1
|
Luan T, Li Q, Huang Z, Feng Y, Xu D, Zhou Y, Hu Y, Wang T. Axonopathy Underlying Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Unraveling Complex Pathways and Therapeutic Insights. Neurosci Bull 2024:10.1007/s12264-024-01267-2. [PMID: 39097850 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-024-01267-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive axonopathy, jointly leading to the dying back of the motor neuron, disrupting both nerve signaling and motor control. In this review, we highlight the roles of axonopathy in ALS progression, driven by the interplay of multiple factors including defective trafficking machinery, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Dysfunctional intracellular transport, caused by disruptions in microtubules, molecular motors, and adaptors, has been identified as a key contributor to disease progression. Aberrant protein aggregation involving TDP-43, FUS, SOD1, and dipeptide repeat proteins further amplifies neuronal toxicity. Mitochondrial defects lead to ATP depletion, oxidative stress, and Ca2+ imbalance, which are regarded as key factors underlying the loss of neuromuscular junctions and axonopathy. Mitigating these defects through interventions including neurotrophic treatments offers therapeutic potential. Collaborative research efforts aim to unravel ALS complexities, opening avenues for holistic interventions that target diverse pathological mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongshu Luan
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Qing Li
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Zhi Huang
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yu Feng
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Duo Xu
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Yiqing Hu
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Tong Wang
- The Brain Center, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yu R, Wu X, Qian F, Yang Q. RFC3 drives the proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis of colorectal cancer cells by binding KIF14. Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:222. [PMID: 38590579 PMCID: PMC11000453 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a deadly and aggressive type of cancer that has a high fatality rate. The expression levels of replication factor C subunit 3 (RFC3) and kinesin family member 14 (KIF14) have been reported to be increased in CRC. The current study aimed to explore the effects of RFC3 on the malignant behaviors of CRC cells and its possible underlying mechanism involving KIF14. RFC3 and KIF14 expression levels in CRC tissues were analyzed using TNMplot database and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis database bioinformatics tools. RFC3 and KIF14 levels in CRC cells were examined using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. Cell Counting Kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assays were performed to assess cell proliferation. Cell apoptosis was determined using flow cytometric analysis. Wound healing and Transwell assays were adopted for the evaluation of cell migration and invasion. Tube formation assay in human umbilical vein endothelial cells was used to measure angiogenesis. Western blotting analysis was performed to determine the expression of apoptosis-, migration- and angiogenesis-associated proteins. Additionally, bioinformatics tools predicted the co-expression and interaction of RFC3 and KIF14, which was verified by a co-immunoprecipitation assay. RFC3 displayed elevated expression in CRC tissues and cells, and depletion of RFC3 halted the proliferation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis, while increasing the apoptosis of CRC cells; this was accompanied by changes in the expression levels of related proteins. In addition, RFC3 bound to KIF14 and interference with RFC3 reduced KIF14 expression. Moreover, KIF14 upregulation reversed the effects of RFC3 depletion on the aggressive cellular behaviors in CRC. In conclusion, RFC3 might interact with KIF14 to function as a contributor to the malignant development of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Quzhou Kecheng People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, P.R. China
| | - Xinxin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Yancheng Dafeng Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224110, P.R. China
| | - Fang Qian
- Department of Radiology, Wuxi Xinwu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P.R. China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Radiology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Huaiyin District, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
König S, Schmidt N, Bechberger K, Morris S, Priego M, Zaky H, Song Y, Pielage J, Brunholz S, Brady ST, Kins S, Morfini G. Axon-Autonomous Effects of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Intracellular Domain (AICD) on Kinase Signaling and Fast Axonal Transport. Cells 2023; 12:2403. [PMID: 37830617 PMCID: PMC10572015 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key molecular component of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Proteolytic APP processing generates various cleavage products, including extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) and the cytoplasmic APP intracellular domain (AICD). Although the role of AICD in the activation of kinase signaling pathways is well established in the context of full-length APP, little is known about intracellular effects of the AICD fragment, particularly within discrete neuronal compartments. Deficits in fast axonal transport (FAT) and axonopathy documented in AD-affected neurons prompted us to evaluate potential axon-autonomous effects of the AICD fragment for the first time. Vesicle motility assays using the isolated squid axoplasm preparation revealed inhibition of FAT by AICD. Biochemical experiments linked this effect to aberrant activation of selected axonal kinases and heightened phosphorylation of the anterograde motor protein conventional kinesin, consistent with precedents showing phosphorylation-dependent regulation of motors proteins powering FAT. Pharmacological inhibitors of these kinases alleviated the AICD inhibitory effect on FAT. Deletion experiments indicated this effect requires a sequence encompassing the NPTY motif in AICD and interacting axonal proteins containing a phosphotyrosine-binding domain. Collectively, these results provide a proof of principle for axon-specific effects of AICD, further suggesting a potential mechanistic framework linking alterations in APP processing, FAT deficits, and axonal pathology in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svenja König
- Department for Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany (K.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Nadine Schmidt
- Department for Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany (K.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Karin Bechberger
- Department for Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany (K.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Sarah Morris
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA (S.T.B.)
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Mercedes Priego
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA (S.T.B.)
| | - Hannah Zaky
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA (S.T.B.)
| | - Yuyu Song
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jan Pielage
- Department of Zoology, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany;
| | - Silke Brunholz
- Department for Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany (K.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Scott T. Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA (S.T.B.)
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Stefan Kins
- Department for Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany (K.B.); (S.K.)
| | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA (S.T.B.)
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Qiao S, Jiang Y, Li N, Zhu X. The kinesin light chain-2, a target of mRNA stabilizing protein HuR, inhibits p53 protein phosphorylation to promote radioresistance in NSCLC. Thorac Cancer 2023. [PMID: 37055376 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.14886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radioresistance hinders radiotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer. Kinesin light chain-2 (KLC2) has been found to be upregulated in lung cancer and also to be associated with poor prognosis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of KLC2 on radiosensitivity in lung cancer. METHODS The radioresistant role of KLC2 was determined by colony formation, neutral comet assay, and γH2AX immunofluorescent staining assay. We further verified the function of KLC2 in a xenograft tumor model. The downstream of KLC2 was identified through gene set enrichment analysis and validated by western blot. Finally, we analyzed clinical data from the TCGA database to reveal the upstream transcription factor of KLC2, which was validated by RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation assay. RESULTS Here, we found that downregulation of KLC2 could significantly reduce colony formation, increase γH2AX level, and double-stranded DNA breaks in vitro. Meanwhile, overexpressed KLC2 significantly increased the proportion of the S phase in lung cancer cells. KLC2 knockdown could activate P53 pathway, and ultimately promoting radiosensitivity. The mRNA of KLC2 was observed to bind with Hu-antigen R (HuR). The mRNA and protein expression of KLC2 in lung cancer cells was significantly reduced when combined with siRNA-HuR. Interestingly, KLC2 overexpression significantly increased the expression of HuR in lung cancer cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, these results indicated that HuR-KLC2 forms a positive feedback loop, which decreases the phosphorylation of p53 and thereby weaken the radiosensitivity of lung cancer cells. Our findings highlight the potential prognosis and therapeutic target value of KLC2 in lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simiao Qiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clary RC, Jenkins BA, Lumpkin EA. Spatiotemporal dynamics of sensory neuron and Merkel-cell remodeling are decoupled during epidermal homeostasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.14.528558. [PMID: 36824872 PMCID: PMC9949164 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.14.528558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
As the juncture between the body and environment, epithelia are both protective barriers and sensory interfaces that continually renew. To determine whether sensory neurons remodel to maintain homeostasis, we used in vivo two-photon imaging of somatosensory axons innervating Merkel cells in adult mouse skin. These touch receptors were highly plastic: 63% of Merkel cells and 89% of branches appeared, disappeared, grew, regressed and/or relocated over a month. Interestingly, Merkel-cell plasticity was synchronized across arbors during rapid epithelial turnover. When Merkel cells remodeled, the degree of plasticity between Merkel-cell clusters and their axons was well correlated. Moreover, branches were stabilized by Merkel-cell contacts. These findings highlight the role of epithelial-neural crosstalk in homeostatic remodeling. Conversely, axons were also dynamic when Merkel cells were stable, indicating that intrinsic neural mechanisms drive branch plasticity. Two terminal morphologies innervated Merkel cells: transient swellings called boutons, and stable cups termed kylikes. In Atoh1 knockout mice that lack Merkel cells, axons showed higher complexity than control mice, with exuberant branching and no kylikes. Thus, Merkel cells limit axonal branching and promote branch maturation. Together, these results reveal a previously unsuspected high degree of plasticity in somatosensory axons that is biased, but not solely dictated, by plasticity of target epithelial cells. This system provides a platform to identify intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms that govern axonal patterning in epithelial homeostasis.
