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AlSalem HS, Monier M, Abomuti MA, Alnoman RB, Alharbi HY, Aljohani MS, Al-Goul ST, Elkaeed EB, Zghab I, Shafik AL. Chiral resolution of (±)-flurbiprofen using molecularly imprinted hydrazidine-modified cellulose microparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126928. [PMID: 37717875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Flurbiprofen (FP) is one of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) commonly used to treat arthritic conditions. FP has two enantiomers: S-FP and R-FP. S-FP has potent anti-inflammatory effects, while R-FP has nearly no such effects. Herein, molecularly imprinted microparticles produced from hydrazidine-cellulose (CHD) biopolymer for the preferential uptake of S-FP and chiral resolution of (±)-FP were developed. First, cyanoethylcellulose (CECN) was synthesized, and the -CN units were transformed into hydrazidine groups. The developed CHD was subsequently shaped into microparticles and ionically interacted with the S-FP enantiomer. The particles were then imprinted after being cross-linked with glutaraldehyde, and then the S-FP was removed to provide the S-FP enantio-selective sorbent (S-FPCHD). After characterization, the optimal removal settings for the S- and R-FP enantiomers were determined. The results indicated a capacity of 125 mg/g under the optimum pH range of 5-7. Also, S-FPCHD displayed a noticeable affinity toward S-FP with a 12-fold increase compared to the R-FP enantiomer. The chiral resolution of the (±)-FP was successfully attempted using separation columns, and the outlet sample of the loading solution displayed an enantiomeric excess (ee) of 93 % related to the R-FP, while the eluent solution displayed an ee value of 95 % related to the S-FP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huda S AlSalem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Monier
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - May Abdullah Abomuti
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Dawadmi 11911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rua B Alnoman
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussam Y Alharbi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majed S Aljohani
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soha T Al-Goul
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imen Zghab
- Chemistry department, College of Science, Jazan university, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amira L Shafik
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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HSV-1 cellular model reveals links between aggresome formation and early step of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:86. [PMID: 36898995 PMCID: PMC10006237 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies highlight the potential link between the chronic degenerative Alzheimer's disease and the infection by the herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1). However, the molecular mechanisms making possible this HSV-1-dependent process remain to be understood. Using neuronal cells expressing the wild type form of amyloid precursor protein (APP) infected by HSV-1, we characterized a representative cellular model of the early stage of the sporadic form of the disease and unraveled a molecular mechanism sustaining this HSV-1- Alzheimer's disease interplay. Here, we show that HSV-1 induces caspase-dependent production of the 42 amino-acid long amyloid peptide (Aβ42) oligomers followed by their accumulation in neuronal cells. Aβ42 oligomers and activated caspase 3 (casp3A) concentrate into intracytoplasmic structures observed in Alzheimer's disease neuronal cells called aggresomes. This casp3A accumulation in aggresomes during HSV-1 infection limits the execution of apoptosis until its term, similarly to an abortosis-like event occurring in Alzheimer's disease neuronal cells patients. Indeed, this particular HSV-1 driven cellular context, representative of early stages of the disease, sustains a failed apoptosis mechanism that could explain the chronic amplification of Aβ42 production characteristic of Alzheimer's disease patients. Finally, we show that combination of flurbiprofen, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), with caspase inhibitor reduced drastically HSV-1-induced Aβ42 oligomers production. This provided mechanistic insights supporting the conclusion of clinical trials showing that NSAIDs reduced Alzheimer's disease incidence in early stage of the disease. Therefore, from our study we propose that caspase-dependent production of Aβ42 oligomers together with the abortosis-like event represents a vicious circle in early Alzheimer's disease stages leading to a chronic amplification of Aβ42 oligomers that contributes to the establishment of degenerative disorder like Alzheimer's disease in patients infected by HSV-1. Interestingly this process could be targeted by an association of NSAID with caspase inhibitors.
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Ahmad S, Khan M, Shah MI, Ali M, Alam A, Riaz M, Khan KM. Synthetic Transformation of 2-{2-Fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl} Propanoic Acid into Hydrazide-Hydrazone Derivatives: In Vitro Urease Inhibition and In Silico Study. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:45077-45087. [PMID: 36530251 PMCID: PMC9753537 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, 28 acyl hydrazones (4-31) of flurbiprofen were synthesized in good to excellent yield by reacting different aromatic aldehydes with the commercially available drug flurbiprofen. The compounds were deduced with the help of different spectroscopic techniques like 1H-NMR and HREI-MS and finally evaluated for in vitro urease inhibitory activity. All of the synthesized products demonstrated good inhibitory activities in the range of IC50 = 18.92 ± 0.61 to 90.75 ± 7.71 μM as compared to standard thiourea (IC50 = 21.14 ± 0.42 μM). Compound 30 was found to be the most active among the series better than the standard thiourea. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) study revealed that the presence of electron-donating groups on the phenyl ring plays a prominent role in the inhibition of the urease enzyme. Moreover, in silico molecular modeling analysis was carried out to study the effect of substituents in synthesized derivatives on the binding interactions with the urease enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ahmad
- Department
of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan23200, Pakistan
| | - Momin Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan23200, Pakistan
| | | | - Mahboob Ali
- Department
of Chemistry, Government Degree college, Takht Bhai, Mardan23200, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Lower Dir18800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department
of Chemistry, Government Degree college
Garhi Kapura, Mardan23200, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H.
E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical
and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi75270, Pakistan
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4
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Separation and Identification of a Complex Flurbiprofen-Polyethylene Glycol Mono- and Diester mixture via a Hyphenated HPLC-DAD-HRMS/SPE-NMR System. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 222:115068. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Das A, Banik BK. Versatile Synthesis of Organic Compounds Derived from Ascorbic Acid. CURRENT ORGANOCATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/2213337208666210719102301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Ascorbic acid, also known as Vitamin C, is the most important vitamin observed in diverse
food. Ascorbic acid has various applications in several fields. Studies have depicted that in organic
synthesis, it can be used as a mediator or substrate. The derivatives of ascorbic acid have
been found to possess numerous biological activities. In this review, we report the important derivatives
of ascorbic acid, which have significant biological activities. Various studies are considered
in this review to prove its wide range of availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Das
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin
Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, KSA
| | - Bimal Krishna Banik
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin
Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, KSA
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Farhat F, Nofal S, Raafat EM, Eissa Ahmed AA. Akt / GSK3β / Nrf2 / HO-1 pathway activation by flurbiprofen protects the hippocampal neurons in a rat model of glutamate excitotoxicity. Neuropharmacology 2021; 196:108654. [PMID: 34119518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a transcription factor that regulates redox homeostasis of the cell through regulation of the antioxidant response element genes transcription. Nrf2 also regulates the antiapoptotic Bcl-2 gene. Nrf2 degradation and nuclear translocation is regulated by upstream kinases Akt and GSK3β. Glutamate excitotoxicity is a process of neuronal cells death due to excessive activation of glutamate receptors. Glutamate excitotoxicity participates in the pathophysiology of several acute and chronic neurological conditions. In addition, glutamate excitotoxicity interrupts the PI3K/Akt prosurvival pathway so GSK3β remains active. Active GSK3β increases Nrf2 degradation, decreases Nrf2 nuclear translocation and increases Nrf2 nuclear export which decreases the ARE genes transcription such as, SOD, GSH synthesis enzyme and HO-1. Also, Bcl-2 transcription decreases. Flurbiprofen is a COX inhibitor. Previous studies showed that it has a neuroprotective effect in neurodegeneration and in focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model. In our research we aimed to test the hypothesis that flurbiprofen may have a neuroprotective effect in a rat model of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and this neuroprotection may occur through modulation of (Akt/GSK3β/Nrf2/HO-1) pathway. Rats were divided into 4 groups; control, MSG (2.5 g/Kg, i.p), low dose FB (5 mg/kg, i.p) and high dose FB (10 mg/kg, i.p). We found that low and high doses FB decreased COX-2, PGE2, NO and MDA and increased SOD and GSH in brain compared to MSG group. High dose was more effective than low dose. Western blotting analysis in hippocampus tissue showed that high dose FB increased p-Akt, p-GSK3β, nuclear Nrf2 and HO-1 and decreased cytosolic Nrf2 level in comparison with MSG group. Immunohistochemical analysis in hippocampus and cerebral cortex showed that high dose FB increased Bcl-2 and decreased Bax compared to MSG group. In addition, FB increased the number of intact neurons in hippocampus areas and cerebral cortex neurons and showed an anxiolytic-like action in OF and EPM tests. These findings suggest that FB has a neuroprotective effect in glutamate-induced excitotoxicity model through reduction of the glutamate excitotoxicity damage and activation of the survival pathway. These may occur due to modulation the survival pathway (Akt/GSK3β/Nrf2/HO-1) and inhibition of COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Farhat
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, 11795, Egypt.
