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Yang S, Enkhzaya G, Zhu BH, Chen J, Wang ZJ, Kim ES, Kim NY. High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in the Right Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex Lengthens Sustained Attention in Virtual Reality. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:721. [PMID: 37370652 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10060721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the current limitations of three-dimensional (3D) simulation graphics technology, mind wandering commonly occurs in virtual reality tasks, which has impeded it being applied more extensively. The right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (rVLPFC) plays a vital role in executing continuous two-dimensional (2D) mental paradigms, and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over this cortical region has been shown to successfully modulate sustained 2D attention. Accordingly, we further explored the effects of electrical activation of the rVLPFC on 3D attentional tasks using anodal high-definition (HD)-tDCS. A 3D Go/No-go (GNG) task was developed to compare the after effects of real and sham brain stimulation. Specifically, GNG tasks were periodically interrupted to assess the subjective perception of attentional level, behavioral reactions were tracked and decomposed into an underlying decision cognition process, and electroencephalography data were recorded to calculate event-related potentials (ERPs) in rVLPFC. The p-values statistically indicated that HD-tDCS improved the subjective mentality, led to more cautious decisions, and enhanced neuronal discharging in rVLPFC. Additionally, the neurophysiological P300 ERP component and stimulation being active or sham could effectively predict several objective outcomes. These findings indicate that the comprehensive approach including brain stimulation, 3D mental paradigm, and cross-examined performance could significantly lengthen and robustly compare sustained 3D attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Yang
- RFIC Center, Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nonwon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- NDAC Center, Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nonwon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganbold Enkhzaya
- RFIC Center, Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nonwon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- NDAC Center, Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nonwon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Bao-Hua Zhu
- RFIC Center, Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nonwon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Chen
- RFIC Center, Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nonwon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhi-Ji Wang
- RFIC Center, Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nonwon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Children's Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Seong Kim
- RFIC Center, Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nonwon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam-Young Kim
- RFIC Center, Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nonwon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
- NDAC Center, Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Nonwon-gu, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
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Gibson BC, Votaw VR, Stein ER, Clark VP, Claus E, Witkiewitz K. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Provides no Additional Benefit to Improvements in Self-Reported Craving Following Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention. Mindfulness (N Y) 2022; 13:92-103. [PMID: 35833199 PMCID: PMC9272998 DOI: 10.1007/s12671-021-01768-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have each demonstrated efficacy in improving outcomes in those with alcohol use disorder (AUD), however a recent study that combined MBRP with tDCS found tDCS provided no additional benefit to MBRP for AUD. Differences in treatment adherence between active versus sham tDCS groups may have contributed to this result. The current study examined whether treatment adherence interacted with tDCS condition in predicting post-treatment mindfulness and craving. Methods This study was a secondary data analysis from a randomized sham-controlled trial comparing MBRP paired with tDCS. Linear regression analyses were conducted examining the interaction between tDCS condition and two measures of treatment adherence (i.e., number of groups attended, number of tDCS administrations) on post-treatment mindfulness and craving. Results There was no effect of treatment adherence by tDCS condition in predicting mindfulness, however the interaction between treatment adherence and tDCS condition significantly predicted post-treatment craving. There was a significant negative association between treatment adherence and post-treatment craving in the sham group, but there was no association in the active tDCS group. Conclusions MBRP coupled with sham stimulation led to significant reductions in self-reported craving when patients attended more sessions and received a greater number of sham tDCS administrations, while no relationship was observed between treatment adherence and craving among those who received active tDCS. This result provides tentative evidence that, rather than improve the effects of MBRP on craving, this active tDCS protocol provides no additional benefit to MBRP in reducing craving. Pre-registration This study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02861807).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Gibson
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Logan Hall, MSC03-2220, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- The Mind Research Network, Department of Translational Neuroscience, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106
| | - Victoria R. Votaw
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Logan Hall, MSC03-2220, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Center on Alcohol, Substance use, And Addictions, 2650 Yale Blvd. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106
| | - Elena R. Stein
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Logan Hall, MSC03-2220, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Center on Alcohol, Substance use, And Addictions, 2650 Yale Blvd. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106
| | - Vincent P. Clark
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Logan Hall, MSC03-2220, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- The Mind Research Network, Department of Translational Neuroscience, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106
| | - Eric Claus
- The Mind Research Network, Department of Translational Neuroscience, 1101 Yale Blvd. NE, Albuquerque, NM 87106
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, 219 Biobehavioral Health Building, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Katie Witkiewitz
- Psychology Department, University of New Mexico, Logan Hall, MSC03-2220, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131
- Center on Alcohol, Substance use, And Addictions, 2650 Yale Blvd. SE, Albuquerque, NM 87106