Collapse
|
6
|
Morfini G, Kins S. Editorial: Kinase/phosphatase signaling and axonal function in health and disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1172836. [PMID: 37032835 PMCID: PMC10080091 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1172836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Gerardo Morfini
| | - Stefan Kins
- Division of Human Biology and Human Genetics, University of Kaiserslautern - Landau (RPTU), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bracey KM, Gu G, Kaverina I. Microtubules in Pancreatic β Cells: Convoluted Roadways Toward Precision. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:915206. [PMID: 35874834 PMCID: PMC9305484 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.915206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic islet β cells regulate glucose homeostasis via glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). Cytoskeletal polymers microtubules (MTs) serve as tracks for the transport and positioning of secretory insulin granules. MT network in β cells has unique morphology with several distinct features, which support granule biogenesis (via Golgi-derived MT array), net non-directional transport (via interlocked MT mesh), and control availability of granules at secretion sites (via submembrane MT bundle). The submembrane MT array, which is parallel to the plasma membrane and serves to withdraw excessive granules from the secretion hot spots, is destabilized and fragmented downstream of high glucose stimulation, allowing for regulated secretion. The origin of such an unusual MT network, the features that define its functionality, and metabolic pathways that regulate it are still to a large extent elusive and are a matter of active investigation and debate. Besides the MT network itself, it is important to consider the interplay of molecular motors that drive and fine-tune insulin granule transport. Importantly, activity of kinesin-1, which is the major MT-dependent motor in β cells, transports insulin granules, and has a capacity to remodel MT network, is also regulated by glucose. We discuss yet unknown potential avenues toward understanding how MT network and motor proteins provide control for secretion in coordination with other GSIS-regulating mechanisms.
Collapse
|
8
|
Heroin Addiction Induces Axonal Transport Dysfunction in the Brain Detected by In Vivo MRI. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1070-1085. [PMID: 35759084 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Heroin is a highly addictive drug that causes axonal damage. Here, manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) was used to dynamically monitor axonal transport at different stages of heroin addiction. Rat models of heroin addiction (HA) and prolonged heroin addiction (PHA) were established by injecting rats with heroin at different stages. Heroin-induced learning and memory deficits were evaluated in the Morris water maze (MWM), and MEMRI was used to dynamically evaluate axonal transport in the olfactory pathway. The expression of proteins related to axonal structure and function was also assessed by Western blotting. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to observe ultrastructural changes, and protein levels of neurofilament heavy chain (NF-H) were analyzed by immunofluorescence staining. HA rats, especially PHA rats, exhibited worse spatial learning and memory than control rats. Compared with HA rats and control rats, PHA rats exhibited significantly longer escape latencies, significantly fewer platform-location crossings, and significantly more time in the target quadrant during the MWM test. Mn2+ transport was accelerated in HA rats. PHA rats exhibited severely reduced Mn2+ transport, and the axonal transport rate (ATR) was significantly lower in these rats than in control rats (P < 0.001). The levels of cytoplasmic dynein and kinesin-1 were significantly decreased in the PHA group than in the control group (P < 0.001); additionally, the levels of energy-related proteins, including cytochrome c oxidase (COX) IV and ATP synthase subunit beta (ATPB), were lower in the PHA group (P < 0.001). The brains of heroin-exposed rats displayed an abnormal ultrastructure, with neuronal apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction. Heroin exposure decreased the expression of NF-H, as indicated by significantly reduced staining intensities in tissues from HA and PHA rats (P < 0.05). MEMRI detected axonal transport dysfunction caused by long-term repeated exposure to heroin. The main causes of axonal transport impairment may be decreases in the levels of motor proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction. This study shows that MEMRI is a potential tool for visualizing axonal transport in individuals with drug addictions, providing a new way to evaluate addictive encephalopathy.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tao BY, Liu YY, Liu HY, Zhang ZH, Guan YQ, Wang H, Shi Y, Zhang J. Prognostic Biomarker KIF18A and Its Correlations With Immune Infiltrates and Mitosis in Glioma. Front Genet 2022; 13:852049. [PMID: 35591854 PMCID: PMC9110815 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.852049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Glioma is globally recognised as one of the most frequently occurring primary malignant brain tumours, making the identification of glioma biomarkers critically significant. The protein KIF18A (Kinesin Family Member 18A) is a member of the kinesin superfamily of microtubule-associated molecular motors and has been shown to participate in cell cycle and mitotic metaphase and anaphase. This is the first investigation into the expression of KIF18A and its prognostic value, potential biological functions, and effects on the immune system and mitosis in glioma patients. Methods: Gene expression and clinicopathological analysis, enrichment analysis, and immune infiltration analysis were based on data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), with additional bioinformatics analyses performed. Statistical analysis was conducted in R software. Clinical samples were used to evaluate the expression of KIF18A via immunohistochemical staining. In addition, the expression level of KIF18A was validated on U87 cell line. Results: Our results highlighted that KIF18A plays a key role as an independent prognostic factor in patients with glioma. KIF18A was highly expressed in glioma tissues, and KIF18A expression was associated with age, World Health Organization grade, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) status, 1p/19q codeletion, primary therapy outcome, and overall survival (OS). Enrichment analysis revealed that KIF18A is closely correlated with the cell cycle and mitosis. Single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) analysis revealed that KIF18A expression was related to the immune microenvironment. The increased expression of KIF18A in glioma was verified in clinical samples and U87 cell line. Conclusion: The identification of KIF18A as a new biomarker for glioma could help elucidate how changes in the glioma cell and immune microenvironment promote glioma malignancy. With further analysis, KIF18A may serve as an independent prognostic indicator for human glioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yan Tao
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Yang Liu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Yu Liu
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Ze-Han Zhang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Qian Guan
- Cell Therapy Center, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Shi
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Medical Centre, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Haynes EM, Burnett KH, He J, Jean-Pierre MW, Jarzyna M, Eliceiri KW, Huisken J, Halloran MC. KLC4 shapes axon arbors during development and mediates adult behavior. eLife 2022; 11:74270. [PMID: 36222498 PMCID: PMC9596160 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of elaborate and polarized neuronal morphology requires precisely regulated transport of cellular cargos by motor proteins such as kinesin-1. Kinesin-1 has numerous cellular cargos which must be delivered to unique neuronal compartments. The process by which this motor selectively transports and delivers cargo to regulate neuronal morphogenesis is poorly understood, although the cargo-binding kinesin light chain (KLC) subunits contribute to specificity. Our work implicates one such subunit, KLC4, as an essential regulator of axon branching and arborization pattern of sensory neurons during development. Using live imaging approaches in klc4 mutant zebrafish, we show that KLC4 is required for stabilization of nascent axon branches, proper microtubule (MT) dynamics, and endosomal transport. Furthermore, KLC4 is required for proper tiling of peripheral axon arbors: in klc4 mutants, peripheral axons showed abnormal fasciculation, a behavior characteristic of central axons. This result suggests that KLC4 patterns axonal compartments and helps establish molecular differences between central and peripheral axons. Finally, we find that klc4 mutant larva are hypersensitive to touch and adults show anxiety-like behavior in a novel tank test, implicating klc4 as a new gene involved in stress response circuits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Haynes
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Morgridge Institute for ResearchMadisonUnited States
| | - Korri H Burnett
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Jiaye He
- Morgridge Institute for ResearchMadisonUnited States,National Innovation Center for Advanced Medical DevicesShenzenChina
| | - Marcel W Jean-Pierre
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Martin Jarzyna
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Kevin W Eliceiri
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Morgridge Institute for ResearchMadisonUnited States
| | - Jan Huisken
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Morgridge Institute for ResearchMadisonUnited States,Department of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Mary C Halloran
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States,Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fan R, Lai KO. Understanding how kinesin motor proteins regulate postsynaptic function in neuron. FEBS J 2021; 289:2128-2144. [PMID: 34796656 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) are major molecular motors that transport diverse set of cargoes along microtubules to both the axon and dendrite of a neuron. Much of our knowledge about kinesin function is obtained from studies on axonal transport. Emerging evidence reveals how specific kinesin motor proteins carry cargoes to dendrites, including proteins, mRNAs and organelles that are crucial for synapse development and plasticity. In this review, we will summarize the major kinesin motors and their associated cargoes that have been characterized to regulate postsynaptic function in neuron. We will also discuss how specific kinesins are selectively involved in the development of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic compartments, their regulation by post-translational modifications (PTM), as well as their roles beyond conventional transport carrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruolin Fan
- Max Planck Florida Institute for Neuroscience, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kwok-On Lai
- Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Song XJ, Zhou HY, Sun YY, Huang HC. Phosphorylation and Glycosylation of Amyloid-β Protein Precursor: The Relationship to Trafficking and Cleavage in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:937-957. [PMID: 34602469 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in the central nervous system, and this disease is characterized by extracellular senile plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is the main constituent of senile plaques, and this peptide is derived from the amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) through the successive cleaving by β-site AβPP-cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. AβPP undergoes the progress of post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and glycosylation, which might affect the trafficking and the cleavage of AβPP. In the recent years, about 10 phosphorylation sites of AβPP were identified, and they play complex roles in glycosylation modification and cleavage of AβPP. In this article, we introduced the transport and the cleavage pathways of AβPP, then summarized the phosphorylation and glycosylation sites of AβPP, and further discussed the links and relationship between phosphorylation and glycosylation on the pathways of AβPP trafficking and cleavage in order to provide theoretical basis for AD research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jun Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - He-Yan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ying Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Chang Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China.,Research Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mast N, Petrov AM, Prendergast E, Bederman I, Pikuleva IA. Brain Acetyl-CoA Production and Phosphorylation of Cytoskeletal Proteins Are Targets of CYP46A1 Activity Modulation and Altered Sterol Flux. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2040-2060. [PMID: 34235635 PMCID: PMC8609074 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol and 24-hydroxycholesterol are the most abundant brain sterols and represent the substrate and product, respectively, of cytochrome P450 46A1 (CYP46A1), a CNS-specific enzyme. CYP46A1 controls cholesterol elimination and turnover in the brain, the two processes that determine the rate of brain sterol flux through the plasma membranes and thereby the properties of these membranes. Brain sterol flux is decreased in Cyp46a1-/- mice compared to wild-type mice and increased in 5XFAD mice (a model of Alzheimer's disease) when they are treated with a small dose of efavirenz, a CYP46A1 activator. Herein, we first assessed the brain proteome (synaptosomal fractions) and phospho-proteome (synaptosomal fractions and brain homogenates) of efavirenz-treated and control 5XFAD mice. Then, based on the pattern of protein abundance change, we conducted acetyl-CoA measurements (brain homogenates and mitochondria) and metabolic profiling (brain homogenates). The phospho-proteomics datasets were used for comparative analyses with the datasets obtained by us previously on mice with the same changes (efavirenz-treated and control 5XFAD mice from a different treatment paradigm) or with changes in the opposite direction (Cyp46a1-/- vs wild-type mice) in brain sterol flux. We found that CYP46A1 activity or the rate of brain sterol flux affects acetyl-CoA-related metabolic pathways as well as phosphorylation of cytoskeletal and other proteins. Knowledge of the key roles of acetyl-CoA and cytoskeletal phosphorylation in cell biology expands our understanding of the significance of CYP46A1-mediated cholesterol 24-hydroxylation in the brain and provides an additional explanation for why CYP46A1 activity modulations are beneficial in mouse models of different brain diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center, Kazan Scientific Center of RAS", 2/31 Lobachevsky Street, Box 30, 420111, Kazan, Russia
- Institute of Neuroscience, Kazan State Medial University, 49 Butlerova Street, 420012, Kazan, Russia
| | - Erin Prendergast
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ilya Bederman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Richards A, Berth SH, Brady S, Morfini G. Engagement of Neurotropic Viruses in Fast Axonal Transport: Mechanisms, Potential Role of Host Kinases and Implications for Neuronal Dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:684762. [PMID: 34234649 PMCID: PMC8255969 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.684762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Much remains unknown about mechanisms sustaining the various stages in the life cycle of neurotropic viruses. An understanding of those mechanisms operating before their replication and propagation could advance the development of effective anti-viral strategies. Here, we review our current knowledge of strategies used by neurotropic viruses to undergo bidirectional movement along axons. We discuss how the invasion strategies used by specific viruses might influence their mode of interaction with selected components of the host’s fast axonal transport (FAT) machinery, including specialized membrane-bounded organelles and microtubule-based motor proteins. As part of this discussion, we provide a critical evaluation of various reported interactions among viral and motor proteins and highlight limitations of some in vitro approaches that led to their identification. Based on a large body of evidence documenting activation of host kinases by neurotropic viruses, and on recent work revealing regulation of FAT through phosphorylation-based mechanisms, we posit a potential role of host kinases on the engagement of viruses in retrograde FAT. Finally, we briefly describe recent evidence linking aberrant activation of kinase pathways to deficits in FAT and neuronal degeneration in the context of human neurodegenerative diseases. Based on these findings, we speculate that neurotoxicity elicited by viral infection may involve deregulation of host kinases involved in the regulation of FAT and other cellular processes sustaining neuronal function and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexsia Richards
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sarah H Berth
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Scott Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pandey H, Popov M, Goldstein-Levitin A, Gheber L. Mechanisms by Which Kinesin-5 Motors Perform Their Multiple Intracellular Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6420. [PMID: 34203964 PMCID: PMC8232732 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bipolar kinesin-5 motor proteins perform multiple intracellular functions, mainly during mitotic cell division. Their specialized structural characteristics enable these motors to perform their essential functions by crosslinking and sliding apart antiparallel microtubules (MTs). In this review, we discuss the specialized structural features of kinesin-5 motors, and the mechanisms by which these features relate to kinesin-5 functions and motile properties. In addition, we discuss the multiple roles of the kinesin-5 motors in dividing as well as in non-dividing cells, and examine their roles in pathogenetic conditions. We describe the recently discovered bidirectional motility in fungi kinesin-5 motors, and discuss its possible physiological relevance. Finally, we also focus on the multiple mechanisms of regulation of these unique motor proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O. Box 653, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; (H.P.); (M.P.); (A.G.-L.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Aiken J, Holzbaur ELF. Cytoskeletal regulation guides neuronal trafficking to effectively supply the synapse. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R633-R650. [PMID: 34033795 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The development and proper function of the brain requires the formation of highly complex neuronal circuitry. These circuits are shaped from synaptic connections between neurons and must be maintained over a lifetime. The formation and continued maintenance of synapses requires accurate trafficking of presynaptic and postsynaptic components along the axon and dendrite, respectively, necessitating deliberate and specialized delivery strategies to replenish essential synaptic components. Maintenance of synaptic transmission also requires readily accessible energy stores, produced in part by localized mitochondria, that are tightly regulated with activity level. In this review, we focus on recent developments in our understanding of the cytoskeletal environment of axons and dendrites, examining how local regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and organelle trafficking promotes synapse-specific delivery and plasticity. These new insights shed light on the complex and coordinated role that cytoskeletal elements play in establishing and maintaining neuronal circuitry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Aiken
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Erika L F Holzbaur
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Migazzi A, Scaramuzzino C, Anderson EN, Tripathy D, Hernández IH, Grant RA, Roccuzzo M, Tosatto L, Virlogeux A, Zuccato C, Caricasole A, Ratovitski T, Ross CA, Pandey UB, Lucas JJ, Saudou F, Pennuto M, Basso M. Huntingtin-mediated axonal transport requires arginine methylation by PRMT6. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108980. [PMID: 33852844 PMCID: PMC8132453 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The huntingtin (HTT) protein transports various organelles, including vesicles containing neurotrophic factors, from embryonic development throughout life. To better understand how HTT mediates axonal transport and why this function is disrupted in Huntington's disease (HD), we study vesicle-associated HTT and find that it is dimethylated at a highly conserved arginine residue (R118) by the protein arginine methyltransferase 6 (PRMT6). Without R118 methylation, HTT associates less with vesicles, anterograde trafficking is diminished, and neuronal death ensues-very similar to what occurs in HD. Inhibiting PRMT6 in HD cells and neurons exacerbates mutant HTT (mHTT) toxicity and impairs axonal trafficking, whereas overexpressing PRMT6 restores axonal transport and neuronal viability, except in the presence of a methylation-defective variant of mHTT. In HD flies, overexpressing PRMT6 rescues axonal defects and eclosion. Arginine methylation thus regulates HTT-mediated vesicular transport along the axon, and increasing HTT methylation could be of therapeutic interest for HD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Migazzi
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Neurobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy; Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (DBS), University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Chiara Scaramuzzino
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, GIN, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Eric N Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Debasmita Tripathy
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Neurobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Ivó H Hernández
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO) CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Rogan A Grant
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Michela Roccuzzo
- Advanced Imaging Core Facility, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Laura Tosatto
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council (CNR) Trento unit, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Amandine Virlogeux
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, GIN, Grenoble 38000, France
| | - Chiara Zuccato
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi," Milan 20122, Italy
| | | | - Tamara Ratovitski
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Udai B Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - José J Lucas
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CBMSO) CSIC/UAM, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Frédéric Saudou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, GIN, Grenoble 38000, France.