| | - Shahira Nofal
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, 11795, Egypt.
| | - Eman M Raafat
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, 11795, Egypt.
| | - Amany Ali Eissa Ahmed
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, 11795, Egypt.
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Bartolotti N, Disouky A, Kalinski A, Elmann A, Lazarov O. Phytochemicals from Achillea fragrantissima are Modulators of AβPP Metabolism. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 66:1425-1435. [PMID: 30400087 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant derivatives offer a novel and natural source of therapeutics. The desert plant Achillea fragrantissima (Forssk) Sch. Bip (Af) is characterized by protective antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we examined the effect of two Af-derived phytochemicals on learning and memory, amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) metabolism, and tau phosphorylation in the familial Alzheimer's disease-linked APPswe/PS1ΔE9 mouse model. We observed that mice that were injected with the phytochemicals showed a trend of improvement, albeit statistically insignificant, in the Novel Object Recognition task. However, we did not observe improvement in contextual fear conditioning, suggesting that the benefits of treatment may be either indirect or task-specific. In addition, we observed an increase in the full-length form of AβPP in the brains of mice treated with Af-derived phytochemicals. Interestingly, both in vivo and in vitro, there was no change in levels of soluble Aβ, oligomeric Aβ, or the carboxyl terminus fragments of AβPP (APP-CTFs), suggesting that the increase in full length AβPP does not exacerbate AβPP pathology, but may stabilize the full-length form of the molecule. Together, our data suggest that phytochemicals present in Af may have a modest positive impact on the progression of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Bartolotti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ahmed Disouky
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arthur Kalinski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anat Elmann
- Department of Food Quality and Safety, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon Lezion, Israel
| | - Orly Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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Abstract
Elevated levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and prostaglandins (PGs) are involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid protein (Aβ) and tau hyperphosphorylation. However, the gaps in our knowledge of the roles of COX-2 and PGs in AD have not been filled. Here, we summarized the literature showing that COX-2 dysregulation obviously influences abnormal cleavage of β-amyloid precursor protein, aggregation and deposition of Aβ in β-amyloid plaques and the inclusion of phosphorylated tau in neurofibrillary tangles. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, neurotoxicity, autophagy, and apoptosis have been assessed to elucidate the mechanisms of COX-2 regulation of AD. Notably, an imbalance of these factors ultimately produces cognitive decline. The current review substantiates our understanding of the mechanisms of COX-2-induced AD and establishes foundations for the design of feasible therapeutic strategies to treat AD.-Guan, P.-P., Wang, P. Integrated communications between cyclooxygenase-2 and Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Guan
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pu Wang
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
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9
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Design, synthesis and evaluation of 4′-OH-flurbiprofen-chalcone hybrids as potential multifunctional agents for Alzheimer’s disease treatment. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1102-1115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Synthesis of L-Ascorbyl Flurbiprofenate by Lipase-Catalyzed Esterification and Transesterification Reactions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5751262. [PMID: 28421196 PMCID: PMC5379130 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5751262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of L-ascorbyl flurbiprofenate was achieved by esterification and transesterification in nonaqueous organic medium with Novozym 435 lipase as biocatalyst. The conversion was greatly influenced by the kinds of organic solvents, speed of agitation, catalyst loading amount, reaction time, and molar ratio of acyl donor to L-ascorbic acid. A series of solvents were investigated, and tert-butanol was found to be the most suitable from the standpoint of the substrate solubility and the conversion for both the esterification and transesterification. When flurbiprofen was used as acyl donor, 61.0% of L-ascorbic acid was converted against 46.4% in the presence of flurbiprofen methyl ester. The optimal conversion of L-ascorbic acid was obtained when the initial molar ratio of acyl donor to ascorbic acid was 5 : 1. kinetics parameters were solved by Lineweaver-Burk equation under nonsubstrate inhibition condition. Since transesterification has lower conversion, from the standpoint of productivity and the amount of steps required, esterification is a better method compared to transesterification.
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11
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Novel NSAID-Derived Drugs for the Potential Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071035. [PMID: 27376271 PMCID: PMC4964411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been suggested for the potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Prolonged use of NSAIDs, however, produces gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. To overcome this serious limitation, the aim of this study was to develop novel NSAID-derived drug conjugates (Anti-inflammatory-Lipoyl derivatives, AL4-9) that preserve the beneficial effects of NSAIDS without causing GI problems. As such, we conjugated selected well-known NSAIDs, such as (S)-naproxen and (R)-flurbiprofen, with (R)-α-lipoic acid (LA) through alkylene diamine linkers. The selection of the antioxidant LA was based on the proposed role of oxidative stress in the development and/or progression of AD. Our exploratory studies revealed that AL7 containing the diaminoethylene linker between (R)-flurbiprofen and LA had the most favorable chemical and in vitro enzymatic stability profiles among the synthesized compounds. Upon pretreatment, this compound exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in phorbol 12-miristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated U937 cells (lymphoblast lung from human) and Aβ(25-35)-treated THP-1 cells (leukemic monocytes). Furthermore, AL7 also modulated the expression of COX-2, IL-1β and TNF-α in these cell lines, suggesting anti-inflammatory activity. Taken together, AL7 has emerged as a potential lead worthy of further characterization and testing in suitable in vivo models of AD.
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Chai XQ, Ma J, Xie YH, Wang D, Chen KZ. Flurbiprofen axetil increases arterial oxygen partial pressure by decreasing intrapulmonary shunt in patients undergoing one-lung ventilation. J Anesth 2015; 29:881-6. [PMID: 26272250 DOI: 10.1007/s00540-015-2060-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSES In the present study, we investigated whether flurbiprofen axetil (FA) alleviates hypoxemia during one-lung ventilation (OLV) by reducing the pulmonary shunt/total perfusion (Q s/Q t) ratio, and examined the relationship between the Q s/Q t ratio and the thromboxane B2 (TXB2)/6-keto-prostaglandin F1α (6-K-PGF1α) ratio. METHODS Sixty patients undergoing esophageal resection for carcinoma were randomly assigned to groups F and C (n = 30 for each group). FA and placebo were administered i.v. 15 min before skin incision in groups F and C, respectively. The partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) was measured and the Q s/Q t ratio was calculated. Serum TXB2, 6-K-PGF1α, and endothelin (ET) were measured by radioimmunoassay. The relationship between TXB2/6-K-PGF1α and Q s/Q t was investigated. RESULTS Compared with group C, PaO2 was higher and the Q s/Q t ratio was lower during OLV in group F (P < 0.05). After treatment with FA, both serum TXB2 and 6-K-PGF1α decreased significantly (P < 0.05) but the TXB2/6-K-PGF1α ratio increased significantly (P < 0.01). Increases in the TXB2/6-K-PGF1α ratio were correlated with reductions in the Q s/Q t ratio during OLV in group F (r = -0.766, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in serum ET between groups F and C. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with FA reduced the Q s/Q t ratio and further increased the PaO2 level during OLV, possibly due to upregulation of the vasoactive agent TXB2/6-K-PGF1α ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Chai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, China.
