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Nascimento FP, Macedo-Júnior SJ, Lapa-Costa FR, Cezar-Dos-Santos F, Santos ARS. Inosine as a Tool to Understand and Treat Central Nervous System Disorders: A Neglected Actor? Front Neurosci 2021; 15:703783. [PMID: 34504414 PMCID: PMC8421806 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.703783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1970s, when ATP was identified as a co-transmitter in sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, it and its active metabolite adenosine have been considered relevant signaling molecules in biological and pathological processes in the central nervous system (CNS). Meanwhile, inosine, a naturally occurring purine nucleoside formed by adenosine breakdown, was considered an inert adenosine metabolite and remained a neglected actor on the purinergic signaling scene in the CNS. However, this scenario began to change in the 1980s. In the last four decades, an extensive group of shreds of evidence has supported the importance of mediated effects by inosine in the CNS. Also, inosine was identified as a natural trigger of adenosine receptors. This evidence has shed light on the therapeutic potential of inosine on disease processes involved in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, we highlight the clinical and preclinical studies investigating the involvement of inosine in chronic pain, schizophrenia, epilepsy, depression, anxiety, and in neural regeneration and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson and Alzheimer. Thus, we hope that this review will strengthen the knowledge and stimulate more studies about the effects promoted by inosine in neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisney Pinto Nascimento
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando Cezar-Dos-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências, Laboratório de Neurofarmacologia Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Adair R S Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Dor e Inflamação, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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2
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Almeida CGM, Costa-Higuchi K, Piovesan AR, Moro CF, Venturin GT, Greggio S, Costa-Ferro ZS, Salamoni SD, Peigneur S, Tytgat J, de Lima ME, Silva CND, Vinadé L, Rowan EG, DaCosta JC, Dal Belo CA, Carlini CR. Neurotoxic and convulsant effects induced by jack bean ureases on the mammalian nervous system. Toxicology 2021; 454:152737. [PMID: 33631299 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ureases are microbial virulence factors either because of the enzymatic release of ammonia or due to many other non-enzymatic effects. Here we studied two neurotoxic urease isoforms, Canatoxin (CNTX) and Jack Bean Urease (JBU), produced by the plant Canavalia ensiformis, whose mechanisms of action remain elusive. The neurotoxins provoke convulsions in rodents (LD50 ∼2 mg/kg) and stimulate exocytosis in cell models, affecting intracellular calcium levels. Here, electrophysiological and brain imaging techniques were applied to elucidate their mode of action. While systemic administration of the toxins causes tonic-clonic seizures in rodents, JBU injected into rat hippocampus induced spike-wave discharges similar to absence-like seizures. JBU reduced the amplitude of compound action potential from mouse sciatic nerve in a tetrodotoxin-insensitive manner. Hippocampal slices from CNTX-injected animals or slices treated in vitro with JBU failed to induce long term potentiation upon tetanic stimulation. Rat cortical synaptosomes treated with JBU released L-glutamate. JBU increased the intracellular calcium levels and spontaneous firing rate in rat hippocampus neurons. MicroPET scans of CNTX-injected rats revealed increased [18]Fluoro-deoxyglucose uptake in epileptogenesis-related areas like hippocampus and thalamus. Curiously, CNTX did not affect voltage-gated sodium, calcium or potassium channels currents, neither did it interfere on cholinergic receptors, suggesting an indirect mode of action that could be related to the ureases' membrane-disturbing properties. Understanding the neurotoxic mode of action of C. ensiformis ureases could help to unveil the so far underappreciated relevance of these toxins in diseases caused by urease-producing microorganisms, in which the human central nervous system is affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Gabriel Moreira Almeida
- Laboratory of Neurotoxins, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kiyo Costa-Higuchi
- Laboratory of Neurotoxins, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Materials Technology and Engineering, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Angela Regina Piovesan
- Laboratory of Neurotoxins, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Celular and Molecular Biology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlo Frederico Moro
- Laboratory of Neurotoxins, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gianina Teribele Venturin
- Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Samuel Greggio
- Preclinical Research Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Zaquer Susana Costa-Ferro
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Denise Salamoni
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Steve Peigneur
- Laboratory of Toxicology & Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Laboratory of Toxicology & Pharmacology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maria Elena de Lima
- Institute of Teaching and Research, Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Lúcia Vinadé
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Toxinology (Lanetox), Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Edward G Rowan
- Strathclyde Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jaderson Costa DaCosta
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cháriston André Dal Belo
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Toxinology (Lanetox), Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, RS, Brazil.