| | - Maria Pennuto
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences (DBS), University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy; Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), via Orus 2, Padova 35129, Italy; Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), Padova 35131, Italy; Myology Center (CIR-Myo), Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Manuela Basso
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Neurobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu M, Pi H, Xi Y, Wang L, Tian L, Chen M, Xie J, Deng P, Zhang T, Zhou C, Liang Y, Zhang L, He M, Lu Y, Chen C, Yu Z, Zhou Z. KIF5A-dependent axonal transport deficiency disrupts autophagic flux in trimethyltin chloride-induced neurotoxicity. Autophagy 2021; 17:903-924. [PMID: 32160081 PMCID: PMC8078766 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1739444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) is widely used as a constituent of fungicides and plastic stabilizers in the industrial and agricultural fields, and is generally acknowledged to have potent neurotoxicity, especially in the hippocampus; however, the mechanism of induction of neurotoxicity by TMT remains elusive. Herein, we exposed Neuro-2a cells to different concentrations of TMT (2, 4, and 8 μM) for 24 h. Proteomic analysis, coupled with bioinformatics analysis, revealed the important role of macroautophagy/autophagy-lysosome machinery in TMT-induced neurotoxicity. Further analysis indicated significant impairment of autophagic flux by TMT via suppressed lysosomal function, such as by inhibiting lysosomal proteolysis and changing the lysosomal pH, thereby contributing to defects in autophagic clearance and subsequently leading to nerve cell death. Mechanistically, molecular interaction networks of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified a downregulated molecule, KIF5A (kinesin family member 5A), as a key target in TMT-impaired autophagic flux. TMT decreased KIF5A protein expression, disrupted the interaction between KIF5A and lysosome, and impaired lysosomal axonal transport. Moreover, Kif5a overexpression restored axonal transport, increased lysosomal dysfunction, and antagonized TMT-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. Importantly, in TMT-administered mice with seizure symptoms and histomorphological injury in the hippocampus, TMT inhibited KIF5A expression in the hippocampus. Gene transfer of Kif5a enhanced autophagic clearance in the hippocampus and alleviated TMT-induced neurotoxicity in vivo. Our results are the first to demonstrate KIF5A-dependent axonal transport deficiency to cause autophagic flux impairment via disturbance of lysosomal function in TMT-induced neurotoxicity; manipulation of KIF5A may be a therapeutic approach for antagonizing TMT-induced neurotoxicity.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; AAV: adeno-associated virus; ACTB: actin beta; AGC: automatic gain control; ATG: autophagy-related; ATP6V0D1: ATPase H+ transporting lysosomal V0 subunit D1; ATP6V1E1: ATPase H+ transporting lysosomal V1 subunit E1; CA: cornu ammonis; CQ: chloroquine; CTSB: cathepsin B; CTSD: cathepsin D; DCTN1: dynactin subunit 1; DG: dentate gyrus; DYNLL1: dynein light chain LC8-type 1; FBS: fetal bovine serum; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; GABARAPL1: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 1; GABARAPL2: GABA type A receptor associated protein like 2; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; IPA: Ingenuity Pathway Analysis; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; KIF5A: kinesin family member 5A; LAMP: lysosomal-associated membrane protein; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; NBR1: NBR1 autophagy cargo receptor; OPTN: optineurin; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PFA: paraformaldehyde; PIK3C3/VPS34: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit type 3; PRM: parallel reaction monitoring; siRNA: small interfering RNA; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; SYP: synaptophysin; TAX1BP1: Tax1 binding protein 1; TMT: trimethyltin chloride; TUB: tubulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Liu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huifeng Pi
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- School of Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yu Xi
- Department of Environmental Medicine, and Department of Emergency Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liting Wang
- Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengyan Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ping Deng
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yidan Liang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences and School of Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mindi He
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yonghui Lu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunhai Chen
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengping Yu
- Department of Occupational Health, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhou Zhou
- Department of Environmental Medicine, and Department of Emergency Medicine of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mueller RL, Combs B, Alhadidy MM, Brady ST, Morfini GA, Kanaan NM. Tau: A Signaling Hub Protein. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:647054. [PMID: 33815057 PMCID: PMC8017207 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.647054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Over four decades ago, in vitro experiments showed that tau protein interacts with and stabilizes microtubules in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. This observation fueled the widespread hypotheses that these properties extend to living neurons and that reduced stability of microtubules represents a major disease-driving event induced by pathological forms of tau in Alzheimer’s disease and other tauopathies. Accordingly, most research efforts to date have addressed this protein as a substrate, focusing on evaluating how specific mutations, phosphorylation, and other post-translational modifications impact its microtubule-binding and stabilizing properties. In contrast, fewer efforts were made to illuminate potential mechanisms linking physiological and disease-related forms of tau to the normal and pathological regulation of kinases and phosphatases. Here, we discuss published work indicating that, through interactions with various kinases and phosphatases, tau may normally act as a scaffolding protein to regulate phosphorylation-based signaling pathways. Expanding on this concept, we also review experimental evidence linking disease-related tau species to the misregulation of these pathways. Collectively, the available evidence supports the participation of tau in multiple cellular processes sustaining neuronal and glial function through various mechanisms involving the scaffolding and regulation of selected kinases and phosphatases at discrete subcellular compartments. The notion that the repertoire of tau functions includes a role as a signaling hub should widen our interpretation of experimental results and increase our understanding of tau biology in normal and disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Mueller
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Benjamin Combs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Mohammed M Alhadidy
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Scott T Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Gerardo A Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Morris SL, Tsai MY, Aloe S, Bechberger K, König S, Morfini G, Brady ST. Defined Tau Phosphospecies Differentially Inhibit Fast Axonal Transport Through Activation of Two Independent Signaling Pathways. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:610037. [PMID: 33568975 PMCID: PMC7868336 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.610037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tau protein is subject to phosphorylation by multiple kinases at more than 80 different sites. Some of these sites are associated with tau pathology and neurodegeneration, but other sites are modified in normal tau as well as in pathological tau. Although phosphorylation of tau at residues in the microtubule-binding repeats is thought to reduce tau association with microtubules, the functional consequences of other sites are poorly understood. The AT8 antibody recognizes a complex phosphoepitope site on tau that is detectable in a healthy brain but significantly increased in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other tauopathies. Previous studies showed that phosphorylation of tau at the AT8 site leads to exposure of an N-terminal sequence that promotes activation of a protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)/glycogen synthase 3 (GSK3) signaling pathway, which inhibits kinesin-1-based anterograde fast axonal transport (FAT). This finding suggests that phosphorylation may control tau conformation and function. However, the AT8 includes three distinct phosphorylated amino acids that may be differentially phosphorylated in normal and disease conditions. To evaluate the effects of specific phosphorylation sites in the AT8 epitope, recombinant, pseudophosphorylated tau proteins were perfused into the isolated squid axoplasm preparation to determine their effects on axonal signaling pathways and FAT. Results from these studies suggest a mechanism where specific phosphorylation events differentially impact tau conformation, promoting activation of independent signaling pathways that differentially affect FAT. Implications of findings here to our understanding of tau function in health and disease conditions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Morris
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Ming-Ying Tsai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sarah Aloe
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | | | - Svenja König
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Scott T. Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Autophagy in trimethyltin-induced neurodegeneration. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2020; 127:987-998. [PMID: 32451631 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-020-02210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradative process playing an important role in removing misfolded or aggregated proteins, clearing damaged organelles, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, as well as eliminating intracellular pathogens. The autophagic process is important for balancing sources of energy at critical developmental stages and in response to nutrient stress. Recently, autophagy has been involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases although its beneficial (pro-survival) or detrimental (pro-death) role remains controversial. In the present review, we discuss the role of autophagy following intoxication with trimethyltin (TMT), an organotin compound that induces severe hippocampal neurodegeneration associated with astrocyte and microglia activation. TMT is considered a useful tool to study the molecular mechanisms occurring in human neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and temporal lobe epilepsy. This is also relevant in the field of environmental safety, since organotin compounds are used as heat stabilizers in polyvinyl chloride polymers, industrial and agricultural biocides, and as industrial chemical catalysts.