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Yan-Hu Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Kun-Zhou Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230001, China
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Chen Z, Zhang W, Wang L, Fan H, Wan Q, Wu X, Tang X, Tang JZ. Enantioseparation of Racemic Flurbiprofen by Aqueous Two-Phase Extraction With Binary Chiral Selectors of L-dioctyl Tartrate and L-tryptophan. Chirality 2015; 27:650-7. [DOI: 10.1002/chir.22481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- College of Pharmacy; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Basic Courses; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Liping Wang
- College of Pharmacy; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Huajun Fan
- College of Pharmacy; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou P.R. China
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; University of Wolverhampton; Wolverhampton UK
| | - Qiang Wan
- College of Pharmacy; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Xuehao Wu
- College of Pharmacy; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - Xunyou Tang
- College of Pharmacy; Guangdong Pharmaceutical University; Guangzhou P.R. China
| | - James Z. Tang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering; University of Wolverhampton; Wolverhampton UK
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New organic nitrate-containing benzyloxy isonipecotanilide derivatives with vasodilatory and anti-platelet activity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 72:69-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Hashmi AN, Yaqinuddin A, Ahmed T. Pharmacological effects of Ibuprofen on learning and memory,muscarinicreceptors gene expression and APP isoforms level in pre-frontal cortex of AlCl3-induced toxicity mouse model. Int J Neurosci 2014; 125:277-87. [DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.922972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Combination therapy in a transgenic model of Alzheimer's disease. Exp Neurol 2013; 250:228-238. [PMID: 24120437 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pathological accumulation of the β-amyloid protein (Aβ) has been closely associated with synaptic loss and neurotoxicity contributing to cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Oligomers of Aβ42 appear to be the most neurotoxic form. Two of the most promising attempts to reduce Aβ accumulation have been with scyllo-inositol, an inositol steroisomer, that stabilizes Aβ42 peptide and prevents it from progressing to oligomers and fibrils and R-flurbiprofen, a purified enantiomer of the classical racemic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), flurbiprofen, that retains the ability to specifically lower Aβ42. In the present study we evaluated the effects of scyllo-inositol and the combination treatment of scyllo-inositol+R-flurbiprofen on amyloid pathology and hippocampal-dependent memory function in 5XFAD mice, a model of Aβ pathology characterized by an enormous production of Aβ42. Our expectations were that the combination treatment of scyllo-inositol+R-flurbiprofen would have an additive effect in preventing Aβ accumulation and that cognition would be improved. Mice treated with scyllo-inositol exhibit 41 and 35% reduction in the deposition of the amyloid plaques stained by antibody against Aβ42 and Aβ40 respectively. Scyllo-inositol was not more effective when combined with R-flurbiprofen for the measures tested. Scyllo-inositol treated mice performed significantly better at the radial arm water maze (RAWM) task than untreated and scyllo-inositol+R-flurbiprofen treated mice.
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Reddy PH. Amyloid beta-induced glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylated VDAC1 in Alzheimer's disease: implications for synaptic dysfunction and neuronal damage. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1913-21. [PMID: 23816568 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that is involved in the multiple signaling processes of a cell. Increasing evidence suggests that GSK3β plays a key role in multiple cellular processes in the progression of diabetes, obesity, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), inflammatory diseases, schizophrenia, bipolar and several mood disorders, and mitochondrial diseases. Recent research has found that increased GSK3β activity is linked to the pathogenesis of AD through amyloid beta (Aβ), phosphorylated tau and mitochondrial dysfunction. Recent research has also revealed that GSK3β is elevated in AD-affected tissues and is critically involved in dissociating the voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) protein from hexokinases, and causing disrupted glucose metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction and activating apoptotic cell death. The purpose of this article is to review recent research that is elucidating the role of GSK3β in AD pathogenesis. We discuss the involvement of GSK3β in the phosphorylation of VDAC1 and dissociation of VADC1 with hexokinases in AD neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hemachandra Reddy
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Guzman JD, Evangelopoulos D, Gupta A, Birchall K, Mwaigwisya S, Saxty B, McHugh TD, Gibbons S, Malkinson J, Bhakta S. Antitubercular specific activity of ibuprofen and the other 2-arylpropanoic acids using the HT-SPOTi whole-cell phenotypic assay. BMJ Open 2013; 3:e002672. [PMID: 23794563 PMCID: PMC3693423 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-002672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lead antituberculosis (anti-TB) molecules with novel mechanisms of action are urgently required to fuel the anti-TB drug discovery pipeline. The aim of this study was to validate the use of the high-throughput spot culture growth inhibition (HT-SPOTi) assay for screening libraries of compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and to study the inhibitory effect of ibuprofen (IBP) and the other 2-arylpropanoic acids on the growth inhibition of M tuberculosis and other mycobacterial species. METHODS The HT-SPOTi method was validated not only with known drugs but also with a library of 47 confirmed anti-TB active compounds published in the ChEMBL database. Three over-the-counter non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were also included in the screening. The 2-arylpropanoic acids, including IBP, were comprehensively evaluated against phenotypically and physiologically different strains of mycobacteria, and their cytotoxicity was determined against murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Furthermore, a comparative bioinformatic analysis was employed to propose a potential mycobacterial target. RESULTS IBP showed antitubercular properties while carprofen was the most potent among the 2-arylpropanoic class. A 3,5-dinitro-IBP derivative was found to be more potent than IBP but equally selective. Other synthetic derivatives of IBP were less active, and the free carboxylic acid of IBP seems to be essential for its anti-TB activity. IBP, carprofen and the 3,5-dinitro-IBP derivative exhibited activity against multidrug-resistant isolates and stationary phase bacilli. On the basis of the human targets of the 2-arylpropanoic analgesics, the protein initiation factor infB (Rv2839c) of M tuberculosis was proposed as a potential molecular target. CONCLUSIONS The HT-SPOTi method can be employed reliably and reproducibly to screen the antimicrobial potency of different compounds. IBP demonstrated specific antitubercular activity, while carprofen was the most selective agent among the 2-arylpropanoic class. Activity against stationary phase bacilli and multidrug-resistant isolates permits us to speculate a novel mechanism of antimycobacterial action. Further medicinal chemistry and target elucidation studies could potentially lead to new therapies against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan D Guzman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Dimitrios Evangelopoulos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
- Department of Infection, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Antima Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Solomon Mwaigwisya
- Department of Infection, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Barbara Saxty
- Centre for Therapeutics Discovery, MRC Technology, London, UK
| | - Timothy D McHugh
- Department of Infection, Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Royal Free Campus, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Gibbons
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - John Malkinson
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL School of Pharmacy, London, UK
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
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Govoni M, Tocchetti P, Lundberg JO. Metabolism and pathways for denitration of organic nitrates in the human liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 346:96-104. [PMID: 23596058 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.203356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver first-pass metabolism differs considerably among organic nitrates, but little information exists on the mechanism of denitration of these compounds in hepatic tissue. The metabolism of nitrooxybutyl-esters of flurbiprofen and ferulic-acid, a class of organic nitrates with potential therapeutic implication in variety of different conditions, was investigated in comparison with glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) in human liver by a multiple approach, using a spontaneous metabolism-independent nitric oxide (NO) donor [3-(aminopropyl)-1-hydroxy-3-isopropyl-2-oxo-1-triazene (NOC-5)] as a reference tool. Nitrooxybutyl-esters were rapidly and quantitatively metabolized to their respective parent compounds and the organic nitrate moiety nitrooxybutyl-alcohol (NOBA). Differently from GTN, which was rapidly and completely metabolized to nitrite, NOBA was slowly metabolized to nitrate. In contrast to the spontaneous NO donor NOC-5, NOBA and GTN did not generate detectable NO and failed to suppress the activity of cytochrome P450, an enzyme known to be inhibited by NO. The direct identification of NOBA after liver metabolism targets this compound as the functional organic nitrate metabolite of nitrooxybutyl-esters. Moreover, the investigation of the pathways for denitration of NOBA and GTN suggests that organic nitrates are not primarily metabolized to NO in the liver but to different extents of nitrite or nitrate depending in their different chemical structure. Therefore, cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of concomitant drugs is not likely to be affected by oral coadministration of organic nitrates. However, the first pass may differently affect the pharmacological profile of organic nitrates in connection with the different extent of denitration and the distinct bioactive species generated and exported from the liver (nitrate or nitrite).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Govoni
