LINC00665 rescues bupivacaine induced neurotoxicity in human neural cell of SH-SY5Y through has-miR-34a-5p

Riddling Substitution of "hsa" to "has" in the Enigmatic MicroRNA Nomenclature

This concise review and analysis offers an initial unpacking of a previously under-recognized issue within the microRNA research and communications field regarding the inadvertent use of "has" instead of "hsa" in article titles in the microRNA nomenclature. This subtle change, often the result of grammar auto correction tools, introduces considerable ambiguity and confusion among readers and researchers in reporting of microRNA-related discoveries. The impact of this issue cannot be underestimated, as precise and consistent nomenclature is vital for science communication and computational retrieval of relevant scientific literature and to advance science and innovation. We suggest that the recognition and correction of these often inadvertent "hsa" to "has" substitution errors are timely and important so as to ensure a higher level of accuracy throughout the writing and publication process in the microRNA field in particular. Doing so will also contribute to clarity and consistency in the field of microRNA research, ultimately improving scientific veracity, communication, and progress.

Notoginsenoside R1 attenuates bupivacaine induced neurotoxicity by activating Jak1/Stat3/Mcl1 pathway

Bupivacaine, a common amide local anesthetic, can provide effective analgesia or pain relief but can also cause neurotoxicity, which remains a mounting concern in clinic and animal care. However, the precise underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. A natural compound, notoginsenoside R1 (NG-R1) has been reported to exhibit a neuroprotective role in stress conditions. In this study, we explored the function and mechanism of NG-R1 in alleviating bupivacaine-induced neurotoxicity in mouse hippocampal neuronal (HT-22) and mouse neuroblastoma (Neuro-2a) cell lines. Our results exhibited that NG-R1 treatment can significantly rescue the decline of cell survival induced by bupivacaine. Tunel staining and western blotting showed that NG-R1 could attenuate BPV‑induced cell apoptosis. Besides, we focused on Mcl1 as a potential target as it showed opposite expression tendency in response to NG-R1 and bupivacaine exposure. Mcl1 knockdown blocked the inhibitory effect of NG-R1 on cell apoptosis against bupivacaine treatment. Intriguingly, we found that NG-R1 can upregulate Mcl1 transcription by activating Stat3 and promote its nuclear translocation. In addition, NG-R1 can also promote Jak1 phosphorylation and docking analysis provide a predicted model for interaction between NG-R1 and phosphorylated Jak1. Taken together, our results demonstrated that NG-R1 can attenuate bupivacaine induced neurotoxicity by activating Jak1/Stat3/Mcl1 pathway.

Resveratrol‑mediated activation of SIRT1 inhibits the PERK‑eIF2α‑ATF4 pathway and mitigates bupivacaine‑induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis play significant roles in the development of neurotoxicity caused by bupivacaine (BUP). By activating sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), resveratrol (RSV) can regulate various cellular processes associated with anti-oxidative stress, anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory responses, thereby exerting neuroprotective effects. However, it remains unknown whether the activation of SIRT1 by RSV is able to attenuate BUP-induced ER stress and apoptosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the effect of RSV on BUP-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells and the underlying mechanism. Cell Counting Kit-8 assays, flow cytometry and inverted phase-contrast microscopy were used to assess the viability, apoptosis rate and morphological changes of the cells, respectively. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to analyze the levels of SIRT1, the apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3, the ER stress-related proteins glucose-regulated protein 78, caspase-12 and CHOP, and the protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK)-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 α (eIF2α)-activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) pathway-associated proteins phosphorylated (p)-PERK, PERK, p-eIF2α, eIF2α and ATF4. The results revealed that BUP induced cell apoptosis and decreased cell viability, accompanied by the downregulation of SIRT1. However, RSV restored SIRT1 protein expression, downregulated the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, upregulated the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, decreased the apoptosis rate of the cells and increased cell viability. Furthermore, the anti-apoptotic effects exhibited by RSV were associated with inhibition of the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway of ER stress. However, the protective effect of RSV was significantly mitigated by the SIRT1 inhibitor EX527. These results indicate that the activation of SIRT1 by RSV alleviates BUP-induced PC12 cell ER stress and apoptosis via regulation of the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4 pathway. These findings offer insights into the molecular mechanism underlying BUP-induced apoptosis and suggest the potential of RSV as a therapeutic agent against the neurotoxicity caused by BUP.

Paresthesia in dentistry: The ignored neurotoxicity of local anesthetics

Local anesthetics are frequently used by dentists to relieve localized discomfort of the patient and improve treatment conditions. The risk of paresthesia after local anesthesia is frequently encountered in dental clinics. The neurotoxicity of local anesthetics is a disregarded factor in paresthesia. The review summarizes the types of common local anesthetics, incidence and influencing factors of paresthesia after local anesthesia, and systematically describes the neurotoxicity mechanisms of dental local anesthetic. Innovative strategies may be developed to lessen the neurotoxicity and prevent paresthesia following local anesthesia with the support of a substantial understanding of paresthesia and neurotoxicity.

Impact of local anesthetics on epigenetics in cancer

Defective silencing of tumor suppressor genes through epigenetic alterations contributes to oncogenesis by perturbing cell cycle regulation, DNA repair or cell death mechanisms. Reversal of such epigenetic changes including DNA hypermethylation provides a promising anticancer strategy. Until now, the nucleoside derivatives 5-azacytidine and decitabine are the sole DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors approved by the FDA for the treatment of specific hematological cancers. Nevertheless, due to their nucleoside structure, these inhibitors directly incorporate into DNA, which leads to severe side effects and compromises genomic stability. Much emphasis has been placed on the development of less toxic epigenetic modifiers. Recently, several preclinical studies demonstrated the potent epigenetic effects of local anesthetics, which are routinely used during primary tumor resection to relief surgical pain. These non-nucleoside molecules inhibit DNMT activity, affect the expression of micro-RNAs and repress histone acetylation, thus exerting cytotoxic effects on malignant cells. The in-depth mechanistic comprehension of these epigenetic effects might promote the use of local anesthetics as anticancer drugs.

P53 and taurine upregulated gene 1 promotes the repair of the DeoxyriboNucleic Acid damage induced by bupivacaine in murine primary sensory neurons

The research aimed to explore the biological role of p53 protein and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) in bupivacaine (bup)-induced neurotoxicity. Our work treated dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells with bup, detected cell viability through CCK-8, apoptosis through TUNEL assays, DeoxyriboNucleic Acid (DNA) damage through γ-H2AX protein and comet assay, including p53 mRNA, protein and TUG1 expression through q-PCR and western blot, furthermore, cell viability and DNA damage were determined after the silencing of p53 and TUG1, biological information and TUG1 FISH combined with p53 protein immunofluorescence (IF) was performed to determine the cellular localization of these molecule. In vivo experiments, we explored the impact of intrathecal injection of bup on p53 mRNA and protein, TUG1, γ-H2AX protein expression. The results showed that bup was available to signally decreased cell viability, promoted apoptosis rate and DNA damage, additionally, bup increased p53 mRNA and protein and TUG1 expression. P53 siRNA and TUG1 siRNA significantly increased DNA damage. Furthermore, bioinformatics analysis and colocalization experiments revealed that the p53 protein is a transcription factor of TUG1, in vivo experiment, intrathecal injection of bup increased the p53 mRNA, p53 protein, TUG1 and γ-H2AX protein in the murine DRG. In this study, it was found p53 and TUG1 promote the repair of the DNA damage induced by bup in murine dorsal root ganglion cells, suggesting a new strategy for the amelioration of bup-induced neurotoxicity.