1
|
Abcouwer SF, Miglioranza Scavuzzi B, Kish PE, Kong D, Shanmugam S, Le XA, Yao J, Hager H, Zacks DN. The mouse retinal pigment epithelium mounts an innate immune defense response following retinal detachment. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:74. [PMID: 38528525 PMCID: PMC10964713 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03062-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) maintains photoreceptor viability and function, completes the visual cycle, and forms the outer blood-retinal barrier (oBRB). Loss of RPE function gives rise to several monogenic retinal dystrophies and contributes to age-related macular degeneration. Retinal detachment (RD) causes separation of the neurosensory retina from the underlying RPE, disrupting the functional and metabolic relationships between these layers. Although the retinal response to RD is highly studied, little is known about how the RPE responds to loss of this interaction. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to compare normal and detached RPE in the C57BL6/J mouse. The naïve mouse RPE transcriptome was compared to previously published RPE signature gene lists and from the union of these 14 genes (Bmp4, Crim1, Degs1, Gja1, Itgav, Mfap3l, Pdpn, Ptgds, Rbp1, Rnf13, Rpe65, Slc4a2, Sulf1 and Ttr) representing a core signature gene set applicable across rodent and human RPE was derived. Gene ontology enrichment analysis (GOEA) of the mouse RPE transcriptome identified expected RPE features and functions, such as pigmentation, phagocytosis, lysosomal and proteasomal degradation of proteins, and barrier function. Differentially expressed genes (DEG) at 1 and 7 days post retinal detachment (dprd) were defined as mRNA with a significant (padj≤0.05) fold change (FC) of 0.67 ≥ FC ≥ 1.5 in detached versus naïve RPE. The RPE transcriptome exhibited dramatic changes at 1 dprd, with 2297 DEG identified. The KEGG pathways and biological process GO groups related to innate immune responses were significantly enriched. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) and several chemokines were upregulated, while numerous genes related to RPE functions, such as pigment synthesis, visual cycle, phagocytosis, and tight junctions were downregulated at 1 dprd. The response was largely transient, with only 18 significant DEG identified at 7 dprd, including upregulation of complement gene C4b. Validation studies confirmed RNA-Seq results. Thus, the RPE quickly downregulates cell-specific functions and mounts an innate immune defense response following RD. Our data demonstrate that the RPE contributes to the inflammatory response to RD and may play a role in attraction of immune cells to the subretinal space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Abcouwer
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medicine, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA.
| | - Bruna Miglioranza Scavuzzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medicine, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Phillip E Kish
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medicine, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Dejuan Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medicine, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Sumathi Shanmugam
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medicine, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Xuan An Le
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medicine, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Jingyu Yao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medicine, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Heather Hager
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medicine, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - David N Zacks
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan Medicine, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Luo RH, Tram NK, Parekh AM, Puri R, Reilly MA, Swindle-Reilly KE. The Roles of Vitreous Biomechanics in Ocular Disease, Biomolecule Transport, and Pharmacokinetics. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:195-207. [PMID: 35179421 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2022.2033271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The biomechanical properties of the vitreous humor and replication of these properties to develop substitutes for the vitreous humor have rapidly become topics of interest over the last two decades. In particular, the behavior of the vitreous humor as a viscoelastic tissue has been investigated to identify its role in a variety of processes related to biotransport, aging, and age-related pathologies of the vitreoretinal interface. METHODS A thorough search and review of peer-reviewed publications discussing the biomechanical properties of the vitreous humor in both human and animal specimens was conducted. Findings on the effects of biomechanics on vitreoretinal pathologies and vitreous biotransport were analyzed and discussed. RESULTS The pig and rabbit vitreous have been found to be most mechanically similar to the human vitreous. Age-related liquefaction of the vitreous creates two mechanically unique phases, with an overall effect of softening the vitreous. However, the techniques used to acquire this mechanical data are limited by the in vitro testing methods used, and the vitreous humor has been hypothesized to behave differently in vivo due in part to its swelling properties. The impact of liquefaction and subsequent detachment of the vitreous humor from the posterior retinal surface is implicated in a variety of tractional pathologies of the retina and macula. Liquefaction also causes significant changes in the biotransport properties of the eye, allowing for significantly faster movement of molecules compared to the healthy vitreous. Recent developments in computational and ex vivo models of the vitreous humor have helped with understanding its behavior and developing materials capable of replacing it. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of the biomechanical properties of the vitreous humor and how these relate to its structure will potentially aid in improving clinical metrics for vitreous liquefaction, design of biomimetic vitreous substitutes, and predicting pharmacokinetics for intravitreal drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Luo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nguyen K Tram
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ankur M Parekh
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Raima Puri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew A Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Katelyn E Swindle-Reilly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Microglia in Cultured Porcine Retina: Qualitative Immunohistochemical Analyses of Reactive Microglia in the Outer Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010871. [PMID: 36614320 PMCID: PMC9820911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A late stage of several retinal disorders is retinal detachment, a complication that results in rapid photoreceptor degeneration and synaptic damages. Experimental retinal detachment in vivo is an invasive and complicated method performed on anesthetized animals. As retinal detachment may result in visual impairment and blindness, research is of fundamental importance for understanding degenerative processes. Both morphological and ethical issues make the porcine retina a favorable organotypic model for studies of the degenerative processes that follow retinal detachment. In the cultured retina, photoreceptor degeneration and synaptic injuries develop rapidly and correlate with resident microglial cells' transition into a reactive phenotype. In this immunohistochemical study, we have begun to analyze the transition of subsets of reactive microglia which are known to localize close to the outer plexiform layer (OPL) in degenerating in vivo and in vitro retina. Biomarkers for reactive microglia included P2Ry12, CD63 and CD68 and the general microglial markers were CD11b, Iba1 and isolectin B4 (IB4). The reactive microglia markers labeled microglia subpopulations, suggesting that protective or harmful reactive microglia may be present simultaneously in the injured retina. Our findings support the usage of porcine retina cultures for studies of photoreceptor injuries related to retinal detachment.
Collapse
|
4
|
She X, Zhou Y, Liang Z, Wei J, Xie B, Zhang Y, Shen L. Metabolomic Study of a Rat Model of Retinal Detachment. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12111077. [PMID: 36355160 PMCID: PMC9699637 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal detachment is a serious ocular disease leading to photoreceptor degeneration and vision loss. However, the mechanism of photoreceptor degeneration remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the altered metabolism pathway and physiological changes after retinal detachment. Eight-week-old male SD rats were fed, and the model of retinal detachment was established by injecting hyaluronic acid into the retinal space. The rats were euthanized 3 days after RD, and the retinal tissues were sectioned for analysis. Untargeted lipid chromatography-mass spectrometry lipidomic was performed to analyze the metabolite changes. A total of 90 significant metabolites (34 in anionic and 56 in cationic models) were detected after retinal detachment. The main pathways were (1) histidine metabolism; (2) phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis; and (3) glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism. The key genes corresponding to each metabolic pathway were verified from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database of human retinal samples. The results indicated that the production of histamine by histidine decarboxylase from histidine reduced after RD (p < 0.05). Xanthine, hypoxanthine, guanine, and guanosine decreased after RD (p < 0.05). Decreased xanthine and hypoxanthine may reduce the antioxidant ability. The decreased guanosine could not provide enough sources for inosine monophosphate production. Tyrosine is an important neurotransmitter and was significantly reduced after RD (p < 0.05). Citrate was significantly reduced with the increase of ATP-citrate lyase enzyme (ACLY) (p < 0.05). We inferred that lipid oxidation might increase rather than lipid biogenesis. Thus, this study highlighted the main changes of metabolite and physiological process after RD. The results may provide important information for photoreceptor degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjun She
- School of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Putuo Poeple’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200070, China