Collapse
|
22
|
Alberdi L, Vergnes A, Manneville JB, Tembo DL, Fang Z, Zhao Y, Schroeder N, Dumont A, Lagier M, Bassereau P, Redondo-Morata L, Gorvel JP, Méresse S. Regulation of kinesin-1 activity by the Salmonella enterica effectors PipB2 and SifA. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/9/jcs239863. [PMID: 32409568 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.239863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an intracellular bacterial pathogen. The formation of its replication niche, which is composed of a vacuole associated with a network of membrane tubules, depends on the secretion of a set of bacterial effector proteins whose activities deeply modify the functions of the eukaryotic host cell. By recruiting and regulating the activity of the kinesin-1 molecular motor, Salmonella effectors PipB2 and SifA play an essential role in the formation of the bacterial compartments. In particular, they allow the formation of tubules from the vacuole and their extension along the microtubule cytoskeleton, and thus promote membrane exchanges and nutrient supply. We have developed in vitro and in cellulo assays to better understand the specific role played by these two effectors in the recruitment and regulation of kinesin-1. Our results reveal a specific interaction between the two effectors and indicate that, contrary to what studies on infected cells suggested, interaction with PipB2 is sufficient to relieve the autoinhibition of kinesin-1. Finally, they suggest the involvement of other Salmonella effectors in the control of the activity of this molecular motor.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jean-Baptiste Manneville
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC University Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 144, 26 rue d'Ulm, F-75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Ziyan Fang
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Yaya Zhao
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Nina Schroeder
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Audrey Dumont
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Margaux Lagier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Patricia Bassereau
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, 1 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang D, Zhao P, Liu J, Qi T, Liu Q, Jiang S, Zhang H, Wang Z, Tang B, Ding G. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Tolerance Mechanism of Mantis Shrimp ( Oratosquilla oratoria) under a Lipopolysaccharide Challenge. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:2310-2317. [PMID: 32064393 PMCID: PMC7017407 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, is considered to lead to some disease development in commercial crustaceans. However, mantis shrimps Oratosquilla oratoria (Crustacea: Stomatopoda) have a strong vitality and ability to resist disease. To study the tolerance mechanism of mantis shrimp, transcriptome analyses were conducted in hepatopancreas of O. oratoria under LPS challenge investigation. Totally, 84 547 044 clean reads were obtained from transcriptomes (43 159 230 in OP (control), 41 387 814 in OL (treatment), respectively). Unigenes, the longest transcript of each gene, with a total length of 68 318 880 bp and the total number of 100 978 were obtained. 8369 (8.28%) of unigenes were successfully annotated in all databases and 54 888 (54.35%) were annotated in at least one database. Finally, 1012 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 439 and 573 showed significantly upregulated and downregulated were determined between OL and OP, respectively. Moreover, those DEGs only expressed in OL or OP accounted for 8.99%. The functional classification based on GO and KEGG indicated that the common enrichment categories for the DEGs are "amino sugar metabolic" and "cellular homeostasis" and that the progress of nutrient metabolic and homeostasis in cells is important in facing variable environmental conditions. Protein-protein interaction analysis elucidated proteins, β-actin (ACTB_G1), T-complex protein subunits (TCPs), heat shock proteins (HSPs), hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-like protein 2 (HSDL2), kinesin family member 5 (KIF5), methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase (AUH), and myosin heavy chain (MYH) may play key roles in response to an LPS challenge. This study laid a foundation to further investigate the possible adaptation way that O. oratoria survives in a bacterial challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daizhen Zhang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial
Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection,
Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Peisong Zhao
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial
Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection,
Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, China
- College
of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Biotechnology in Lianyungang Normal College, Lianyungang 222006, China
| | - Tingting Qi
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial
Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection,
Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Qiuning Liu
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial
Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection,
Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Senhao Jiang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial
Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection,
Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Huabin Zhang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial
Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection,
Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Zhengfei Wang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial
Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection,
Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Boping Tang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Provincial
Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection,
Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-agriculture, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Ge Ding
- Chemical
and Biological Engineering College, Yancheng
Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224003, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhao J, Fok AHK, Fan R, Kwan PY, Chan HL, Lo LHY, Chan YS, Yung WH, Huang J, Lai CSW, Lai KO. Specific depletion of the motor protein KIF5B leads to deficits in dendritic transport, synaptic plasticity and memory. eLife 2020; 9:53456. [PMID: 31961321 PMCID: PMC7028368 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinesin I family of motor proteins are crucial for axonal transport, but their roles in dendritic transport and postsynaptic function are not well-defined. Gene duplication and subsequent diversification give rise to three homologous kinesin I proteins (KIF5A, KIF5B and KIF5C) in vertebrates, but it is not clear whether and how they exhibit functional specificity. Here we show that knockdown of KIF5A or KIF5B differentially affects excitatory synapses and dendritic transport in hippocampal neurons. The functional specificities of the two kinesins are determined by their diverse carboxyl-termini, where arginine methylation occurs in KIF5B and regulates its function. KIF5B conditional knockout mice exhibit deficits in dendritic spine morphogenesis, synaptic plasticity and memory formation. Our findings provide insights into how expansion of the kinesin I family during evolution leads to diversification and specialization of motor proteins in regulating postsynaptic function. Transporting molecules within a cell becomes a daunting task when the cell is a neuron, with fibers called axons and dendrites that can stretch as long as a meter. Neurons use many different molecules to send messages across the body and store memories in the brain. If the right molecules cannot be delivered along the length of nerve cells, connections to neighboring neurons may decay, which may impair learning and memory. Motor proteins are responsible for transporting molecules within cells. Kinesins are a type of motor protein that typically transports materials from the body of a neuron to the cell’s periphery, including the dendrites, which is where a neuron receives messages from other nerve cells. Each cell has up to 45 different kinesin motors, but it is not known whether each one performs a distinct task or if they have overlapping roles. Now, Zhao, Fok et al. have studied two similar kinesins, called KIF5A and KIF5B, in rodent neurons to determine their roles. First, it was shown that both proteins were found at dendritic spines, which are small outgrowths on dendrites where contact with other cells occurs. Next, KIF5A and KIF5B were depleted, one at a time, from neurons extracted from a brain region called the hippocampus. Removing KIF5B interfered with the formation of dendritic spines, but removing KIF5A did not have an effect. Dendritic spines are essential for learning and memory, so several behavioral tests were conducted on mice that had been genetically modified to express less KIF5B in the forebrain. These tests revealed that the mice performed poorly in tasks that tested their memory recall. This work opens a new area of research studying the specific roles of different kinesin motor proteins in nerve cells. This could have important implications because certain kinesin motor proteins such as KIF5A are known to be defective in some inherited neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Albert Hiu Ka Fok
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruolin Fan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui-Yi Kwan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hei-Lok Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Louisa Hoi-Ying Lo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiandong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Cora Sau Wan Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-On Lai
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mórotz GM, Glennon EB, Greig J, Lau DHW, Bhembre N, Mattedi F, Muschalik N, Noble W, Vagnoni A, Miller CCJ. Kinesin light chain-1 serine-460 phosphorylation is altered in Alzheimer's disease and regulates axonal transport and processing of the amyloid precursor protein. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:200. [PMID: 31806024 PMCID: PMC6896704 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0857-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage to axonal transport is an early pathogenic event in Alzheimer’s disease. The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a key axonal transport cargo since disruption to APP transport promotes amyloidogenic processing of APP. Moreover, altered APP processing itself disrupts axonal transport. The mechanisms that regulate axonal transport of APP are therefore directly relevant to Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. APP is transported anterogradely through axons on kinesin-1 motors and one route for this transport involves calsyntenin-1, a type-1 membrane spanning protein that acts as a direct ligand for kinesin-1 light chains (KLCs). Thus, loss of calsyntenin-1 disrupts APP axonal transport and promotes amyloidogenic processing of APP. Phosphorylation of KLC1 on serine-460 has been shown to reduce anterograde axonal transport of calsyntenin-1 by inhibiting the KLC1-calsyntenin-1 interaction. Here we demonstrate that in Alzheimer’s disease frontal cortex, KLC1 levels are reduced and the relative levels of KLC1 serine-460 phosphorylation are increased; these changes occur relatively early in the disease process. We also show that a KLC1 serine-460 phosphomimetic mutant inhibits axonal transport of APP in both mammalian neurons in culture and in Drosophila neurons in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate that expression of the KLC1 serine-460 phosphomimetic mutant promotes amyloidogenic processing of APP. Together, these results suggest that increased KLC1 serine-460 phosphorylation contributes to Alzheimer’s disease.
