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Sabry R, Kolib TM, Ahmed M, Elnahas HG. Body Mass Index and Other Factors Related to Mastalgia: A Cross Sectional Study. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.7538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Mastalgia is a common complaint in females aged 30–50 years. Mastalgia varies in degrees of severity. The quality of life of women may be adversely affected by severe mastalgia. It was associated with disturbance in sexual, social, and physical activities and behaviors.
AIM: The main objective of this study is to investigate factors affecting mastalgia.
METHODS: This is an analytical cross-sectional study. Conducted on 148 females attending the Family Medicine outpatient clinic. Mastalgia was assessed by new breast pain score.
RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 32.6 and their mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.8. The majority of the cases were highly educated 48% and working 58.1%. There was a highly statistically significant difference between females with mild pain and those of moderate to severe pain regarding to BMI as the mean of BMI in patient with mild pain was 22.7 ± 2.5 while it was 27.6 ± 3.1., there was highly statistically significant difference between both groups as regards to the type of the contraception used that means females who used hormonal contraception had more pain. After logistic regression the only remaining significant factor was BMI 0.001.
CONCLUSION: There are many factors affecting mastalgia as BMI, type of contraception, menstrual regularity, menstrual duration, breast pain duration, and premenstrual symptoms. But BMI is the most important factor affecting mastalgia.
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Drewes M, Kalder M, Kostev K. Factors associated with the diagnosis of depression in women followed in gynecological practices in Germany. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 141:358-363. [PMID: 34304041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many diagnoses in the field of gynecology that can severely impact the lives of patients and that are associated with an increased risk of developing depression. The goal of this study was to investigate which gynecological diagnoses are associated with depression. METHODS This retrospective case-control study based on the Disease Analyzer database (IQVIA) included 5893 women aged 18 years or older with depression and 5893 age-matched pairs followed in 256 gynecological practices in 2019 (index date). A multivariate logistic regression model was used to study the association between 33 pre-defined diagnoses documented within five years prior to the index date and depression diagnosis. RESULTS In total, 9 diseases were significantly associated with diagnosis of depression. The strongest association was observed for breast cancer (Odds Ratio (OR: 2.11 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.76-2.52)), followed by female infertility (OR: 1.91 (95% CI: 1.48-2.47)), cancer of female genital organs excl. breast (OR: 1.87 (95% CI: 1.32-2.66)), and sexual dysfunction (OR: 1.63 (95% CI: 1.27-2.09). Other diseases that showed a significant association with depression included endometriosis, mastodynia, candidiasis, infections with a predominantly sexual mode of transmission, and urinary incontinence. Patients with a higher number of different disorders were more likely to be diagnosed with depression (ORs from 1.40 for two disorders to 2.38 for >6 disorders as compared to no disorders). CONCLUSION A wide range of diseases documented in gynecologists' practices were associated with depression diagnosis. Understanding all of these associations may help gynecologists to refer women promptly to psychologists or psychiatrists who may help to manage depression in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Drewes
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kalder
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Sener Bahçe Z, Aktas H. Evaluation of Treatment Methods and Clinical Characteristics of Patients Applying to the Outpatient Clinic with Complaint of Mastalgia. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND SURGICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.46327/msrjg.1.000000000000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Mastalgia or breast pain is one of the most vital complaints among women patients. This study aims to determine the prevalence of mastalgia and the properties of pain, elucidate the associated factors, particularly modifiable ones, and establish a treatment of standard. Methods: The study evaluated 685 female patients admitted to our outpatient clinic with a complaint of mastalgia in the period between 2017 and 2019. Results: Mean age of the patients was 35.20 ±10.28 (13–86). The pain was experienced in the right breast of 123 (17.9%) patients, in the left breast of 141 (20.6%) patients, and in both breasts of 422 (61.5%) patients. The mean pain value was found to be 5.29. The study population comprised 61 (8.9%) patients in the menopause state, whereas 624 (91.1%) patients were not in menopause. The pain was noncyclic in 519 (75.8%) patients, while cyclic for 166 (24.2%) patients. For treatment, a restricted diet in terms of coffee, salt, and fat as well as wearing supportive bra were recommended for 456 (66.5%) patients, while 181 patients with pain VAS (Visual Analog Scale) score of 8 and above was initiated with vitex agnus-castus. No patient was initiated with local or systemic analgesics and LHRH (luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) analogs. Conclusion: The prevention and management of mastalgia reflected that restricted salt intake, regulated diet, and the use of properly fitted bras could significantly improve the quality of life. Appropriate radiological imaging could eliminate patients’ concerns regarding developing cancer.