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Nanna Svartz väg 2, S-177 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abdel-Aziz AAM, Al-Badr AA, Hafez GA. Flurbiprofen. PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES, EXCIPIENTS, AND RELATED METHODOLOGY 2012; 37:113-81. [PMID: 22469318 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397220-0.00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A-M Abdel-Aziz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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L'Episcopo F, Tirolo C, Testa N, Caniglia S, Morale MC, Impagnatiello F, Marchetti B. Switching the Microglial Harmful Phenotype Promotes Lifelong Restoration of Subtantia Nigra Dopaminergic Neurons from Inflammatory Neurodegeneration in Aged Mice. Rejuvenation Res 2011; 14:411-24. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2010.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L'Episcopo
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Troina, Italy
| | - Cataldo Tirolo
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Troina, Italy
| | - Nunzio Testa
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Troina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Caniglia
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Troina, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Morale
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Troina, Italy
| | | | - Bianca Marchetti
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Neuropharmacology Section, Troina, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biomedicine, Pharmacology Section, Faculty of Medicine, Catania, Italy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Regulation of Glial Cell Functions by PPAR-gamma Natural and Synthetic Agonists. PPAR Res 2011; 2008:864140. [PMID: 18464925 PMCID: PMC2367430 DOI: 10.1155/2008/864140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent years, the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), a well known target for type II diabetes treatment, has received an increasing attention for its therapeutic potential in inflammatory and degenerative brain disorders. PPAR-γ agonists, which include naturally occurring compounds (such as long chain fatty acids and the cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxy Δ12,14 prostaglandin J2), and synthetic agonists (among which the thiazolidinediones and few nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) have shown anti-inflammatory and protective effects in several experimental models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and stroke, as well as in few clinical studies. The pleiotropic effects of PPAR-γ agonists are likely to be mediated by several mechanisms involving anti-inflammatory activities on peripheral immune cells (macrophages and lymphocytes), as well as direct effects on neural cells including cerebral vascular endothelial cells, neurons, and glia. In the present article, we will review the recent findings supporting a major role for PPAR-γ agonists in controlling neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration through their activities on glial cells, with a particular emphasis on microglial cells as major macrophage population of the brain parenchyma and main actors in brain inflammation.
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Veerhuis R, Nielsen HM, Tenner AJ. Complement in the brain. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1592-603. [PMID: 21546088 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The brain is considered to be an immune privileged site, because the blood-brain barrier limits entry of blood borne cells and proteins into the central nervous system (CNS). As a result, the detection and clearance of invading microorganisms and senescent cells as well as surplus neurotransmitters, aged and glycated proteins, in order to maintain a healthy environment for neuronal and glial cells, is largely confined to the innate immune system. In recent years it has become clear that many factors of innate immunity are expressed throughout the brain. Neuronal and glial cells express Toll like receptors as well as complement receptors, and virtually all complement components can be locally produced in the brain, often in response to injury or developmental cues. However, as inflammatory reactions could interfere with proper functioning of the brain, tight and fine tuned regulatory mechanisms are warranted. In age related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), accumulating amyloid proteins elicit complement activation and a local, chronic inflammatory response that leads to attraction and activation of glial cells that, under such activation conditions, can produce neurotoxic substances, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxygen radicals. This process may be exacerbated by a disturbed balance between complement activators and complement regulatory proteins such as occurs in AD, as the local synthesis of these proteins is differentially regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Much knowledge about the role of complement in neurodegenerative diseases has been derived from animal studies with transgenic overexpressing or knockout mice for specific complement factors or receptors. These studies have provided insight into the potential therapeutic use of complement regulators and complement receptor antagonists in chronic neurodegenerative diseases as well as in acute conditions, such as stroke. Interestingly, recent animal studies have also indicated that complement activation products are involved in brain development and synapse formation. Not only are these findings important for the understanding of how brain development and neural network formation is organized, it may also give insights into the role of complement in processes of neurodegeneration and neuroprotection in the injured or aged and diseased adult central nervous system, and thus aid in identifying novel and specific targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Veerhuis
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Ciou JF, Wang PY, Wu AC, Tsai SW. Lipase-catalyzed alcoholytic resolution of (R,S)-flurbiprofenyl azolides for preparation of (R)-NO-flurbiprofen ester prodrugs. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2011.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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L'Episcopo F, Tirolo C, Caniglia S, Testa N, Serra PA, Impagnatiello F, Morale MC, Marchetti B. Combining nitric oxide release with anti-inflammatory activity preserves nigrostriatal dopaminergic innervation and prevents motor impairment in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine model of Parkinson's disease. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:83. [PMID: 21092260 PMCID: PMC3000390 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current evidence suggests a role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of basal ganglia injury. Reportedly, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) mitigate DAergic neurotoxicity in rodent models of PD. Consistent with these findings, epidemiological analysis indicated that certain NSAIDs may prevent or delay the progression of PD. However, a serious impediment of chronic NSAID therapy, particularly in the elderly, is gastric, renal and cardiac toxicity. Nitric oxide (NO)-donating NSAIDs, have a safer profile while maintaining anti-inflammatory activity of parent compounds. We have investigated the oral activity of the NO-donating derivative of flurbiprofen, [2-fluoro-α-methyl (1,1'-biphenyl)-4-acetic-4-(nitrooxy)butyl ester], HCT1026 (30 mg kg-1 daily in rodent chow) in mice exposed to the parkinsonian neurotoxin MPTP. Methods Ageing mice were fed with a control, flurbiprofen, or HCT1026 diet starting ten days before MPTP administration and continuing for all the experimental period. Striatal high affinity synaptosomial dopamine up-take, motor coordination assessed with the rotarod, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and dopamine transporter (DAT) fiber staining, stereological cell counts, immunoblotting and gene expression analyses were used to assess MPTP-induced nigrostriatal DAergic toxicity and glial activation 1-40 days post-MPTP. Results HCT1026 was well tolerated and did not cause any measurable toxic effect, whereas flurbiprofen fed mice showed severe gastrointestinal side-effects. HCT1026 efficiently counteracted motor impairment and reversed MPTP-induced decreased synaptosomal [3H]dopamine uptake, TH- and DAT-stained fibers in striatum and TH+ neuron loss in subtantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), as opposed to age-matched mice fed with a control diet. These effects were associated to a significant decrease in reactive macrophage antigen-1 (Mac-1)-positive microglial cells within the striatum and ventral midbrain, decreased expression of iNOS, Mac-1 and NADPH oxidase (PHOX), and downregulation of 3-Nitrotyrosine, a peroxynitrite finger print, in SNpc DAergic neurons. Conclusions Oral treatment with HCT1026 has a safe profile and a significant efficacy in counteracting MPTP-induced dopaminergic (DAergic) neurotoxicity, motor impairment and microglia activation in ageing mice. HCT1026 provides a novel promising approach towards the development of effective pharmacological neuroprotective strategies against PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca L'Episcopo
- OASI Institute for Research and Care on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging (IRCCS), Neuropharmacology Section, 94018 Troina, Italy
