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Widerström-Noga E. Neuropathic Pain and Spinal Cord Injury: Management, Phenotypes, and Biomarkers. Drugs 2023:10.1007/s40265-023-01903-7. [PMID: 37326804 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01903-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic neuropathic pain after a spinal cord injury (SCI) continues to be a complex condition that is difficult to manage due to multiple underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and the association with psychosocial factors. Determining the individual contribution of each of these factors is currently not a realistic goal; however, focusing on the primary mechanisms may be more feasible. One approach used to uncover underlying mechanisms includes phenotyping using pain symptoms and somatosensory function. However, this approach does not consider cognitive and psychosocial mechanisms that may also significantly contribute to the pain experience and impact treatment outcomes. Indeed, clinical experience supports that a combination of self-management, non-pharmacological, and pharmacological approaches is needed to optimally manage pain in this population. This article will provide a broad updated summary integrating the clinical aspects of SCI-related neuropathic pain, potential pain mechanisms, evidence-based treatment recommendations, neuropathic pain phenotypes and brain biomarkers, psychosocial factors, and progress regarding how defining neuropathic pain phenotypes and other surrogate measures in the neuropathic pain field may lead to targeted treatments for neuropathic pain after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Widerström-Noga
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, 1611 NW 12th Avenue, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami, 1095 NW 14th Terrace, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Mai Y, Guo Z, Yin W, Zhong N, Dicpinigaitis PV, Chen R. P2X Receptors: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Symptoms Associated With Lung Cancer - A Mini Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:691956. [PMID: 34268121 PMCID: PMC8276243 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.691956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptoms associated with lung cancer mainly consist of cancer-associated pain, cough, fatigue, and dyspnea. However, underlying mechanisms of lung cancer symptom clusters remain unclear. There remains a paucity of effective treatment to ameliorate debilitating symptoms and improve the quality of life of lung cancer survivors. Recently, extracellular ATP and its receptors have attracted increasing attention among researchers in the field of oncology. Extracellular ATP in the tumor microenvironment is associated with tumor cell metabolism, proliferation, and metastasis by driving inflammation and neurotransmission via P2 purinergic signaling. Accordingly, ATP gated P2X receptors expressed on tumor cells, immune cells, and neurons play a vital role in modulating tumor development, invasion, progression, and related symptoms. P2 purinergic signaling is involved in the development of different lung cancer-related symptoms. In this review, we summarize recent findings to illustrate the role of P2X receptors in tumor proliferation, progression, metastasis, and lung cancer- related symptoms, providing an outline of potential anti-neoplastic activity of P2X receptor antagonists. Furthermore, compared with opioids, P2X receptor antagonists appear to be innovative therapeutic interventions for managing cancer symptom clusters with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Mai
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter V Dicpinigaitis
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ruchong Chen
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Ma L, Li J, Zhou J, Zhang D, Xiao Z, Yu T, Li Y, Cao S. Intravenous lidocaine alleviates postherpetic neuralgia in rats via regulation of neuroinflammation of microglia and astrocytes. iScience 2021; 24:102108. [PMID: 33604528 PMCID: PMC7876569 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects and possible mechanisms of intravenous lidocaine in postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) rats. Mechanical withdrawal thresholds and thermal withdrawal latencies were measured. Open field test, elevated plus maze test, and tail suspension test were used to assess anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. Microglia and astrocytes in spinal dorsal horn (SDH), prefrontal cortex (PFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and hippocampus were analyzed. The expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-4 in SDH and serum were evaluated. Intravenous lidocaine alleviated mechanical allodynia and thermal hypoalgesia, downregulated the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β, and inhibited the activation of microglia and astrocytes in SDH. In addition, it reduced the activation of astrocyte but not microglia in PFC, ACC, and hippocampus. Intravenous lidocaine may relieve PHN by inhibiting the activation of microglia and astrocyte in SDH or by reducing the neuroinflammation and astrocyte activation in PFC, ACC, and hippocampus. Intravenous lidocaine alleviates PHN in rats Intravenous lidocaine inhibits microglia and astrocyte activation Intravenous lidocaine cannot relieve anxiety and depression in PHN rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulin Ma
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Junli Zhou
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Dexin Zhang
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhi Xiao
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Tian Yu
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Song Cao
- Department of Pain Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China.,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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Zhou KX, He XT, Hu XF, Zhao WJ, Li CX, Zhang C, Zhang T, Gu ZX, Deng JP, Dong YL. XPro1595 ameliorates bone cancer pain in rats via inhibiting p38-mediated glial cell activation and neuroinflammation in the spinal dorsal horn. Brain Res Bull 2019; 149:137-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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E3 Ubiquitin Ligase c-cbl Inhibits Microglia Activation After Chronic Constriction Injury. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:1631-1640. [PMID: 29934689 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Caritas B cell lymphoma (c-cbl) is associated with negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinases, signal transduction of antigens and cytokine receptors, and immune response. However, the expression and function of c-cbl in the regulation of neuropathic pain after chronic constriction injury (CCI) are unknown. In rat CCI model, c-cbl inhibited the activation of spinal cord microglia and the release of pro-inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), which alleviated mechanical and heat pain through down-regulating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Additionally, exogenous TNF-α inhibited c-cbl protein level vice versa. In the primary microglia transfected with c-cbl siRNA, when treated with TNF-α or TNF-α inhibitor, the corresponding secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 did not change. In summary, CCI down-regulated c-cbl expression and induced the activation of microglia, then activated microglia released inflammatory factors via ERK signaling to cause pain. Our data might supply a novel molecular target for the therapy of CCI-induced neuropathic pain.