Collapse
|
26
|
Mórotz GM, Glennon EB, Gomez-Suaga P, Lau DHW, Robinson ED, Sedlák É, Vagnoni A, Noble W, Miller CCJ. LMTK2 binds to kinesin light chains to mediate anterograde axonal transport of cdk5/p35 and LMTK2 levels are reduced in Alzheimer's disease brains. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:73. [PMID: 31068217 PMCID: PMC6505310 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0715-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin dependent kinase-5 (cdk5)/p35 is a neuronal kinase that regulates key axonal and synaptic functions but the mechanisms by which it is transported to these locations are unknown. Lemur tyrosine kinase-2 (LMTK2) is a binding partner for p35 and here we show that LMTK2 also interacts with kinesin-1 light chains (KLC1/2). Binding to KLC1/2 involves a C-terminal tryptophan/aspartate (WD) motif in LMTK2 and the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains in KLC1/2, and this interaction facilitates axonal transport of LMTK2. Thus, siRNA loss of KLC1 or mutation of the WD motif disrupts axonal transport of LMTK2. We also show that LMTK2 facilitates the formation of a complex containing KLC1 and p35 and that siRNA loss of LMTK2 disrupts axonal transport of both p35 and cdk5. Finally, we show that LMTK2 levels are reduced in Alzheimer's disease brains. Damage to axonal transport and altered cdk5/p35 are pathogenic features of Alzheimer's disease. Thus, LMTK2 binds to KLC1 to direct axonal transport of p35 and its loss may contribute to Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor M Mórotz
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Elizabeth B Glennon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Patricia Gomez-Suaga
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Dawn H W Lau
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Eleanor D Robinson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Éva Sedlák
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Alessio Vagnoni
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Wendy Noble
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Christopher C J Miller
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane Camberwell, London, SE5 9RX, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Combs B, Mueller RL, Morfini G, Brady ST, Kanaan NM. Tau and Axonal Transport Misregulation in Tauopathies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1184:81-95. [PMID: 32096030 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9358-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein that is involved in both normal and pathological processes in neurons. Since the discovery and characterization of tau over 40 years ago, our understanding of tau's normal functions and toxic roles in neurodegenerative tauopathies has continued to expand. Fast axonal transport is a critical process for maintaining axons and functioning synapses, critical subcellular compartments underlying neuronal connectivity. Signs of fast axonal transport disruption are pervasive in Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies and various mechanisms have been proposed for regulation of fast axonal transport by tau. Post-translational modifications of tau including phosphorylation at specific sites, FTDP-17 point mutations, and oligomerization, confer upon tau a toxic effect on fast axonal transport. Consistent with the well-established dependence of axons on fast axonal transport, these disease-related modifications are closely associated temporally and spatially with axonal degeneration in the early disease stages. These factors position tau as a potentially critical factor mediating the disruption of fast axonal transport that precedes synaptic dysfunction and axonal degeneration at later disease stages. In this chapter, we review the evidence that tau affects fast axonal transport and examine several potential mechanisms proposed to underlie this toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Combs
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca L Mueller
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Scott T Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. .,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Brinkmalm A, Portelius E, Brinkmalm G, Pannee J, Dahlén R, Gobom J, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Fluid-based proteomics targeted on pathophysiological processes and pathologies in neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurochem 2018; 151:417-434. [PMID: 30238462 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative dementias constitute a broad group of diseases in which abnormally folded proteins accumulate in specific brain regions and result in tissue reactions that eventually cause neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Depending on where in the brain this happens, symptoms appear which may be used to classify the disorders on clinical grounds. However, brain changes in neurodegenerative dementias start to accumulate many years prior to symptom onset and there is a poor correlation between the clinical picture and what pathology that is the most likely to cause it. Thus, novel drug candidates having disease-modifying effects that is targeting the underlying pathology and changes the course of the disease needs to be defined using objective biomarker-based measures since the clinical symptoms are often non-specific and overlap between different disorders. Furthermore, the treatment should ideally be initiated as soon as symptoms are evident or when biomarkers confirm an underlying pathology (pre-clinical phase of the disease) to reduce irreversible damage to, for example, neurons, synapses and axons. Clinical trials in the pre-clinical phase bring a greater importance to biomarkers since by definition the clinical effects are difficult or slow to discern in a population that is not yet clinically affected. Here, we discuss neuropathological changes that may underlie neurodegenerative dementias, including how they can be detected and quantified using currently available biofluid-based biomarkers and how more of them could be identified using targeted proteomics approaches. This article is part of the special issue "Proteomics".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Portelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Josef Pannee
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Rahil Dahlén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Johan Gobom
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pernigo S, Chegkazi MS, Yip YY, Treacy C, Glorani G, Hansen K, Politis A, Bui S, Dodding MP, Steiner RA. Structural basis for isoform-specific kinesin-1 recognition of Y-acidic cargo adaptors. eLife 2018; 7:38362. [PMID: 30320553 PMCID: PMC6214655 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The light chains (KLCs) of the heterotetrameric microtubule motor kinesin-1, that bind to cargo adaptor proteins and regulate its activity, have a capacity to recognize short peptides via their tetratricopeptide repeat domains (KLCTPR). Here, using X-ray crystallography, we show how kinesin-1 recognizes a novel class of adaptor motifs that we call ‘Y-acidic’ (tyrosine flanked by acidic residues), in a KLC-isoform specific manner. Binding specificities of Y-acidic motifs (present in JIP1 and in TorsinA) to KLC1TPR are distinct from those utilized for the recognition of W-acidic motifs found in adaptors that are KLC- isoform non-selective. However, a partial overlap on their receptor binding sites implies that adaptors relying on Y-acidic and W-acidic motifs must act independently. We propose a model to explain why these two classes of motifs that bind to the concave surface of KLCTPR with similar low micromolar affinity can exhibit different capacities to promote kinesin-1 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pernigo
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Magda S Chegkazi
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yan Y Yip
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Conor Treacy
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giulia Glorani
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kjetil Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Argyris Politis
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Soi Bui
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Dodding
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto A Steiner
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nguyen TQ, Aumont-Nicaise M, Andreani J, Velours C, Chenon M, Vilela F, Geneste C, Varela PF, Llinas P, Ménétrey J. Characterization of the binding mode of JNK-interacting protein 1 (JIP1) to kinesin-light chain 1 (KLC1). J Biol Chem 2018; 293:13946-13960. [PMID: 30026235 PMCID: PMC6130945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
JIP1 was first identified as scaffold protein for the MAP kinase JNK and is a cargo protein for the kinesin1 molecular motor. JIP1 plays significant and broad roles in neurons, mainly as a regulator of kinesin1-dependent transport, and is associated with human pathologies such as cancer and Alzheimer disease. JIP1 is specifically recruited by the kinesin-light chain 1 (KLC1) of kinesin1, but the details of this interaction are not yet fully elucidated. Here, using calorimetry, we extensively biochemically characterized the interaction between KLC1 and JIP1. Using various truncated fragments of the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of KLC1, we narrowed down its JIP1-binding region and identified seven KLC1 residues critical for JIP1 binding. These isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC)-based binding data enabled us to footprint the JIP1-binding site on KLC1-TPR. This footprint was used to uncover the structural basis for the marginal inhibition of JIP1 binding by the autoinhibitory LFP-acidic motif of KLC1, as well as for the competition between JIP1 and another cargo protein of kinesin1, the W-acidic motif-containing alcadein-α. Also, we examined the role of each of these critical residues of KLC1 for JIP1 binding in light of the previously reported crystal structure of the KLC1-TPR:JIP1 complex. Finally, sequence search in eukaryotic genomes identified several proteins, among which is SH2D6, that exhibit a motif similar to the KLC1-binding motif of JIP1. Overall, our extensive biochemical characterization of the KLC:JIP1 interaction, as well as identification of potential KLC1-binding partners, improves the understanding of how this growing family of cargos is recruited to kinesin1 by KLC1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Quyen Nguyen
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Magali Aumont-Nicaise
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Jessica Andreani
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Christophe Velours
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Mélanie Chenon
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Fernando Vilela
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Clémentine Geneste
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Paloma F Varela
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Paola Llinas
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| | - Julie Ménétrey
- From the Laboratoire d'Enzymologie et Biochimie Structurales (LEBS), CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, 1 avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France and
- the Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hares K, Miners JS, Cook AJ, Rice C, Scolding N, Love S, Wilkins A. Overexpression of Kinesin Superfamily Motor Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:1511-1524. [PMID: 29060936 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Defects in motor protein-mediated neuronal transport mechanisms have been implicated in a number of neurodegenerative disorders but remain relatively little studied in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our aim in the present study was to assess the expression of the anterograde kinesin superfamily motor proteins KIF5A, KIF1B, and KIF21B, and to examine their relationship to levels of hyperphosphorylated tau, amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP), and amyloid-β (Aβ) in human brain tissue. We used a combination of qPCR, immunoblotting, and ELISA to perform these analyses in midfrontal cortex from 49 AD and 46 control brains. Expression of KIF5A, KIF1B, and KIF21B at gene and protein level was significantly increased in AD. KIF5A protein expression correlated inversely with the levels of AβPP and soluble Aβ in AD brains. Upregulation of KIFs may be an adaptive response to impaired axonal transport in AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hares