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Reddy PH. Mitochondrial oxidative damage in aging and Alzheimer's disease: implications for mitochondrially targeted antioxidant therapeutics. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2006:31372. [PMID: 17047303 PMCID: PMC1559913 DOI: 10.1155/jbb/2006/31372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The overall aim of this article is to review current therapeutic strategies for treating AD, with a focus on mitochondrially targeted antioxidant treatments. Recent advances in molecular, cellular, and animal model studies of AD have revealed that amyloid precursor protein derivatives, including amyloid beta (A beta) monomers and oligomers, are likely key factors in tau hyperphosphorylation, mitochondrial oxidative damage, inflammatory changes, and synaptic failure in the brain tissue of AD patients. Several therapeutic strategies have been developed to treat AD, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiamyloid approaches. Among these, mitochondrial antioxidant therapy has been found to be the most efficacious in reducing pathological changes and in not producing adverse effects; thus, mitochondrial antioxidant therapy is promising as a treatment for AD patients. However, a major limitation in applying mitochondrial antioxidants to AD treatment has been the inability of researchers to enhance antioxidant levels in mitochondria. Recently, however, there has been a breakthrough. Researchers have recently been able to promote the entry of certain antioxidants-including MitoQ, MitoVitE, MitoPBN, MitoPeroxidase, and amino acid and peptide-based SS tetrapeptides-into mitochondria, several hundred-fold more than do natural antioxidants. Once in the mitochondria, they rapidly neutralize free radicals and decrease mitochondrial toxicity. Thus, mitochondrially targeted antioxidants are promising candidates for treating AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Hemachandra Reddy
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Neurological Sciences
Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 505 NW 185th
Avenue, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
- *P. Hemachandra Reddy:
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Pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence comparison between orally disintegrating and conventional tablet formulations of flurbiprofen: a single-dose, randomized-sequence, open-label, two-period crossover study in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Clin Ther 2009; 31:1787-95. [PMID: 19808137 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2009.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flurbiprofen, an NSAID, is used for the treatment of inflammation and pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis as well as soft-tissue injuries. A new orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) of flurbiprofen has recently been developed; this study was conducted to provide support for this drug to obtain marketing authorization in China. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to compare the pharmacokinetic properties and bioequivalence of flurbiprofen 50-mg ODT (test) with a conventional flurbiprofen 50-mg tablet (reference) under fasting conditions in healthy volunteers. METHODS This was a single-dose, randomized-sequence, open-label, 2-period crossover study. Healthy, nonsmoking Chinese male volunteers were randomly assigned to receive 150 mg (administered as three 50-mg tablets) of either the test or reference formulation of flurbiprofen, followed by a 7-day washout period and administration of the alternate formulation. Study drugs were administered after a 12-hour overnight fast. Blood samples were collected before dosing and at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after dosing. Serum flurbiprofen concentrations were analyzed using a validated nonstereospecific liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. Pharmacokinetic parameters, including C(max), T(max), t(1/2), AUC(0-24), and AUC(0-infinity), were calculated and analyzed statistically. C(max), AUC(0-24), and AUC(0-infinity) were used to test for bioequivalence after natural logarithm (ln)-transformation. Tolerability was evaluated throughout the study by clinical assessments, vital sign monitoring, physical examinations, 12-lead ECG, clinical laboratory tests, and questioning subjects about adverse events (AEs). RESULTS A total of 20 Chinese males (mean [SD] age, 21.4 [2.5] years [range, 19-28 years]; height, 174.4 [4.2] cm [range, 169-183 cm]; weight, 63.2 [5.1] kg [range, 56-78 kg]; body mass index, 20.8 [1.4] kg/m(2) [range, 19-24 kg/m(2)]) completed the study. No period or sequence effect was observed. The 90% CIs for the ln-transformed ratios of Cmax, AUC(0-24), and AUC(0-infinity) were 99.9% to 115.9%, 97.8% to 107.9%, and 100.3% to 110.9%, respectively, meeting the predetermined criteria for bioequivalence. Two subjects (10.0%) experienced 1 of 2 mild AEs (increase in total bilirubin and dizziness), which were not considered to be associated with study drug administration. CONCLUSIONS This single-dose 150-mg (three 50-mg tablets) study of each formulation of flurbiprofen found that the test and reference products met the regulatory criteria for bioequivalence in these fasting healthy Chinese male volunteers. Both formulations were generally well tolerated. State Food and Drug Administration of China study registration number: 2005L04356.
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Mohs RC, Kawas C, Carrillo MC. Optimal design of clinical trials for drugs designed to slow the course of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Dement 2009; 2:131-9. [PMID: 19595870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Compounds now in clinical development are hypothesized to slow the clinical progression and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by their effects to diminish production, increase clearance, or decrease aggregation of amyloid beta protein. Options for investigating the effects of these and other drugs on clinical progression and pathogenesis of AD were examined at a conference that included: (1) a review of experimental methods used to investigate disease-modifying drugs for multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and osteoporosis; (2) discussion of possible study designs and outcome measures for trials in patients with AD; and (3) discussion of biomarkers available for AD. There is no uniformly best way to investigate a drug's impact on AD progression but characteristics of studies supportive of a disease-slowing effect can be specified. Relevant clinical outcomes in drug-treated patients versus placebo-treated patients should be compared over at least 1 and possibly as long as 2 years with biomarkers reflective of pathogenesis and of the drug's mechanistic effects measured concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Mohs
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Enantioseparation of flurbiprofen on amylose-derived chiral stationary phase by supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8750-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 02/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Burguete MI, Fawaz G, Galindo F, Izquierdo MÁ, Luis SV, Martínez J, Salom-Roig XJ. Fluorescence and mass spectrometry studies of the interaction between naproxen and synthetic pseudopeptidic models in organic media. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Abdul-Hay SO, Luo J, Ashghodom RT, Thatcher GRJ. NO-flurbiprofen reduces amyloid-beta, is neuroprotective in cell culture, and enhances cognition in response to cholinergic blockade. J Neurochem 2009; 111:766-76. [PMID: 19702655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug flurbiprofen is a selective amyloid lowering agent which has been studied clinically in Alzheimer's disease. HCT-1026 is an ester prodrug of flurbiprofen incorporating a nitrate carrier moiety that in vivo provides NO bioactivity and an improved safety profile. In vitro, HCT-1026 retained the cyclooxygenase inhibitory and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug activity of flurbiprofen, but at concentrations at which levels of amyloid-beta 1-42 amino acid were lowered by flurbiprofen, amyloid-beta 1-42 amino acid levels were elevated 200% by HCT-1026. Conversely, at lower concentrations, HCT-1026 behaved as a selective amyloid lowering agent with greater potency than flurbiprofen. The difference in concentration-responses between flurbiprofen and HCT-1026 in vitro suggests different cellular targets; and in no case did a combination of nitrate drug with flurbiprofen provide similar actions. In vivo, HCT-1026 was observed to reverse cognitive deficits induced by scopolamine in two behavioral assays; activity that was also shown by a classical nitrate drug, but not by flurbiprofen. The ability to restore aversive memory and spatial working and reference memory after cholinergic blockade has been demonstrated by other agents that stimulate NO/cGMP signaling. These observations add positively to the preclinical profile of HCT-1026 and NO chimeras in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer O Abdul-Hay
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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You X, Zhang YW, Chen Y, Huang X, Xu R, Cao X, Chen J, Liu Y, Zhang X, Xu H. Retinoid X receptor-alpha mediates (R )-flurbiprofen's effect on the levels of Alzheimer's beta-amyloid. J Neurochem 2009; 111:142-9. [PMID: 19659691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the formation of extracellular senile plaques in the brain, whose major component is a small peptide called beta-amyloid (Abeta). Long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been found beneficial for AD and several reports suggest that NSAIDs reduce the generation of Abeta, especially the more amyloidogenic form Abeta42. However, the exact mechanism underlying NSAIDs' effect on AD risk remains largely inconclusive and all clinical trials using NSAIDs for AD treatment show negative results so far. Recent studies have shown that some NSAIDs can bind to certain nuclear receptors, suggesting that nuclear receptors may be involved in NSAID's effect on AD risk. Here we find that (R)-flurbiprofen, the R-enantiomer of the racemate NSAID flurbiprofen, can significantly reduce Abeta secretion, but at the same time, increases the level of intracellular Abeta. In addition, we find that a nuclear receptor, retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRalpha), can regulate Abeta generation and that down-regulation of RXRalpha significantly increases Abeta secretion. We also show that (R)-flurbiprofen can interfere with the interaction between RXRalpha and 9-cis-retinoid acid, and that 9-cis-retinoid acid decreases (R)-flurbiprofen's reduction of Abeta secretion. Moreover, the modulation effect of (R)-flurbiprofen on Abeta is abolished upon RXRalpha down-regulation. Together, these results suggest that RXRalpha can regulate Abeta generation and is also required for (R)-flurbiprofen-mediated Abeta generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing You