| | - Celia Regina Carlini
- Laboratory of Neurotoxins, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (BraIns), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Scholl of Medicine, Pontificía Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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3
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Long lasting behavioral and electrophysiological action of early administration of guanosine: Analysis in the adult rat brain. Brain Res Bull 2019; 150:266-271. [PMID: 31181322 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Guanosine (GUO) is a guanine-based purine that has been extensively described in the literature as an endogenous nucleoside with participation in brain cell signalling pathways. Here, we evaluated whether chronic treatment with exogenous guanosine during brain development altered behavioral and electrophysiological parameters in adulthood. Rat pups received a daily intraperitoneal injection of 10, 50 or 100 mg/ kg/day GUO, or saline solution or no treatment (naive group) from postnatal (P) day 7 to P27. At P 60-65 the animals were behaviorally tested in the Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM). On P90-100, the electrophysiological phenomenon known as cortical spreading depression (CSD) was recorded on the right cortical surface for 4 h. With the EPM task, GUO treatment was associated with a significant increase in rearing behavior and a non-significant trend towards anxiogenic behavior. In a dose-dependent manner, GUO significantly (p < 0.01) increased weight gain on P90, and reduced the CSD propagation velocity from 3.42 ± 0.10 and 3.43 ± 0.10 mm/min in the Naive and Vehicle controls, respectively, to 3.05 ± 0.12 mm/min, 2.87 ± 0.07 mm/min and 2.25 ± 0.25 mm/min in the groups treated with 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg/d GUO, respectively. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the chronic treatment with GUO early in life modulates CSD and body weight. Data on CSD propagation suggest that, besides its suppressing action on glutamatergic transmission (via enhancement of astrocytic glutamate uptake), GUO might act as an antioxidant in the brain, a hypothesis that deserves further exploration.
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Lakatos RK, Dobolyi Á, Kovács Z. Uric acid and allopurinol aggravate absence epileptic activity in Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk rats. Brain Res 2018; 1686:1-9. [PMID: 29457994 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid has a role in several physiological and pathophysiological processes. For example, uric acid may facilitate seizure generalization while reducing uric acid level may evoke anticonvulsant/antiepileptic effects. Allopurinol blocks the activity of xanthine oxidase, by which allopurinol inhibits catabolism of hypoxanthine to xanthine and uric acid and, as a consequence, decreases the level of uric acid. Although the modulation of serum uric acid level is a widely used strategy in the treatment of certain diseases, our knowledge regarding the effects of uric acid on epileptic activity is far from complete. Thus, the main aim of this study was the investigation of the effect of uric acid on absence epileptic seizures (spike-wave discharges: SWDs) in a model of human absence epilepsy, the Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rat. We investigated the influence of intraperitoneally (i.p.) injected uric acid (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg), allopurinol (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg), a cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 (COX-1 and COX-2) inhibitor indomethacin (10 mg/kg) and inosine (500 mg/kg) alone and the combined application of allopurinol (50 mg/kg) with uric acid (100 mg/kg) or inosine (500 mg/kg) as well as indomethacin (10 mg/kg) with uric acid (100 mg/kg) and inosine (500 mg/kg) with uric acid (100 mg/kg) on absence epileptic activity. We demonstrated that both uric acid and allopurinol alone significantly increased the number of SWDs whereas indomethacin abolished the uric acid-evoked increase in SWD number. Our results suggest that uric acid and allopurinol have proepileptic effects in WAG/Rij rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Krisztina Lakatos
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Savaria Department of Biology, Savaria University Centre, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary.
| | - Árpád Dobolyi
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology and Human Brain Tissue Bank, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; MTA-ELTE Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Kovács
- Savaria Department of Biology, Savaria University Centre, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Szombathely, Hungary.