- MS and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - James Scott Miners
- Dementia Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Amelia Jane Cook
- MS and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Claire Rice
- MS and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Neil Scolding
- MS and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Seth Love
- Dementia Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Alastair Wilkins
- MS and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Alsahli S, Arold ST, Alfares A, Alhaddad B, Al Balwi M, Kamsteeg EJ, Al-Twaijri W, Alfadhel M. KIF16B is a candidate gene for a novel autosomal-recessive intellectual disability syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1602-1609. [PMID: 29736960 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) and global developmental delay are closely related; the latter is reserved for children under the age of 5 years as it is challenging to reliably assess clinical severity in this population. ID is a common condition, with up to 1%-3% of the population being affected and leading to a huge social and economic impact. ID is attributed to genetic abnormalities most of the time; however, the exact role of genetic involvement in ID is yet to be determined. Whole exome sequencing (WES) has gained popularity in the workup for ID, and multiple studies have been published examining the diagnostic yield in identification of the disease-causing variant (16%-55%), with the genetic involvement increasing as intelligence quotient decreases. WES has also accelerated novel disease gene discovery in this field. We identified a novel biallelic variant in the KIF16B gene (NM_024704.4:c.3611T > G) in two brothers that may be the cause of their phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saud Alsahli
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan T Arold
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alfares
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdul Aziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, Qassim University, Almulyda, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Alhaddad
- Institute of Human Genetics, , Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Mohammed Al Balwi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Abdul Aziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Erik-Jan Kamsteeg
- Genome Diagnostics Nijmegen, Department of Medical Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Waleed Al-Twaijri
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNGHA), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Singh SK, Pandey H, Al-Bassam J, Gheber L. Bidirectional motility of kinesin-5 motor proteins: structural determinants, cumulative functions and physiological roles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1757-1771. [PMID: 29397398 PMCID: PMC11105280 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2754-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mitotic kinesin-5 bipolar motor proteins perform essential functions in mitotic spindle dynamics by crosslinking and sliding antiparallel microtubules (MTs) apart within the mitotic spindle. Two recent studies have indicated that single molecules of Cin8, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-5 homolog, are minus end-directed when moving on single MTs, yet switch directionality under certain experimental conditions (Gerson-Gurwitz et al., EMBO J 30:4942-4954, 2011; Roostalu et al., Science 332:94-99, 2011). This finding was unexpected since the Cin8 catalytic motor domain is located at the N-terminus of the protein, and such kinesins have been previously thought to be exclusively plus end-directed. In addition, the essential intracellular functions of kinesin-5 motors in separating spindle poles during mitosis can only be accomplished by plus end-directed motility during antiparallel sliding of the spindle MTs. Thus, the mechanism and possible physiological role of the minus end-directed motility of kinesin-5 motors remain unclear. Experimental and theoretical studies from several laboratories in recent years have identified additional kinesin-5 motors that are bidirectional, revealed structural determinants that regulate directionality, examined the possible mechanisms involved and have proposed physiological roles for the minus end-directed motility of kinesin-5 motors. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the remarkable ability of certain kinesin-5 motors to switch directionality when moving along MTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Himanshu Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Jawdat Al-Bassam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ruhnow F, Kloβ L, Diez S. Challenges in Estimating the Motility Parameters of Single Processive Motor Proteins. Biophys J 2018; 113:2433-2443. [PMID: 29211997 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoskeletal motor proteins are essential to the function of a wide range of intracellular mechano-systems. The biophysical characterization of their movement along their filamentous tracks is therefore of large importance. Toward this end, single-molecule, in vitro stepping-motility assays are commonly used to determine motor velocity and run length. However, comparing results from such experiments has proved difficult due to influences from variations in the experimental conditions and the data analysis methods. Here, we investigate the movement of fluorescently labeled, processive, dimeric motor proteins and propose a unified algorithm to correct the measurements for finite filament length as well as photobleaching. Particular emphasis is put on estimating the statistical errors associated with the proposed evaluation method, as knowledge of these values is crucial when comparing measurements from different experiments. Testing our approach with simulated and experimental data from GFP-labeled kinesin-1 motors stepping along immobilized microtubules, we show 1) that velocity distributions should be fitted by a t location-scale probability density function rather than by a normal distribution; 2) that the impossibility to measure events shorter than the image acquisition time needs to be taken into account; 3) that the interaction time and run length of the motors can be estimated independent of the filament length distribution; and 4) that the dimeric nature of the motors needs to be considered when correcting for photobleaching. Moreover, our analysis reveals that controlling the temperature during the experiments with a precision below 1 K is of importance. We believe our method will not only improve the evaluation of experimental data, but also allow for better statistical comparisons between different populations of motor proteins (e.g., with distinct mutations or linked to different cargos) and filaments (e.g., in distinct nucleotide states or with different posttranslational modifications). Therefore, we include a detailed workflow for image processing and analysis (including MATLAB code), serving as a tutorial for the estimation of motility parameters in stepping-motility assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Ruhnow
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Linda Kloβ
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Melkov A, Abdu U. Regulation of long-distance transport of mitochondria along microtubules. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:163-176. [PMID: 28702760 PMCID: PMC11105322 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles of crucial importance, playing roles in cellular life and death. In certain cell types, such as neurons, mitochondria must travel long distances so as to meet metabolic demands of the cell. Mitochondrial movement is essentially microtubule (MT) based and is executed by two main motor proteins, Dynein and Kinesin. The organization of the cellular MT network and the identity of motors dictate mitochondrial transport. Tight coupling between MTs, motors, and the mitochondria is needed for the organelle precise localization. Two adaptor proteins are involved directly in mitochondria-motor coupling, namely Milton known also as TRAK, which is the motor adaptor, and Miro, which is the mitochondrial protein. Here, we discuss the active mitochondria transport process, as well as motor-mitochondria coupling in the context of MT organization in different cell types. We focus on mitochondrial trafficking in different cell types, specifically neurons, migrating cells, and polarized epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Melkov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, 8410500, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Uri Abdu
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, 8410500, Beersheba, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Trafficking in Alzheimer's Disease: Modulation of APP Transport and Processing by the Transmembrane Proteins LRP1, SorLA, SorCS1c, Sortilin, and Calsyntenin. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5809-5829. [PMID: 29079999 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP), one key player in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is extensively processed by different proteases. This leads to the generation of diverging fragments including the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, which accumulates in brains of AD patients. Subcellular trafficking of APP is an important aspect for its proteolytic conversion, since the various secretases which cleave APP are located in different cellular compartments. As a consequence, altered subcellular targeting of APP is thought to directly affect the degree to which Aβ is generated. The mechanisms underlying intracellular APP transport are critical to understand AD pathogenesis and can serve as a target for future pharmacological interventions. In the recent years, a number of APP interacting proteins were identified which are implicated in sorting of APP, thereby influencing APP processing at different angles of the secretory or endocytic pathway. This review provides an update on the proteolytic processing of APP and the interplay of the transmembrane proteins low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, sortilin-receptor with A-type repeats, SorCS1c, sortilin, and calsyntenin. We discuss the specific interactions with APP, the capacity to modulate the intracellular itinerary and the proteolytic conversion of APP, a possible involvement in the clearance of Aβ, and the implications of these transmembrane proteins in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
37
|
Chen LJ, Wang YJ, Tseng GF. Cortical compression rapidly trimmed transcallosal projections and altered axonal anterograde transport machinery. Neuroscience 2017; 362:79-94. [PMID: 28827177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trauma and tumor compressing the brain distort underlying cortical neurons. Compressed cortical neurons remodel their dendrites instantly. The effects on axons however remain unclear. Using a rat epidural bead implantation model, we studied the effects of unilateral somatosensory cortical compression on its transcallosal projection and the reversibility of the changes following decompression. Compression reduced the density, branching profuseness and boutons of the projection axons in the contralateral homotopic cortex 1week and 1month post-compression. Projection fiber density was higher 1-month than 1-week post-compression, suggesting adaptive temporal changes. Compression reduced contralateral cortical synaptophysin, vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) and postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD95) expressions in a week and the first two marker proteins further by 1month. βIII-tubulin and kinesin light chain (KLC) expressions in the corpus callosum (CC) where transcallosal axons traveled were also decreased. Kinesin heavy chain (KHC) level in CC was temporarily increased 1week after compression. Decompression increased transcallosal axon density and branching profuseness to higher than sham while bouton density returned to sham levels. This was accompanied by restoration of synaptophysin, VGLUT1 and PSD95 expressions in the contralateral cortex of the 1-week, but not the 1-month, compression rats. Decompression restored βIII-tubulin, but not KLC and KHC expressions in CC. However, KLC and KHC expressions in the cell bodies of the layer II/III pyramidal neurons partially recovered. Our results show cerebral compression compromised cortical axonal outputs and reduced transcallosal projection. Some of these changes did not recover in long-term decompression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jin Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Jan Wang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| | - Guo-Fang Tseng