- Institute for Biomedical Research and School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Validation of a nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic method for the enantiomeric purity determination of R-flurbiprofen using a single-isomer amino cyclodextrin derivative. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1204:219-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Lukiw WJ. Emerging amyloid beta (Ab) peptide modulators for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008; 13:255-71. [PMID: 18537520 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.13.2.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the 'amyloid cascade hypothesis' of Alzheimer's disease (AD), abnormal processing of beta-amyloid precursor protein (betaAPP) into toxic amyloid beta (Abeta)-peptides is central to the etiopathology of this uniquely human brain disorder. OBJECTIVE To review current AD drugs, pharmacological approaches and strategies aimed at modulating Abeta-peptide generation and/or aggregation in the treatment of AD. METHODS Data searches at various websites: Alzheimer Research Forum; individual drug company databases; Medline; Pharmaprojects database; unpublished research; inter-University research communications. RESULTS/CONCLUSION Considerable research effort has focused on secretase-mediated mechanisms of betaAPP processing, and the latest pharmacological strategies have used selective Abeta-peptide-lowering agents (SALA) to provide therapeutic benefit against Abeta-initiated neurodegenerative pathology. Currently, dedicated anticholinesterase, glutamatergic agonist and Abeta-peptide immunization have had little impact in the clinical treatment of AD. One unexpected benefit of statins (HMG-CoA inhibitors), besides their cholesterol lowering abilities, has been their ancillary effects in potentiating the enzymatic mechanisms that generate Abeta-peptides. The long-term benefits or complications of statin-based therapies for use in the clinical management of AD are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, LSU Neuroscience Center of Excellence, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 8B8, New Orleans, LA 70112-2272, USA.
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35
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Yaari R, Kumar S, Tariot PN. Non-cholinergic drug development for Alzheimer's disease. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:745-60. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.7.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sastre M, Walter J, Gentleman SM. Interactions between APP secretases and inflammatory mediators. J Neuroinflammation 2008; 5:25. [PMID: 18564425 PMCID: PMC2442055 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-5-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is now a large body of evidence linking inflammation to Alzheimer's disease (AD). This association manifests itself neuropathologically in the presence of activated microglia and astrocytes around neuritic plaques and increased levels of inflammatory mediators in the brains of AD patients. It is considered that amyloid-β peptide (Aβ), which is derived from the processing of the longer amyloid precursor protein (APP), could be the most important stimulator of this response, and therefore determining the role of the different secretases involved in its generation is essential for a better understanding of the regulation of inflammation in AD. The finding that certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can affect the processing of APP by inhibiting β- and γ-secretases, together with recent revelations that these enzymes may be regulated by inflammation, suggest that they could be an interesting target for anti-inflammatory drugs. In this review we will discuss some of these issues and the role of the secretases in inflammation, independent of their effect on Aβ formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Sastre
- Division of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Imperial College London, The Hammersmith Hospital, Du cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Vlad SC, Miller DR, Kowall NW, Felson DT. Protective effects of NSAIDs on the development of Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2008; 70:1672-7. [PMID: 18458226 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000311269.57716.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may protect against Alzheimer disease (AD), but observational studies and trials have offered contradictory results. Prior studies have also been relatively short and small. We examined the effects on AD risk of NSAID use for >5 years and of NSAIDs that suppress formation of A beta (1-42) amyloid in a large health care database. METHODS Cases were veterans aged 55 years and older with incident AD using the US Veterans Affairs Health Care system. Matched controls were drawn from the same population. NSAID exposure was categorized into seven time periods: no use, <or=1 year, >1 but <or=2 years, and so on. Using conditional logistic regression, adjusted for race and comorbidities, we tested the association between AD development and the use of 1) any NSAID, 2) any NSAID excluding nonacetylated salicylates, 3) each NSAID class, 4) each individual NSAID, and 5) A beta (1-42)-suppressing NSAIDs. RESULTS We identified 49,349 cases and 196,850 controls. Compared with no NSAID use, the adjusted odds ratios for AD among NSAID users decreased from 0.98 for <or=1 year of use (95% CI 0.95-1.00) to 0.76 for >5 years of use (0.68-0.85). For users of ibuprofen, it decreased from 1.03 (1.00-1.06) to 0.56 (0.42-0.75). Effects of other NSAID classes and individual NSAIDs were inconsistent. There was no difference between a group of A beta (1-42)-suppressing NSAIDs and others. DISCUSSION Long-term nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use was protective against Alzheimer disease. Findings were clearest for ibuprofen. A beta (1-42)-suppressing NSAIDs did not differ from others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Vlad
- Boston University School of Medicine, Clinical Epidemiology Research and Training Unit, 650 Albany St., Suite X200, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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38
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Gasparini L, Dityatev A. Beta-amyloid and glutamate receptors. Exp Neurol 2008; 212:1-4. [PMID: 18448101 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gasparini
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, The Italian Institute of Technology, 16163 Genova, Italy
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Liu WC, Ding WL, Gu HY, Chen MF, Hu JJ. Lipopolysaccharide-induced cerebral inflammatory damage and the therapeutic effect of platelet activating factor receptor antagonist. Neurosci Bull 2008; 23:271-6. [PMID: 17952135 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-007-0040-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced acute cerebral inflammatory damage and the therapeutic effect of ginkgolide B (BN52021). METHODS Thirty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 10 for each group): Control group, Model group and Treatment group (treated with BN52021). LPS were injected into the fourth ventricle of rat to make a neuroinflammatory murine model. Morris water maze was used to detect the learning and memory ability of rats; changes of synapse number and subcellular ultrastructures were observed under a transmission electron microscope; OX-42 positive microglia in the brain was detected by immunohistochemical method. RESULTS The average escape latency in the Treatment group were significantly shortened than that in the Model group; and the percentage of swimming distance traveled in platform quadrant accounting for total distance increased markedly. The rough endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes in the Treatment group were more than that in the Model group, but the number of synapses seemed to have no obvious change. The number of OX-42 positive microglia in the Treatment group decreased markedly than that in the Model group, and the grey density of OX-42-positive cells increased significantly. CONCLUSION LPS can induce inflammatory damages to the brain, but the damage could be antagonized by BN52021. Platelet activating factor receptor antagonist may offer an effective therapy for neurodegeneration diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200025, China
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40
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Pignatello R, Pantò V, Salmaso S, Bersani S, Pistarà V, Kepe V, Barrio JR, Puglisi G. Flurbiprofen Derivatives in Alzheimer’s Disease: Synthesis, Pharmacokinetic and Biological Assessment of Lipoamino Acid Prodrugs. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 19:349-57. [PMID: 18072715 DOI: 10.1021/bc700312y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Pignatello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5 - 35131 Padova, Italy, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Valentina Pantò
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5 - 35131 Padova, Italy, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Stefano Salmaso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5 - 35131 Padova, Italy, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Sara Bersani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5 - 35131 Padova, Italy, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Venerando Pistarà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5 - 35131 Padova, Italy, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Vladimir Kepe
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5 - 35131 Padova, Italy, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jorge R. Barrio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5 - 35131 Padova, Italy, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Giovanni Puglisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria, 6 - 95125 Catania, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5 - 35131 Padova, Italy, and Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
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Abstract
This review considers biochemical aspects of inflammation. The international literature until December 2006 has been analyzed, with the principal attention paid to the most dynamic problems: enzymology of inflammation, its regulation by hormones and signal transducers, and negative feedbacks, which underlie intensive current studies on pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapy of inflammation. Such achievements as discoveries of defensins, toll-like receptors, interconnections of inflammation and iron metabolism, the roles of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense, lipoxins, inflammatory components of "non-inflammatory" diseases, and action mechanisms of effective drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V I Kulinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk 664003, Russia.