Keywords: Breast cancer, Diet, Mastalgia, Risk factor
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Mathelin C. [The HRT follow-up consultation. What to do in case of breast pain. Postmenopausal women management: CNGOF and GEMVi clinical practice guidelines]. GYNECOLOGIE, OBSTETRIQUE, FERTILITE & SENOLOGIE 2021; 49:493-499. [PMID: 33757920 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2021.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Breast pain is a concern in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women, quantifiable using validated tools, and may pre-exist or appear after initiation of a HRT. OBJECTIVES A review of the literature was conducted to evaluate the frequency of breast pain, its evolution with age, its changes under HRT, its link with a possible risk of subsequent breast cancer, and the diagnostic (breast imaging) or therapeutic management modalities (pharmacological or other) in women taking HRT. METHOD A review of the literature was carried out by consulting Medline, Cochrane Library data and international recommendations in French and English up to the end of 2019. RESULTS Published data confirm the importance of breast pain in relation to breast cancer risk. Women with breast pain prior to or related to the use of HRT have a significantly increased risk of breast cancer compared to women without breast pain. The risk is increased in cases of moderate to severe breast pain. In the presence of diffuse breast pain without abnormalities on clinical examination, it is not recommended to change the usual indications for screening, whether organized or individual. For focal breast pain, breast imaging (mammography and possibly ultrasound) is recommended. In the absence of abnormalities on breast imaging, a reassuring dialogue has to take place. With regard to HRT, doses of estrogens should be reduced until the breast pain decreases, or even stop the HRT if this symptom persists despite the use of low doses. Wearing a bra brassiere-type can also reduce breast pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Mathelin
- Service de chirurgie, Institut de cancérologie Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), 17, rue Albert-Calmette, 67200 Strasbourg, France; IGBMC, Institut de génétique et de biologie moléculaire et cellulaire, biologie du cancer, CNRS UMR 7104, INSERM U964, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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Bolat H, Aşcı Ö, Kocaöz S, Kocaöz S. Noncyclical and cyclical mastalgia in Turkish women: Prevalans, risk factors, health-care seeking and quality of life. Health Care Women Int 2021; 43:160-175. [PMID: 33764860 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2021.1887194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Our aim in this study was to determine the prevalence of cyclical and noncyclical mastalgia, its underlying risk factors, and to examine its effect on women's quality of life. This study was conducted on 415 women, among whom the prevalence of mastalgia was found as 20.7%. It was found that experiencing intense stress, daily coffee and chocolate consumption, breast surgery history and the menstruation pattern were risk factors associated with mastalgia. Some domains of quality of life were found to be negatively affected in women who had mastalgia. Awareness among women about the risk factors of mastodynia and lifestyle changes is needed to improve mastalgia management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacı Bolat
- Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Medical Faculty, Surgical Sciences Department, Department of General Surgery, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Özlem Aşcı
- Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde Zübeyde Hanım School of Health, Midwifery Department, Niğde, Turkey
| | - Servet Kocaöz
- Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health Ankara City Hospital, Surgical Departments, Department of General Surgery, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Semra Kocaöz
- Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde Zübeyde Hanım School of Health, Nursing Department, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, Niğde, Turkey
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Multi-study randomised controlled trial to develop, implement and evaluate bra prescription to reduce breast pain and improve quality of life. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2021; 43:101346. [PMID: 33691268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2021.101346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND and Purpose: Breast pain is a common condition presented at breast care clinics and bras are often recommended to reduce symptoms, although criteria and pathways for obtaining appropriate bras are limited. This multi-study, randomised controlled trial (RCT) aimed to establish criteria and performance variables to prescribe bras for breast pain patients, to implement this bra prescription, and evaluate whether, compared to standard care alone, the bra prescription improves breast pain and quality of life (QoL). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen breast pain patients from a UK hospital were assigned to standard care or bra prescription groups and completed the study. Bra prescription patients were prescribed a bra to wear every day for eight weeks. Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC), breast pain intensity, QoL, and adherence were assessed. RESULTS Between-groups there were no differences in baseline breast pain or QoL and no differences in PGIC or breast pain following the intervention. Within-groups, improvements in QoL within bra prescription patients were identified. CONCLUSION This study developed a framework for bra prescription for breast pain patients and the intervention demonstrated improvements in QoL.