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Shinde AB, Lerud KD, Munsch F, Alsop DC, Schlaug G. Effects of tDCS dose and electrode montage on regional cerebral blood flow and motor behavior. Neuroimage 2021; 237:118144. [PMID: 33991697 PMCID: PMC8653867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We used three dose levels (Sham, 2 mA, and 4 mA) and two different electrode montages (unihemispheric and bihemispheric) to examine DOSE and MONTAGE effects on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) as a surrogate marker of neural activity, and on a finger sequence task, as a surrogate behavioral measure drawing on brain regions targeted by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). We placed the anodal electrode over the right motor region (C4) while the cathodal or return electrode was placed either over a left supraorbital region (unihemispheric montage) or over the left motor region (C3 in the bihemispheric montage). Performance changes in the finger sequence task for both hands (left hand: p = 0.0026, and right hand: p = 0.0002) showed a linear tDCS dose response but no montage effect. rCBF in the right hemispheric perirolandic area increased with dose under the anodal electrode (p = 0.027). In contrast, in the perirolandic ROI in the left hemisphere, rCBF showed a trend to increase with dose (p = 0.053) and a significant effect of montage (p = 0.00004). The bihemispheric montage showed additional rCBF increases in frontomesial regions in the 4mA condition but not in the 2 mA condition. Furthermore, we found strong correlations between simulated current density in the left and right perirolandic region and improvements in the finger sequence task performance (FSP) for the contralateral hand. Our data support not only a strong direct tDCS dose effect for rCBF and FSP as surrogate measures of targeted brain regions but also indirect effects on rCBF in functionally connected regions (e.g., frontomesial regions), particularly in the higher dose condition and on FSP of the ipsilateral hand (to the anodal electrode). At a higher dose and irrespective of polarity, a wider network of sensorimotor regions is positively affected by tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anant B Shinde
- Department of Neurology, Baystate Medical Center - UMass Medical School, Springfield, MA 01107, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Applied Life Sciences, UMass Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
| | - Karl D Lerud
- Department of Neurology, Baystate Medical Center - UMass Medical School, Springfield, MA 01107, USA
| | - Fanny Munsch
- Department of Radiology, MRI Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David C Alsop
- Department of Radiology, MRI Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gottfried Schlaug
- Department of Neurology, Baystate Medical Center - UMass Medical School, Springfield, MA 01107, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Applied Life Sciences, UMass Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA; Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Gibson BC, Heinrich M, Mullins TS, Yu AB, Hansberger JT, Clark VP. Baseline Differences in Anxiety Affect Attention and tDCS-Mediated Learning. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:541369. [PMID: 33746721 PMCID: PMC7965943 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.541369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Variable responses to transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) protocols across individuals are widely reported, but the reasons behind this variation are unclear. This includes tDCS protocols meant to improve attention. Attentional control is impacted by top-down and bottom-up processes, and this relationship is affected by state characteristics such as anxiety. According to Attentional Control Theory, anxiety biases attention towards bottom-up and stimulus-driven processing. The goal of this study was to explore the extent to which differences in state anxiety and related measures affect visual attention and category learning, both with and without the influence of tDCS. Using discovery learning, participants were trained to classify pictures of European streets into two categories while receiving 30 min of 2.0 mA anodal, cathodal, or sham tDCS over the rVLPFC. The pictures were classifiable according to two separate rules, one stimulus and one hypothesis-driven. The Remote Associates Test (RAT), Profile of Mood States, and Attention Networks Task (ANT) were used to understand the effects of individual differences at baseline on subsequent tDCS-mediated learning. Multinomial logistic regression was fit to predict rule learning based on the baseline measures, with subjects classified according to whether they used the stimulus-driven or hypothesis-driven rule to classify the pictures. The overall model showed a classification accuracy of 74.1%. The type of tDCS stimulation applied, attentional orienting score, and self-reported mood were significant predictors of different categories of rule learning. These results indicate that anxiety can influence the quality of subjects' attention at the onset of the task and that these attentional differences can influence tDCS-mediated category learning during the rapid assessment of visual scenes. These findings have implications for understanding the complex interactions that give rise to the variability in response to tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. Gibson
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- The Mind Research Network of the Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Melissa Heinrich
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Teagan S. Mullins
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Alfred B. Yu
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Human Research, and Engineering Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Jeffrey T. Hansberger
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Human Research, and Engineering Directorate, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, United States
| | - Vincent P. Clark
- Department of Psychology, Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
- The Mind Research Network of the Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
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tDCS over posterior parietal cortex increases cortical excitability but decreases learning: An ERPs and TMS-EEG study. Brain Res 2020; 1753:147227. [PMID: 33385376 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (AtDCS) is generally associated with increased neuronal excitability and enhanced cognitive functioning. Nevertheless, previous work showed that applying this straight reasoning does not always lead to the desired results at behavioural level. Here, we investigated electrophysiological markers of AtDCS-mediated effects on visuo-spatial contextual learning (VSCL). In order to assess cortical excitability changes after 3 mA AtDCS applied over posterior parietal cortex, event-related potentials (ERPs) were collected during task performance. Additionally, AtDCS-induced effects on cortical excitability were explored by measuring TMS-evoked potentials (TEPs) collected before AtDCS, after AtDCS and after AtDCS and VSCL interaction. Behavioural results revealed that the application of AtDCS induced a reduction of VSCL. At the electrophysiological level, ERPs showed enhanced cortical response (P2 component) in the group receiving Real-AtDCS as compared to Sham-AtDCS. Cortical responsiveness at rest as measured by TEP, did not indicate any significant difference between Real- and Sham-tDCS groups, albeit a trend was present. Overall, our results suggest that AtDCS increases cortical response to incoming visuo-spatial stimuli, but with no concurrent increase in learning. Detrimental effects on behaviour could result from the interaction between AtDCS- and task-mediated cortical activation. This interaction might enhance cortical excitability and hinder normal task-related neuroplastic phenomena subtending learning.