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42
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Rojo LE, Fernández JA, Maccioni AA, Jimenez JM, Maccioni RB. Neuroinflammation: implications for the pathogenesis and molecular diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Arch Med Res 2007; 39:1-16. [PMID: 18067990 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During the past few years, an increasing set of evidence has supported the major role of deregulation of the interaction patterns between glial cells and neurons in the pathway toward neuronal degeneration. Neurons and glial cells, together with brain vessels, constitute an integrated system for brain function. Inflammation is a process related with the onset of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several hypotheses have been postulated to explain the pathogenesis of AD, but none provides insight into the early events that trigger metabolic and cellular alterations in neuronal degeneration. The amyloid hypothesis was sustained on the basis that Abeta-peptide deposition into senile plaques is responsible for neurodegeneration. However, recent findings point to Abeta oligomers as responsible for synaptic impairment in neuronal degeneration. Amyloid is only one among many other major factors affecting the quality of neuronal cells. Another explanation derives from the tau hypothesis, supported by the observations that tau hyperphosphorylations constitute a common feature of most of the altered signaling pathways in degenerating neurons. Altered tau patterns have been detected in the cerebrospinal fluids of AD patients, and a close correlation was observed between the levels of hyperphosphorylated tau isoforms and the degree of cognitive impairment. On the other hand, the anomalous effects of cytokines and trophic factors share in common the activation of tau hyperphosphorylation patterns. In this context, a neuroimmunological approach to AD becomes relevant. When glial cells that normally provide neurotrophic factors essential for neurogenesis are activated by a set of stressing events, they overproduce cytokines and NGF, thus triggering altered signaling patterns in the etiopathogenesis of AD. A solid set of discoveries has strengthened the idea that altered patterns in the glia-neuron interactions constitute early molecular events within the cascade of cellular signals that lead to neurodegeneration in AD. A direct correlation has been established between the Abeta-induced neurodegeneration and cytokine production and its subsequent release. In effect, neuroinflammation is responsible for an abnormal secretion of proinflammatory cytokines that trigger signaling pathways that activate brain tau hyperphosphorylation in residues that are not modified under normal physiological conditions. Other cytokines such as IL-3 and TNF-alpha seem to display neuroprotective activities. Elucidation of the events that control the transitions from neuroprotection to neurodegeneration should be a critical point toward elucidation of AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel E Rojo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurosciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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43
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Chronic administration of R-flurbiprofen attenuates learning impairments in transgenic amyloid precursor protein mice. BMC Neurosci 2007; 8:54. [PMID: 17650315 PMCID: PMC1948891 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-8-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with a reduced incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We and others have shown that certain NSAIDs reduce secretion of Aβ42 in cell culture and animal models, and that the effect of NSAIDs on Aβ42 is independent of the inhibition of cyclooxygenase by these compounds. Since Aβ42 is hypothesized to be the initiating pathologic molecule in AD, the ability of these compounds to lower Aβ42 selectively may be associated with their protective effect. We have previously identified R-flurbiprofen (tarenflurbil) as a selective Aβ42 lowering agent with greatly reduced cyclooxygenase activity that shows promise for testing this hypothesis. In this study we report the effect of chronic R-flurbiprofen treatment on cognition and Aβ loads in Tg2576 APP mice. Results A four-month preventative treatment regimen with R-flurbiprofen (10 mg/kg/day) was administered to young Tg2576 mice prior to robust plaque or Aβ pathology. This treatment regimen improved spatial learning as assessed by the Morris water maze, indicated by an increased spatial bias during the third probe trial and an increased utilization of a place strategy to solve the water maze. These results are consistent with an improvement in hippocampal- and medial temporal lobe-dependent memory function. A modest, though not statistically significant, reduction in formic acid-soluble levels of Aβ was also observed. To determine if R-flurbiprofen could reverse cognitive deficits in Tg2576 mice where plaque pathology was already robust, a two-week therapeutic treatment was given to older Tg2576 mice with the same dose of R-flurbiprofen. This approach resulted in a significant decrease in Aβ plaque burden but no significant improvement in spatial learning. Conclusion We have found that chronic administration of R-flurbiprofen is able to attenuate spatial learning deficits if given prior to plaque deposition in Tg2576 mice. Given its ability to selectively target Aβ42 production and improve cognitive impairments in transgenic APP mice, as well as promising data from a phase 2 human clinical trial, future studies are needed to investigate the utility of R-flurbiprofen as an AD therapeutic and its possible mechanisms of action.