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Kovács Z, Lakatos RK, Barna J, Dobolyi Á. Absence epileptic activity in Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk rat mothers. Brain Res 2017; 1657:368-376. [PMID: 28065565 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Absence epileptic activity was analyzed during pregnancy, the postpartum period and after weaning to establish alterations of seizures throughout the reproductive cycle. Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats were used in the study as a model of absence epilepsy and because their seizures do not interfere with rearing offspring. The number of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) was gradually elevated from the 19th pregnancy day to delivery. Meanwhile, the characteristics of individual SWDs did not change suggesting that SWD generation remained the same. In the postpartum and postweaning periods, the number of SWDs was not increased in the absence of pups. However, returning the pups to mothers resulted in a markedly elevated number of SWDs for 1h. If pups were taken away after 30min, the number of SWDs dropped immediately suggesting that the presence of pups increased the SWD number. The time mothers spent with the litter and in kyphosis suckling posture were in correlation with their SWD number further suggesting the importance of interaction with pups in SWD induction. Suckling elevates prolactin levels but surprisingly, its intracerebroventricular injection markedly reduced SWD number in suckled WAG/Rij mothers suggesting that the SWD-inducing effect of suckling is not mediated by prolactin. Rather, the elevated prolactin level may provide some protection against pro-epileptic effects of suckling. In conclusion, we first identified periods within the reproductive cycle with increased absence epileptic activity, implying that more attention should be devoted to epileptic activity changes in mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Kovács
- Department of Zoology, University of West Hungary, Savaria Campus, Szombathely, Károlyi Gáspár tér 4., 9700, Hungary.
| | - Renáta Krisztina Lakatos
- Department of Zoology, University of West Hungary, Savaria Campus, Szombathely, Károlyi Gáspár tér 4., 9700, Hungary; Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6., 7624, Hungary
| | - János Barna
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology and Human Brain Tissue Bank, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Tűzoltó u. 58., 1094, Hungary
| | - Árpád Dobolyi
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology and Human Brain Tissue Bank, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Tűzoltó u. 58., 1094, Hungary; MTA-ELTE NAP B Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1C, 1117, Hungary.
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6
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Anti-aging effects of guanosine in glial cells. Purinergic Signal 2016; 12:697-706. [PMID: 27585449 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanosine, a guanine-based purine, has been shown to exert beneficial roles in in vitro and in vivo injury models of neural cells. Guanosine is released from astrocytes and modulates important astroglial functions, including glutamatergic metabolism, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Astrocytes are crucial for regulating the neurotransmitter system and synaptic information processes, ionic homeostasis, energy metabolism, antioxidant defenses, and the inflammatory response. Aging is a natural process that induces numerous changes in the astrocyte functionality. Thus, the search for molecules able to reduce the glial dysfunction associated with aging may represent an approach for avoiding the onset of age-related neurological diseases. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-aging effects of guanosine, using primary astrocyte cultures from newborn, adult, and aged Wistar rats. Concomitantly, we evaluated the role of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in guanosine-mediated glioprotection. We observed age-dependent changes in glutamate uptake, glutamine synthetase (GS) activity, the glutathione (GSH) system, pro-inflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β)) release, and the transcriptional activity of nuclear factor kB (NFkB), which were prevented by guanosine in an HO-1-dependent manner. Our findings suggest guanosine to be a promising therapeutic agent able to provide glioprotection during the aging process. Thus, this study contributes to the understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of guanosine in the aging process.