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Balneotherapy is an alternative treatment for mastalgia; a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Integr Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Genç A, Çelebi MM, Çelik SU, Atman ED, Kocaay AF, Zergeroğlu AM, Elhan AH, Genç V. The effects of exercise on mastalgia. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2017; 45:17-21. [PMID: 27776458 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2017.1252702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mastalgia is often ignored by physicians although it is the most common breast-related complaint among women. The effectiveness of exercise therapy for mastalgia is unclear. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of exercise on mastalgia. METHODS A randomized controlled trial was conducted with twenty women with complaints of mastalgia fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were randomly assigned to the control group and to the exercise group. Sports brassiere, refraining from caffeine- and methylxanthine-containing foods, and simple analgesics were recommended for two groups. In the exercise group, an exercise program was conducted three times a week for 6 weeks. Participants in both groups were evaluated for breast pain and using the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) questionnaire before and six weeks after study. Serum cytokine levels were also collected and analyzed. RESULTS No significant differences were detected with respect to age, body mass index, menopausal status, psychiatric condition, and existence of unexplained pain syndromes between the groups. Total breast pain scores were similar in both groups. The sensory component of breast pain questionnaire and visual analogue scale values significantly improved via exercise in only exercise group (p = 0.012 and p = 0.016). There was no significant difference between groups in serum levels of cytokines. SF-36 subscale scores for general health and social functioning significantly improved in the control group and scores for role physical, bodily pain, and social functioning improved in exercise group. CONCLUSIONS Based on our preliminary findings, exercise treatment is beneficial for patients with mastalgia and it can be suggested by clinicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Genç
- a Physiotherapy Program , Ankara University Haymana Vocational School , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Mehmet Mesut Çelebi
- b Department of Sports Medicine , Ankara University School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Süleyman Utku Çelik
- c Department of Surgery , Ankara University School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ebru Düşünceli Atman
- d Department of Radiology , Ankara University School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Akın Fırat Kocaay
- c Department of Surgery , Ankara University School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ali Murat Zergeroğlu
- b Department of Sports Medicine , Ankara University School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Atilla Halil Elhan
- e Department of Biostatistics , Ankara University School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Volkan Genç
- c Department of Surgery , Ankara University School of Medicine , Ankara , Turkey
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Ngô C, Seror J, Chabbert-Buffet N. [Breast pain: Recommendations]. JOURNAL DE GYNECOLOGIE, OBSTETRIQUE ET BIOLOGIE DE LA REPRODUCTION 2015; 44:938-46. [PMID: 26541567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2015.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the diagnostic value of clinical examination and additional tests in the exploration of breast pain, to evaluate the strategy of their care and to provide recommendations. METHODS A literature search in English and French carried out by consulting the databases PubMed, Cochrane Library and international recommendations. RESULTS Clinical examination and interrogation, with the use of visual analog scale used to differentiate non-cyclical breast pain from mastodynia (LE2). A calendar can be used to characterize the cyclical breast pain (LE3). Using a questionnaire can help to characterize the pain (LE3). In the absence of palpable abnormality, it is not recommended to modify systematic or individual screening modalities (LE2). MRI is not recommended in case of normal mammography and sonography. Explorations biopsy is guided by imaging. The therapeutic management includes reassurance after a normal clinical evaluation and/or normal radiological findings (LE2), and precise fitting of a brassière. In case of failure of this first approach, NSAIDs gel can be proposed (LE1-2).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ngô
- Service de chirurgie cancérologique gynécologique et du sein, hôpital européen George-Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Université Paris-Descartes, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - J Seror
- Cabinet médical, 146, avenue Ledru-Rollin, 75011 Paris, France; Service d'échographie, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 4, rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, France
| | - N Chabbert-Buffet
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique médecine de la reproduction, hôpital Tenon, AP-HP, 75020 Paris, France; UMR S 938, Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, 75006 Paris, France
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Scurr J, Hedger W, Morris P, Brown N. The Prevalence, Severity, and Impact of Breast Pain in the General Population. Breast J 2014; 20:508-13. [DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Scurr
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Hedger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth United Kingdom
| | - Paul Morris
- Department of Psychology; University of Portsmouth; Portsmouth United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Brown
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science; St Mary's University College; Twickenham United Kingdom
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Genc V, Genc A, Ustuner E, Dusunceli EB, Oztuna D, Bayar S, Kurtais Y. Is there an association between mastalgia and fibromyalgia? Comparing prevalence and symptom severity. Breast 2011; 20:314-8. [PMID: 21345678 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2011.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the prevalence of mastalgia in patients with fibromyalgia (FM) and the prevalence of FM in patients with mastalgia in order to investigate coexistence, and to compare the pain patterns in the case of mastalgia or FM alone versus the two in combination. Fifty consecutive patients with mastalgia and 50 consecutive patients with FM were assessed and examined both for the existence and severity of mastalgia and FM. A high proportion of patients with mastalgia (36%) fulfilled the criteria for FM and 42% had mastalgia in the FM group. Two distinctive entities mastalgia and FM, being both unexplained pain syndromes, seem to frequently coexist. Patients with mastalgia or FM should be thoroughly questioned considering each of the diseases so that in case of coexistence an appropriate therapy might be implemented for a successful pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Genc
- Department of Surgery, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, 06100 Ankara, Turkey.
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