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44
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Cilurzo F, Selmin F, Vistoli G, Minghetti P, Montanari L. Binary polymeric blends to microencapsulate nitroflurbiprofen: Physicochemical and in silico studies. Eur J Pharm Sci 2007; 31:202-10. [PMID: 17482436 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nitroflurbiprofen, NFP, a practically insoluble liquid drug, was microencapsulated in hydrophilic micromatrices made of poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), or polyaminomethacrylate (PAMA), or binary blends of polymers thereof. The PAMA/PVP miscibility was assessed both in the solid state (DSC and ATF-FTIR spectroscopy) and in solution by viscometric measurements. The in vitro NFP release test was carried out in over saturation condition to discriminate the increase of NFP apparent solubility (supersaturation degree, SD). Drug/polymer/polymer/water interactions were studied in silico by molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. PAMA and PVP resulted miscible only in aqueous solution. The release of NFP from microparticles occurred according to a non-monotonic pattern due to the formation of instable supersaturated systems and the drug separation in the dissolution medium. After 5 min, the SD was at least 3. The use of PVP/PAMA micromatrices reduced the instability of the supersaturated solutions. MD simulations evidenced that water molecules play a key role in the PAMA/PVP compatibilization process and in stabilization of NFP supersaturated systems by means of H-bond. The docking analyses here find a novel and successful application to predict the different ability of a drug to interact with polymeric blends in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cilurzo
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica P. Pratesi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
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45
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Abstract
Donepezil hydrochloride is the most widely prescribed drug for Alzheimer's disease (AD). The main mechanism of action through which it influences cognition and function is presumed to be the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme in the brain; however, donepezil may also impact the pathophysiology of AD at several other points. Officially approved for mild-to-moderate and severe AD, donepezil has also been shown to be effective in early-stage AD, vascular dementia, Parkinson's disease dementia/Lewy body disease and cognitive symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis. In addition, one study suggested that donepezil may delay the onset of AD in subjects with mild cognitive impairment, a prodrome to AD. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety/tolerability profile and drug interaction properties of donepezil make it an easy and safe agent to use. However, in general, the efficacy of donepezil is limited, and ongoing studies are investigating other agents that may ultimately overtake its present position as the mainstay of anti-AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Seltzer
- V.A. Boston Healthcare System, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Geriatric Research Center, Boston, MA 02130, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Currently, there are no disease-modifying therapies available for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and memantine are licensed for AD and have moderate symptomatic benefits. Epidemiological studies have suggested that NSAIDs, estrogen, HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) or tocopherol (vitamin E) can prevent AD. However, prospective, randomised studies have not convincingly been able to demonstrate clinical efficacy. Major progress in molecular medicine suggests further drug targets. The metabolism of the amyloid-precursor protein and the aggregation of its Abeta fragment are the focus of current studies. Abeta peptides are produced by the enzymes beta- and gamma-secretase. Inhibition of gamma-secretase has been shown to reduce Abeta production. However, gamma-secretase activity is also involved in other vital physiological pathways. Involvement of gamma-secretase in cell differentiation may preclude complete blockade of gamma-secretase for prolonged times in vivo. Inhibition of beta-secretase seems to be devoid of serious adverse effects according to studies with knockout animals. However, targeting beta-secretase is hampered by the lack of suitable inhibitors to date. Other approaches focus on enzymes that cut inside the Abeta sequence such as alpha-secretase and neprilysin. Stimulation of the expression or activity of alpha-secretase or neprilysin has been shown to enhance Abeta degradation. Furthermore, inhibitors of Abeta aggregation have been described and clinical trials have been initiated. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma agonists and selected NSAIDs may be suitable to modulate both Abeta production and inflammatory activation. On the basis of autopsy reports, active immunisation against Abeta in humans seems to have proven its ability to clear amyloid deposits from the brain. However, a first clinical trial with active vaccination against the full length Abeta peptide has been halted because of adverse effects. Further trials with vaccination or passive transfer of antibodies are planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hüll
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Hauptstrasse 5, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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Scatena R, Martorana GE, Bottoni P, Botta G, Pastore P, Giardina B. An update on pharmacological approaches to neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:59-72. [PMID: 17155854 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are now generally considered as a group of disorders that seriously and progressively impair the functions of the nervous system through selective neuronal vulnerability of specific brain regions. Alzheimer's disease is the most common neurodegenerative disease, followed in incidence by Parkinson's disease; much less common are frontotemporal dementia, Huntington's disease, amyothrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease), progressive supranuclear palsy, spinocerebellar ataxia, Pick's disease and, lastly, prion disease. In this review, the authors intend to survey new drugs in different clinical phases but not in the preclinical or discovery stages nor already in the market, with new molecules aimed at interrupting or at attenuating different pathogenic pathways of neurodegeneration and/or at ameliorating symptoms. Drugs in different pharmacological phases are under study or are ready to be introduced into therapy for Alzheimer's disease, which display anti-beta-amyloid activity or nerve growth factor-like activity or anti-inflammatory properties. Other drugs possess mixed mechanisms of action, such as acetylcholinesterase inhibition and impairment of beta-amyloid formation through inhibition of beta-amyloid precursor protein synthesis and/or modulation of secretase activity. Other therapeutic approaches are based on immunotherapy, control of metal ions interactions with beta-amyloid and ensuing oxidative reactions as well as metabolic or hormonal regulation. The symptomatic therapy of motor behaviour in Parkinson's disease, based on l-DOPA, is registering adenosine A(2A) receptor antagonists, monoamine oxidase B inhibitors and ion channel modulators, as well as dopamine uptake inhibitors and glutamate AMPA receptor antagonists. There are also many other drugs involved, including astrocyte-modulating agents, 5-HT(1A) agonists and alpha(2)-adrenergic receptor antagonists, which are targeted at preventing or ameliorating Parkinson's disease-related or l-DOPA-induced dyskinesias. Huntington's disease therapy envisages a Phase III drug, LAX-101, which displays antiapoptotic properties by promoting membrane stabilisation and mitochondrial integrity. Other drugs with antioxidant and antiapoptotic steroid-like and neuroprotective activity are under investigation for the therapy of the less common neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Scatena
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo A. Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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Chao SH, Ho HT, Chen FA, Lin PY, Yu YC, Wu AB. Identification of flurbiprofen and its photoproducts in methanol by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:527-33. [PMID: 17357176 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A sample of 10 mM flurbiprofen in methanol (or ethanol) was photoirradiated with sixteen 8 W low-pressure quartz mercury lamps irradiated at 306 nm in a Panchum PR-2000 photochemical reactor. In total, four major photoproducts derived from each sample were observed from the HPLC chromatogram. The photoproducts were separated and their structures elucidated by various spectroscopic methods. Alternatively, using GC-MS, 11 major photoproducts were observed. A reaction scheme of flurbiprofen in methanol is proposed: the photochemical reaction routes occur mainly via esterification and decarboxylation, followed by oxidation with singlet oxygen to produce a ketone, alcohols and other derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hui Chao
- College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, Republic of China
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49
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Arnaud L, Robakis NK, Figueiredo-Pereira ME. It may take inflammation, phosphorylation and ubiquitination to 'tangle' in Alzheimer's disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2006; 3:313-9. [PMID: 16954650 DOI: 10.1159/000095638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) are one of the pathologic hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Their major component is tau, a protein that becomes hyperphosphorylated and accumulates into insoluble paired helical filaments. During the course of the disease such filaments aggregate into bulky NFT that get ubiquitinated. What triggers their formation is not known, but neuroinflammation could play a role. Neuroinflammation is an active process detectable in the earliest stages of AD. The neuronal toxicity associated with inflammation makes it a potential risk factor in the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD. Determining the sequence of events that lead to this devastating disease has become one of the most important goals for AD prevention and treatment. In this review we focus on three topics relevant to AD pathology and to NFT formation: (1) what triggers CNS inflammation resulting in glia activation and neuronal toxicity; (2) how products of inflammation might change the substrate specificity of kinases/phosphatases leading to tau phosphorylation at pathological sites; (3) the relationship between the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway and tau ubiquitination and accumulation in NFT. The overall aim of this review is to provide a challenging and sometimes provocative survey of important contributions supporting the view that CNS inflammation might be a critical contributor to AD pathology. Neuronal cell death resulting from neuroinflammatory processes may have devastating effects as, in the vast majority of cases, neurons lost to disease cannot be replaced. In order to design therapies that will prevent endangered neurons from dying, it is critical that we learn more about the effects of neuroinflammation and its products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Arnaud
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10021, USA
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50
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Mollica G, Geppi M, Pignatello R, Veracini CA. Molecular Properties of Flurbiprofen and its Solid Dispersions with Eudragit RL100 Studied by High- and Low-Resolution Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Pharm Res 2006; 23:2129-40. [PMID: 16952004 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2005] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Investigation of the conformational and molecular dynamic properties of the acidic and sodium salt forms of Flurbiprofen and their solid dispersions with Eudragit RL100, obtained by two different preparation methods (physical mixtures and coevaporates), and of the mixing degree between the two components in the dispersions. MATERIALS AND METHODS 1H and 13C high-resolution solid state NMR techniques, including Single Pulse Excitation-MAS, CP-MAS, FSLG-HETCOR; low-resolution 1H FID analysis; 1H spin-lattice relaxation time measurements. RESULTS Conformational, molecular packing and dynamic differences were observed between the two pure forms of flurbiprofen, as well as between the pure drugs and the corresponding coevaporates. In the coevaporates of the two flurbiprofen forms, drug and polymer appear intimately mixed; their chemical interactions were detected and characterized. CONCLUSIONS A combined analysis of several 13C and 1H high- and low-resolution solid state NMR experiments allowed the investigation of the conformational and dynamic properties of the pure drugs and of the solid dispersions with the polymer, as well as of the degree of mixing between drug and polymer and of the chemical nature of their interaction. Such information could be compared to the in vitro drug release profiles given by these solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Mollica
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, v. Risorgimento 35, 56126 Pisa, Italy
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