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Gold J, Ciorciari J. A Review on the Role of the Neuroscience of Flow States in the Modern World. Behav Sci (Basel) 2020; 10:E137. [PMID: 32916878 PMCID: PMC7551835 DOI: 10.3390/bs10090137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow states have been shown to help people reach peak performance, yet this elusive state is not easily attained. The review describes the current state of literature on flow by addressing the environmental influences as well as the cognitive and neurocognitive elements that underlie the experience. In particular, the research focusses on the transition of cognitive control from an explicit to an implicit process. This is further expanded upon to look at the current, yet related neurocognitive research of high performance associated with the implicit process of automaticity. Finally, the review focusses on transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as a novel method to facilitates an induction of flow states. Implications are aimed at a general technique to improve on skill acquisition and overall performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Gold
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne Neuroimaging (SNI), Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | - Joseph Ciorciari
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne Neuroimaging (SNI), Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
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Zhao X, Ding J, Pan H, Zhang S, Pan D, Yu H, Ye Z, Hua T. Anodal and cathodal tDCS modulate neural activity and selectively affect GABA and glutamate syntheses in the visual cortex of cats. J Physiol 2020; 598:3727-3745. [PMID: 32506434 DOI: 10.1113/jp279340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The present study showed that anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can respectively increase and decrease the amplitude of visually evoked field potentials in the stimulated visual cortex of cats, with the effect lasting for ∼60-70 min. We directly measured tDCS-induced changes in the concentration of inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the visual cortex using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method and showed that anodal and cathodal tDCS can selectively decrease the concentration of GABA and glutamate in the stimulated cortical area. Anodal and cathodal tDCS can selectively inhibit the synthesis of GABA and glutamate by suppressing the expression of GABA- and glutamate-synthesizing enzymes, respectively. ABSTRACT Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) evokes long-lasting neuronal excitability in the target brain region. The underlying neural mechanisms remain poorly understood. The present study examined tDCS-induced alterations in neuronal activities, as well as the concentration and synthesis of GABA and glutamate (GLU), in area 21a (A21a) of cat visual cortex. Our analysis showed that anodal and cathodal tDCS respectively enhanced and suppressed neuronal activities in A21a, as indicated by a significantly increased and decreased amplitude of visually evoked field potentials (VEPs). The tDCS-induced effect lasted for ∼60-70 min. By contrast, sham tDCS had no significant impact on the VEPs in A21a. On the other hand, the concentration of GABA, but not that of GLU, in A21a significantly decreased after anodal tDCS relative to sham tDCS, whereas the concentration of GLU, but not that of GABA, in A21a significantly decreased after cathodal tDCS relative to sham tDCS. Furthermore, the expression of GABA-synthesizing enzymes GAD65 and GAD67 in A21a significantly decreased in terms of both mRNA and protein concentrations after anodal tDCS relative to sham tDCS, whereas that of GLU-synthesizing enzyme glutaminase (GLS) did not change significantly after anodal tDCS. By contrast, both mRNA and protein concentrations of GLS in A21a significantly decreased after cathodal tDCS relative to sham tDCS, whereas those of GAD65/GAD67 showed no significant change after cathodal tDCS. Taken together, these results indicate that anodal and cathodal tDCS may selectively reduce GABA and GLU syntheses and thus respectively enhance and suppress neuronal excitability in the stimulated brain area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Jian Ding
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Huijun Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Deng Pan
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Zheng Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Tianmiao Hua
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui, China
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