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Ge A, Wang S, Miao B, Yan M. Effects of metformin on the expression of AMPK and STAT3 in the spinal dorsal horn of rats with neuropathic pain. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5229-5237. [PMID: 29393487 PMCID: PMC5865989 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a frustrating and burdensome problem. Current treatments for NP have unendurable side effects and/or questionable efficacy, and once these therapies are stopped, the symptoms often return. Thus, novel drugs are needed to enhance the effectiveness of treatments for NP. One novel target for pain treatments is adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), which regulates a variety of cellular processes, including protein translation, which is considered to be affected in NP. Metformin is a widely available drug that possesses the ability to activate AMPK. The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathway plays an important role in neuroinflammation. The present study investigated the analgesic effect of metformin on NP induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI), and the influence of metformin on the expression of AMPK and STAT3 in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH). In CCI rats, paw withdrawal latencies in response to thermal hyperalgesia were significantly shorter, while phosphorylated (p)-AMPK was expressed at lower levels and p-STAT3 was expressed at higher levels in the SDH. Administering intraperitoneal injections of metformin (200 mg/kg) for 6 successive days activated AMPK and suppressed the expression of p-STAT3, in addition to reversing hyperalgesia. Finally, metformin inhibited the activation of microglia and astrocytes in the SDH, which may explain how it alleviates NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Ge
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Clinic Skill Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224001, P.R. China
| | - Bei Miao
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, P.R. China
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Fernandes V, Sharma D, Vaidya S, P A S, Guan Y, Kalia K, Tiwari V. Cellular and molecular mechanisms driving neuropathic pain: recent advancements and challenges. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:131-142. [PMID: 29285962 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1420781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current pharmacotherapeutics for neuropathic pain offer only symptomatic relief without treating the underlying pathophysiology. Additionally, they are associated with various dose-limiting side effects. Pain research in the past few decades has revolved around the role of oxidative-nitrosative stress, protein kinases, glial cell activation, and inflammatory signaling cascades but has failed to produce specific and effective therapies. Areas covered: This review focuses on recent advances in cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuropathic pain that may be translated into future therapies. We discuss emerging targets such as WNT signaling mechanisms, the tetrahydrobiopterin pathway, Mrg receptors, endogenous lipid mediators, micro-RNAs and their roles in pain regulation. Recent evidence is also presented regarding genetic and epigenetic mechanisms of pain modulation. Expert opinion: During chronic neuropathic pain, maladaptation occurs in the peripheral and central nervous systems, including a shift in microglial phenotype from a surveillance state to an activated state. Microglial activation leads to an altered expression of cell surface proteins, growth factors, and intracellular signaling molecules that contribute to development of a neuroinflammatory cascade and chronic pain sensitization. Specific targeting of these cellular and molecular mechanisms may provide the key to development of effective neuropathic pain therapies that have minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valencia Fernandes
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad , Gandhinagar , India
| | - Dilip Sharma
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad , Gandhinagar , India
| | - Shivani Vaidya
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad , Gandhinagar , India
| | - Shantanu P A
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad , Gandhinagar , India
| | - Yun Guan
- b Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Kiran Kalia
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad , Gandhinagar , India
| | - Vinod Tiwari
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad , Gandhinagar , India.,b Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine , Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Widerström-Noga E, Loeser JD, Jensen TS, Finnerup NB. AAPT Diagnostic Criteria for Central Neuropathic Pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2017; 18:1417-1426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Borbély Z, Csomó BK, Kittel Á, Gerber G, Varga G, Vizi ES. Effect of rat spinal cord injury (hemisection) on the ex vivo uptake and release of [ 3 H]noradrenaline from a slice preparation. Brain Res Bull 2017; 131:150-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Luan Y, Chen M, Zhou L. MiR-17 targets PTEN and facilitates glial scar formation after spinal cord injuries via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Brain Res Bull 2016; 128:68-75. [PMID: 27693649 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We attempted to discover the regulatory role of miR-17 and PTEN in glial scar formation accompanied with spinal cord injuries. METHODS We established a spinal cord injury (SCI) model in mice which were transfected with different groups of adenoviruses: miR-17 mimics, miR-17 inhibitors and PTEN cDNAs. The improvement of hind limb functions was assessed using the 21-point Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotion scale. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Vimentin and neurofilaments. The expression of miR-17 was quantified using Real time-PCR (RT-PCR). Western blot was conducted to detect the expressions of PTEN, PI3K, Akt, mTOR and S6. Finally, dual luciferase reporter gene assay was conducted to confirm the target relationship between miR-17 and PTEN. RESULTS The model group exhibited significantly increased expression levels of GFAP, Vimentin, miR-17, PTEN, PI3K, Akt and mTOR. The above trend was enhanced by the transfection of miR-17 mimics (P<0.05). By contrast, the transfection of miR-17 inhibitors significantly down-regulated the expression of GFAP, Vimentin, PTEN, PI3K, Akt, mTOR and p-S6 whereas the expression of GFAP, Vimentin, PI3K, Akt, mTOR and p-S6 in the cells transfected with PTEN cDNAs significantly decreased (P<0.05). Also, the transfection of miR-17 inhibitors and PTEN cDNAs alleviated the astrogliosis in SCI lesions, contributed to the regeneration of nerve filament and improved the functional recovery of the hind limb of mice. Finally, the targeting relationship between miR-17 and PTEN was verified by the dual luciferase reporter gene assay. CONCLUSION MiR-17 is able to target PTEN and stimulate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. The formation of glial scar resulted from spinal cord injuries can be reduced either by inhibiting miR-17 or by overexpressing PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Luan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Mo Chen
- Jilin Province People's Hospital, Changchun, 130000 Jilin, China
| | - Lixiang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China.
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