu
- Department of Electrics and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hiroshima Institute of Technology, 2-1-1 Miyake, Saeki-ku, Hiroshima, 731-5193, Japan
| | - Il-Sung Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, 2177 Dalgubeol-daero, Jung-gu, Daegu, 700-412, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiku Nonaka
- Research Division for Life Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, 325 Izumi-machi, Kita-ku, Kumamoto, 861-5598, Japan
| | - Naoki Kotani
- Research Division of Neurophysiology, Kitamoto Hospital, 3-7-6 Kawarasone, Koshigaya, Saitama, 343-0821, Japan
| | - Norio Akaike
- Research Division of Neurophysiology, Kitamoto Hospital, 3-7-6 Kawarasone, Koshigaya, Saitama, 343-0821, Japan; Research Division for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Corporation, Juryo Group, Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, 6-8-1 Yamamuro, Kita-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8518, Japan.
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Noma K, Akaike H, Kurauchi Y, Katsuki H, Oyama Y, Akaike N. Effects of triphenyltin on glycinergic transmission on rat spinal neurons. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 163:186-193. [PMID: 29453030 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Glycine is a fast inhibitory transmitter like γ-aminobutyric acid in the mammalian spinal cord and brainstem, and it is involved in motor reflex, nociception, and neuronal development. Triphenyltin (TPT) is an organometallic compound causing environmental hazard to many wild creatures. Our previous findings show that TPT ultimately induces a drain and/or exhaustion of glutamate in excitatory presynaptic nerve terminals, resulted in blockage of neurotransmission as well as methylmercury. Therefore, we have investigated the neurotoxic mechanism how TPT modulates inhibitory glycinergic transmission in the synaptic bouton preparation of rat isolated spinal neurons using a patch clamp technique. TPT at environmentally relevant concentrations (3-300 nM) significantly increased the number of frequency of glycinergic spontaneous and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSC and mIPSC) without affecting the current amplitude and decay time. The TPT effects were also observed in external Ca2+-free solution containing tetrodotoxin (TTX) but removed in Ca2+-free solution with both TTX and BAPTA-AM (Ca2+ chelator). On the other hand, the amplitude of glycinergic evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs) increased with decreasing failure rate (Rf) and paired pulse ratio (PPR) in the presence of 300 nM TPT. At a high concentration (1 µM), TPT completely blocked eIPSCs after a transient facilitation. Overall, these results suggest that TPT directly acts transmitter-releasing machinery in glycinergic nerve terminals. Effects of TPT on the nerve terminals releasing fast transmitters were greater in the order of glycinergic > glutamatergic > GABAergic ones. Thus, TPT is supposed to cause a strong synaptic modulations on glycinergic neurotransmission in wild creatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Noma
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hironari Akaike
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yuki Kurauchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Katsuki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
| | - Yasuo Oyama
- Laboratory of Bioassessment, Faculty of Bioscience and Bioindustry, Tokushima University, Minami-Josanjima 2-1, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan
| | - Norio Akaike
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-Honmachi, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan; Research Division for Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Corporation, Juryo Group, Kumamoto Kinoh Hospital, 6-8-1 Yamamuro, Kita-ku, Kumamoto 860-8518, Japan; Research Division of Neurophysiology, Kitamoto Hospital, 3-7-6 Kawarasone, Koshigaya, Saitama 343-0821, Japan
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An Oldie but Goodie: Lithium in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder through Neuroprotective and Neurotrophic Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122679. [PMID: 29232923 PMCID: PMC5751281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium has been used for the treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) for the last sixty or more years, and recent studies with more reliable designs and updated guidelines have recommended lithium to be the treatment of choice for acute manic, mixed and depressive episodes of BD, along with long-term prophylaxis. Lithium’s specific mechanism of action in mood regulation is progressively being clarified, such as the direct inhibition on glycogen synthase kinase 3β, and its various effects on neurotrophic factors, neurotransmitters, oxidative metabolism, apoptosis, second messenger systems, and biological systems are also being revealed. Furthermore, lithium has been proposed to exert its treatment effects through mechanisms associated with neuronal plasticity. In this review, we have overviewed the clinical aspects of lithium use for BD, and have focused on the neuroprotective and neurotrophic effects of lithium.