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Di Liberto V, Mudò G, Garozzo R, Frinchi M, Fernandez-Dueñas V, Di Iorio P, Ciccarelli R, Caciagli F, Condorelli DF, Ciruela F, Belluardo N. The Guanine-Based Purinergic System: The Tale of An Orphan Neuromodulation. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:158. [PMID: 27378923 PMCID: PMC4911385 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanine-based purines (GBPs) have been recently proposed to be not only metabolic agents but also extracellular signaling molecules that regulate important functions in the central nervous system. In such way, GBPs-mediated neuroprotection, behavioral responses and neuronal plasticity have been broadly described in the literature. However, while a number of these functions (i.e., GBPs neurothophic effects) have been well-established, the molecular mechanisms behind these GBPs-dependent effects are still unknown. Furthermore, no plasma membrane receptors for GBPs have been described so far, thus GBPs are still considered orphan neuromodulators. Interestingly, an intricate and controversial functional interplay between GBPs effects and adenosine receptors activity has been recently described, thus triggering the hypothesis that GBPs mechanism of action might somehow involve adenosine receptors. Here, we review recent data describing the GBPs role in the brain. We focus on the involvement of GBPs regulating neuronal plasticity, and on the new hypothesis based on putative GBPs receptors. Overall, we expect to shed some light on the GBPs world since although these molecules might represent excellent candidates for certain neurological diseases management, the lack of putative GBPs receptors precludes any high throughput screening intent for the search of effective GBPs-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Di Liberto
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Roberta Garozzo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Unit of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Monica Frinchi
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
| | - Víctor Fernandez-Dueñas
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrizia Di Iorio
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotecnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | - Renata Ciccarelli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotecnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Caciagli
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotecnological Sciences, University of Chieti-Pescara Chieti, Italy
| | - Daniele F Condorelli
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Unit of Medical Biochemistry, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Palermo Palermo, Italy
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Lakatos RK, Dobolyi Á, Todorov MI, Kékesi KA, Juhász G, Aleksza M, Kovács Z. Guanosine may increase absence epileptic activity by means of A2A adenosine receptors in Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk rats. Brain Res Bull 2016; 124:172-81. [PMID: 27154620 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The non-adenosine nucleoside guanosine (Guo) was demonstrated to decrease quinolinic acid(QA)-induced seizures, spontaneously emerged absence epileptic seizures and lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-evoked induction of absence epileptic seizures suggesting its antiepileptic potential. It was also described previously that intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 20 and 50mg/kg Guo decreased the number of spike-wave discharges (SWDs) in a well investigated model of human absence epilepsy, the Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats during 4th (20mg/kg Guo) and 3rd as well as 4th (50mg/kg Guo) measuring hours. Guanosine can potentially decrease SWD number by means of its putative receptors but absence epileptic activity changing effects of Guo by means of increased extracellular adenosine (Ado) cannot be excluded. An increase in the dose of i.p. injected Guo is limited by its low solubility in saline, therefore, we addressed in the present study whether higher doses of Guo, diluted in sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, have more potent antiepileptic effect in WAG/Rij rats. We confirmed that i.p. 50mg/kg Guo decreased but, surprisingly, i.p. 100mg/kg Guo enhanced the number of SWDs in WAG/Rij rats. Combined i.p. injection of a non-selective Ado receptor antagonist theophylline (5mg/kg) or a selective Ado A2A receptor (A2AR) antagonist SCH 58261 (7-(2-phenylethyl)-5-amino-2-(2-furyl)-pyrazolo-[4,3-e]-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine) (1mg/kg) and a cyclooxygenase 1 and 2/COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitor indomethacin (10mg/kg) with 100mg/kg Guo decreased the SWD number compared to i.p. 100mg/kg Guo alone. The results suggest that i.p. 100mg/kg Guo can increase SWD number by means of the adenosinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renáta Krisztina Lakatos
- Institute of Biology, University of Pécs, Pécs, Ifjúság útja 6., 7624, Hungary; Department of Zoology, University of West Hungary Savaria Campus, Szombathely, Károlyi Gáspár tér 4., 9700, Hungary.
| | - Árpád Dobolyi
- MTA-ELTE NAP B Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1C, 1117, Hungary; Laboratory of Neuromorphology and Human Brain Tissue Bank, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Tűzoltó u. 58., 1094, Hungary.
| | - Mihail Ivilinov Todorov
- MTA-ELTE NAP B Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1C, 1117, Hungary; Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1C, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Katalin A Kékesi
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1C, 1117, Hungary; Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1C, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1C, 1117, Hungary; MTA-TTK NAP MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2., 1117, Hungary.
| | - Magdolna Aleksza
- Department of Botany, University of West Hungary Savaria Campus, Szombathely, Károlyi Gáspár tér 4., 9700, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Kovács
- Department of Zoology, University of West Hungary Savaria Campus, Szombathely, Károlyi Gáspár tér 4., 9700, Hungary.
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