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Tzu-Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kneynsberg A, Combs B, Christensen K, Morfini G, Kanaan NM. Axonal Degeneration in Tauopathies: Disease Relevance and Underlying Mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:572. [PMID: 29089864 PMCID: PMC5651019 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tauopathies are a diverse group of diseases featuring progressive dying-back neurodegeneration of specific neuronal populations in association with accumulation of abnormal forms of the microtubule-associated protein tau. It is well-established that the clinical symptoms characteristic of tauopathies correlate with deficits in synaptic function and neuritic connectivity early in the course of disease, but mechanisms underlying these critical pathogenic events are not fully understood. Biochemical in vitro evidence fueled the widespread notion that microtubule stabilization represents tau's primary biological role and that the marked atrophy of neurites observed in tauopathies results from loss of microtubule stability. However, this notion contrasts with the mild phenotype associated with tau deletion. Instead, an analysis of cellular hallmarks common to different tauopathies, including aberrant patterns of protein phosphorylation and early degeneration of axons, suggests that alterations in kinase-based signaling pathways and deficits in axonal transport (AT) associated with such alterations contribute to the loss of neuronal connectivity triggered by pathogenic forms of tau. Here, we review a body of literature providing evidence that axonal pathology represents an early and common pathogenic event among human tauopathies. Observations of axonal degeneration in animal models of specific tauopathies are discussed and similarities to human disease highlighted. Finally, we discuss potential mechanistic pathways other than microtubule destabilization by which disease-related forms of tau may promote axonopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Kneynsberg
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Benjamin Combs
- Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Kyle Christensen
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Gerardo Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Nicholas M Kanaan
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.,Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, United States.,Hauenstein Neuroscience Center, Mercy Health Saint Mary's, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Goldstein A, Siegler N, Goldman D, Judah H, Valk E, Kõivomägi M, Loog M, Gheber L. Three Cdk1 sites in the kinesin-5 Cin8 catalytic domain coordinate motor localization and activity during anaphase. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3395-3412. [PMID: 28455557 PMCID: PMC11107736 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The bipolar kinesin-5 motors perform essential functions in mitotic spindle dynamics. We previously demonstrated that phosphorylation of at least one of the Cdk1 sites in the catalytic domain of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae kinesin-5 Cin8 (S277, T285, S493) regulates its localization to the anaphase spindle. The contribution of these three sites to phospho-regulation of Cin8, as well as the timing of such contributions, remains unknown. Here, we examined the function and spindle localization of phospho-deficient (serine/threonine to alanine) and phospho-mimic (serine/threonine to aspartic acid) Cin8 mutants. In vitro, the three Cdk1 sites undergo phosphorylation by Clb2-Cdk1. In cells, phosphorylation of Cin8 affects two aspects of its localization to the anaphase spindle, translocation from the spindle-pole bodies (SPBs) region to spindle microtubules (MTs) and the midzone, and detachment from the mitotic spindle. We found that phosphorylation of S277 is essential for the translocation of Cin8 from SPBs to spindle MTs and the subsequent detachment from the spindle. Phosphorylation of T285 mainly affects the detachment of Cin8 from spindle MTs during anaphase, while phosphorylation at S493 affects both the translocation of Cin8 from SPBs to the spindle and detachment from the spindle. Only S493 phosphorylation affected the anaphase spindle elongation rate. We conclude that each phosphorylation site plays a unique role in regulating Cin8 functions and postulate a model in which the timing and extent of phosphorylation of the three sites orchestrates the anaphase function of Cin8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alina Goldstein
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Nurit Siegler
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Darya Goldman
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Haim Judah
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ervin Valk
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mardo Kõivomägi
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mart Loog
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Larisa Gheber
- Department of Chemistry and Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, PO Box 653, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Brady ST, Morfini GA. Regulation of motor proteins, axonal transport deficits and adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 105:273-282. [PMID: 28411118 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons affected in a wide variety of unrelated adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases (AONDs) typically exhibit a "dying back" pattern of degeneration, which is characterized by early deficits in synaptic function and neuritic pathology long before neuronal cell death. Consistent with this observation, multiple unrelated AONDs including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and several motor neuron diseases feature early alterations in kinase-based signaling pathways associated with deficits in axonal transport (AT), a complex cellular process involving multiple intracellular trafficking events powered by microtubule-based motor proteins. These pathogenic events have important therapeutic implications, suggesting that a focus on preservation of neuronal connections may be more effective to treat AONDs than addressing neuronal cell death. While the molecular mechanisms underlying AT abnormalities in AONDs are still being analyzed, evidence has accumulated linking those to a well-established pathological hallmark of multiple AONDs: altered patterns of neuronal protein phosphorylation. Here, we present a short overview on the biochemical heterogeneity of major motor proteins for AT, their regulation by protein kinases, and evidence revealing cell type-specific AT specializations. When considered together, these findings may help explain how independent pathogenic pathways can affect AT differentially in the context of each AOND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Gerardo A Morfini
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wilson GN, Smith MA, Inman DM, Dengler-Crish CM, Crish SD. Early Cytoskeletal Protein Modifications Precede Overt Structural Degeneration in the DBA/2J Mouse Model of Glaucoma. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:494. [PMID: 27857681 PMCID: PMC5093131 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal transport deficits precede structural loss in glaucoma and other neurodegenerations. Impairments in structural support, including modified cytoskeletal proteins, and microtubule-destabilizing elements, could be initiating factors in glaucoma pathogenesis. We investigated the time course of changes in protein levels and post-translational modifications in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. Using anterograde tract tracing of the retinal projection, we assessed major cytoskeletal and transported elements as a function of transport integrity in different stages of pathological progression. Using capillary-based electrophoresis, single- and multiplex immunosorbent assays, and immunofluorescence, we quantified hyperphosphorylated neurofilament-heavy chain, phosphorylated tau (ptau), calpain-mediated spectrin breakdown product (145/150 kDa), β–tubulin, and amyloid-β42 proteins based on age and transport outcome to the superior colliculus (SC; the main retinal target in mice). Phosphorylated neurofilament-heavy chain (pNF-H) was elevated within the optic nerve (ON) and SC of 8–10 month-old DBA/2J mice, but was not evident in the retina until 12–15 months, suggesting that cytoskeletal modifications first appear in the distal retinal projection. As expected, higher pNF-H levels in the SC and retina were correlated with axonal transport deficits. Elevations in hyperphosphorylated tau (ptau) occurred in ON and SC between 3 and 8 month of age while retinal ptau accumulations occurred at 12–15 months in DBA/2J mice. In vitro co-immunoprecipitation experiments suggested increased affinity of ptau for the retrograde motor complex protein dynactin. We observed a transport-related decrease of β-tubulin in ON of 10–12 month-old DBA/2J mice, suggesting destabilized microtubule array. Elevations in calpain-mediated spectrin breakdown product were seen in ON and SC at the earliest age examined, well before axonal transport loss is evident. Finally, transport-independent elevations of amyloid-β42, unlike pNF-H or ptau, occurred first in the retina of DBA/2J mice, and then progressed to SC. These data demonstrate distal-to-proximal progression of cytoskeletal modifications in the progression of glaucoma, with many of these changes occurring prior to complete loss of functional transport and axon degeneration. The earliest changes, such as elevated spectrin breakdown and amyloid-β levels, may make retinal ganglion cells susceptible to future stressors. As such, targeting modification of the axonal cytoskeleton in glaucoma may provide unique opportunities to slow disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina N Wilson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstown, OH, USA; School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State UniversityKent, OH, USA
| | - Matthew A Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstown, OH, USA; Integrated Pharmaceutical Medicine Program, Northeast Ohio Medical UniversityRootstown, OH, USA
| | - Denise M Inman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown, OH, USA
| | | | - Samuel D Crish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is the major intracellular structure that determines the morphology of neurons and maintains their structural integrity. It is therefore not surprising that a disturbance of cytoskeletal structure and functionunderlies many neurodegenerative diseases. This special issue brings together current information on the three majorneuronal cytoskeletal filament systems, microtubules, microfilaments and neurofilaments, and aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of the key components of these three systems under both physiological and pathological conditions. It therefore also addresses the role of microtubule-associated proteins (with a focus on tau) and motor proteins (with a focus on kinesin).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Brandt
- Neurobiologie der Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 11, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Götz
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|