| | - Zhi Liang
- School of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Jin Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai 200080, China
| | - Bintao Xie
- School of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- School of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Lijun Shen
- School of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Vision Science, Wenzhou 325027, China
- Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Affiliated People’s Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Shangtang Road 158#, Gongshu District, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Moos WH, Faller DV, Glavas IP, Harpp DN, Kamperi N, Kanara I, Kodukula K, Mavrakis AN, Pernokas J, Pernokas M, Pinkert CA, Powers WR, Sampani K, Steliou K, Tamvakopoulos C, Vavvas DG, Zamboni RJ, Chen X. Treatment and prevention of pathological mitochondrial dysfunction in retinal degeneration and in photoreceptor injury. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 203:115168. [PMID: 35835206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathological deterioration of mitochondrial function is increasingly linked with multiple degenerative illnesses as a mediator of a wide range of neurologic and age-related chronic diseases, including those of genetic origin. Several of these diseases are rare, typically defined in the United States as an illness affecting fewer than 200,000 people in the U.S. population, or about one in 1600 individuals. Vision impairment due to mitochondrial dysfunction in the eye is a prominent feature evident in numerous primary mitochondrial diseases and is common to the pathophysiology of many of the familiar ophthalmic disorders, including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and retinopathy of prematurity - a collection of syndromes, diseases and disorders with significant unmet medical needs. Focusing on metabolic mitochondrial pathway mechanisms, including the possible roles of cuproptosis and ferroptosis in retinal mitochondrial dysfunction, we shed light on the potential of α-lipoyl-L-carnitine in treating eye diseases. α-Lipoyl-L-carnitine is a bioavailable mitochondria-targeting lipoic acid prodrug that has shown potential in protecting against retinal degeneration and photoreceptor cell loss in ophthalmic indications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Moos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Douglas V Faller
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ioannis P Glavas
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David N Harpp
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Natalia Kamperi
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Anastasios N Mavrakis
- Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Julie Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Mark Pernokas
- Advanced Dental Associates of New England, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - Carl A Pinkert
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Whitney R Powers
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Anatomy, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Konstantina Sampani
- Beetham Eye Institute, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Kosta Steliou
- Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; PhenoMatriX, Inc., Natick, MA, USA
| | - Constantin Tamvakopoulos
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Pharmacology-Pharmacotechnology, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios G Vavvas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert J Zamboni
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Retina Service, Angiogenesis Laboratory, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA; State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The Association of Choroidal Thickness with Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment Repair. Retina 2022; 42:1254-1261. [PMID: 35238858 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000003455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the choroidal thickness before and after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair. METHODS A retrospective case series of RRD patients presenting between January 2015 and September 2020. Sub-foveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and anatomical success were measured in operated eyes and fellow eyes at presentation, 3 months and 6 months after PPV for RRD repair. RESULTS A total of 93 patients (males 59%) with a mean age of 61.8±15.2 years were included. Eighty-one patients were anatomically successful (Group 1), and 12 re-detached (group 2). Mean SFCT of operated eye at presentation was 258.3±82.0 μm in comparison to 257.5±83.7 µm in the fellow eye (p= 0.96). Group 2 presented with thicker SFCT than group 1 at baseline (309.2±56.2 versus 250.7±82.8 μm; p= 0.01). Both groups demonstrated thinning trend throughout follow-up. At 6-month follow-up mean SFCT was 225.6±75.5 μm (p= 0.05). Fellow eye SFCT was stable throughout follow-up (257±83.7 at baseline versus 255±80.2 μm at 6-months). CONCLUSION Eyes with RRD demonstrated thinning in the SFCT after vitrectomy surgery. Eyes with recurrent retinal detachment presented with thicker choroid at baseline. Thicker SFCT at presentation may play a role in retinal re-detachment.
Collapse
|