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Hanak AS, Malissin I, Poupon J, Risède P, Chevillard L, Mégarbane B. Electroencephalographic patterns of lithium poisoning: a study of the effect/concentration relationships in the rat. Bipolar Disord 2017; 19:135-145. [PMID: 28425670 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lithium overdose may result in encephalopathy and electroencephalographic abnormalities. Three poisoning patterns have been identified based on the ingested dose, previous treatment duration and renal function. Whether the severity of lithium-induced encephalopathy depends on the poisoning pattern has not been established. We designed a rat study to investigate lithium-induced encephalopathy and correlate its severity to plasma, erythrocyte, cerebrospinal fluid and brain lithium concentrations previously determined in rat models mimicking human poisoning patterns. METHODS Lithium-induced encephalopathy was assessed and scored using continuous electroencephalography. RESULTS We demonstrated that lithium overdose was consistently responsible for encephalopathy, the severity of which depended on the poisoning pattern. Acutely poisoned rats developed rapid-onset encephalopathy which reached a maximal grade of 2/5 at 6 h and disappeared at 24 h post-injection. Acute-on-chronically poisoned rats developed persistent and slightly fluctuating encephalopathy which reached a maximal grade of 3/5. Chronically poisoned rats developed rapid-onset but gradually increasing life-threatening encephalopathy which reached a maximal grade of 4/5. None of the acutely, 20% of the acute-on-chronically and 57% of the chronically lithium-poisoned rats developed seizures. The relationships between encephalopathy severity and lithium concentrations fitted a sigmoidal Emax model based on cerebrospinal fluid concentrations in acute poisoning and brain concentrations in acute-on-chronic poisoning. In chronic poisoning, worsening of encephalopathy paralleled the increase in plasma lithium concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The severity of lithium-induced encephalopathy is dependent on the poisoning pattern, which was previously shown to determine lithium accumulation in the brain. Our data support the proposition that electroencephalography is a sensitive tool for scoring lithium-related neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Hanak
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Malissin
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière, Réanimation Médicale et Toxicologique, Paris, France
| | - Joël Poupon
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière, Laboratoire de Toxicologie Biologique, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Risède
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Chevillard
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Inserm, UMR-S1144, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Lariboisière, Réanimation Médicale et Toxicologique, Paris, France
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10
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Malhi GS, Outhred T. Therapeutic Mechanisms of Lithium in Bipolar Disorder: Recent Advances and Current Understanding. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:931-49. [PMID: 27638546 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lithium is the most effective and well established treatment for bipolar disorder, and it has a broad array of effects within cellular pathways. However, the specific processes through which therapeutic effects occur and are maintained in bipolar disorder remain unclear. This paper provides a timely update to an authoritative review of pertinent findings that was published in CNS Drugs in 2013. A literature search was conducted using the Scopus database, and was limited by year (from 2012). There has been a resurgence of interest in lithium therapy mechanisms, perhaps driven by technical advancements in recent years that permit the examination of cellular mechanisms underpinning the effects of lithium-along with the reuptake of lithium in clinical practice. Recent research has further cemented glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) inhibition as a key mechanism, and the inter-associations between GSK3β-mediated neuroprotective, anti-oxidative and neurotransmission mechanisms have been further elucidated. In addition to highly illustrative cellular research, studies examining higher-order biological systems, such as circadian rhythms, as well as employing innovative animal and human models, have increased our understanding of how lithium-induced changes at the cellular level possibly translate to changes at behavioural and clinical levels. Neural circuitry research is yet to identify clear mechanisms of change in bipolar disorder in response to treatment with lithium, but important structural findings have demonstrated links to the modulation of cellular mechanisms, and peripheral marker and pharmacogenetic studies are showing promising findings that will likely inform the exploration for predictors of lithium treatment response. With a deeper understanding of lithium's therapeutic mechanisms-from the cellular to clinical levels of investigation-comes the opportunity to develop predictive models of lithium treatment response and identify novel drug targets, and recent findings have provided important leads towards these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gin S Malhi
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia. .,CADE Clinic Level 3, Main Hospital Building, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.
| | - Tim Outhred
- Academic Department of Psychiatry, Kolling Institute, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia.,Sydney Medical School Northern, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,CADE Clinic Level 3, Main Hospital Building, Royal North Shore Hospital, Northern Sydney Local Health District, St Leonards, NSW, 2065, Australia
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