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Lunz K, Stappen I. Back to the Roots-An Overview of the Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Selected Root-Essential Oils. Molecules 2021; 26:3155. [PMID: 34070487 PMCID: PMC8197530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since ancient times, plant roots have been widely used in traditional medicine for treating various ailments and diseases due to their beneficial effects. A large number of studies have demonstrated that-besides their aromatic properties-their biological activity can often be attributed to volatile constituents. This review provides a comprehensive overview of investigations into the chemical composition of essential oils and volatile components obtained from selected aromatic roots, including Angelica archangelica, Armoracia rusticana, Carlina sp., Chrysopogon zizanioides, Coleus forskohlii, Inula helenium, Sassafras albidum, Saussurea costus, and Valeriana officinalis. Additionally, their most important associated biological impacts are reported, such as anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, pesticidal, and other miscellaneous properties. Various literature and electronic databases-including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Wiley-were screened and data was obtained accordingly. The results indicate the promising properties of root-essential oils and their potential as a source for natural biologically active products for flavor, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and fragrance industries. However, more research is required to further establish the mechanism of action mediating these bioactivities as well as essential oil standardization because the chemical composition often strongly varies depending on external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Stappen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
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Gautam M, Agrawal M. Application potential of Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty for the remediation of red mud-treated soil: an analysis via determining alterations in essential oil content and composition. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2021; 23:1356-1364. [PMID: 33715513 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2021.1896474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study is of significant importance because phytoremediation of metals in red mud using essential oil-bearing plants such as Chrysopogon zizanioides (commonly known as vetiver) is a potential alternative for on-site management of the waste in most economical and sustainable way. Vetiver is a potential metal tolerant plant with high economic value; therefore the present study was accomplished to evaluate the impacts of metals in red mud on essential oil content and composition, used for remediation and stabilization of dumps. Novelty of the study is that, it aimed to utilize red mud along with sewage-sludge to cultivate vetiver which offers twin benefits, i.e. phytoremediation of metals in red mud coupled with improved quantity and quality of high valued essential oil without metal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenu Gautam
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Department of Botany, Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Extraction of vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) root oil by supercritical CO2, pressurized-liquid, and ultrasound-assisted methods and modeling of supercritical extraction kinetics. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash Essential Oil Extracted by Carbon Dioxide Expanded Ethanol. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24101897. [PMID: 31108854 PMCID: PMC6572508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the composition of essential oil isolated from the roots of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash, harvested in China, was studied, along with the bioactivities. A green novel method using an eco-friendly solvent, CO2-pressurized ethanol, or carbon dioxide expanded ethanol (CXE) was employed to isolate the essential oil from the root of Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash with the purpose of replacing the traditional method and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). After investigating the major operating factors of CXE, the optimal conditions were obtained as follows: 8.4 MPa, 50 °C, 5 mL/min ethanol, and 0.22 mole fraction of CO2, presenting an extraction oil that ranged from 5.12% to 7.42%, higher than that of hydrodistillation (HD) or indirect vapor distillation (IVD). The Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis showed that three major components, including valerenol (18.48%), valerenal (10.21%), and β-Cadinene (6.23%), are found in CXE oil, while a total of 23 components were identified, 48 components less than using conventional hydrodistillation. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of root oils were evaluated by the microdilution method, which showed that CXE oil exhibited an ability against Gram-positive bacteria, especially Staphylococcus aureus, approximately equivalent to traditional samples. Additionally, the DPPH free radical scavenging assay demonstrated that the antioxidant abilities of root oils were sorted in the descending order: IVD > HD > CXE > SFE. In conclusion, after a comprehensive comparison with the conventional methods, the CXE-related technique might be a promising green manufacturing pattern for the production of quality vetiver oil, due to the modification of ethanol by the variable addition of non-polar compressible CO2, ultimately resulting in a prominent dissolving capability for the extraction of vetiver solutes.
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Brown L, Earle MJ, Gîlea MA, Plechkova NV, Seddon KR. Ionic Liquid-Liquid Chromatography: A New General Purpose Separation Methodology. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:74. [PMID: 28799044 PMCID: PMC5552829 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0159-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquids can form biphasic solvent systems with many organic solvents and water, and these solvent systems can be used in liquid-liquid separations and countercurrent chromatography. The wide range of ionic liquids that can by synthesised, with specifically tailored properties, represents a new philosophy for the separation of organic, inorganic and bio-based materials. A customised countercurrent chromatograph has been designed and constructed specifically to allow the more viscous character of ionic liquid-based solvent systems to be used in a wide variety of separations (including transition metal salts, arenes, alkenes, alkanes, bio-oils and sugars).
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Brown
- AECS-QuikPrep Ltd, 55 Gower Street, London, WC1 6HQ, UK
| | - Martyn J Earle
- The QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK.
| | - Manuela A Gîlea
- The QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Natalia V Plechkova
- The QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK
| | - Kenneth R Seddon
- The QUILL Research Centre, School of Chemistry, The Queen's University of Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT9 5AG, UK
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Belhassen E, Filippi JJ, Brévard H, Joulain D, Baldovini N. Volatile constituents of vetiver: a review. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Belhassen
- Institut de Chimie de Nice; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7272 CNRS; Parc Valrose 06108 Nice France
| | - Jean-Jacques Filippi
- Institut de Chimie de Nice; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7272 CNRS; Parc Valrose 06108 Nice France
| | - Hugues Brévard
- Robertet S.A.; 37, avenue Sidi Brahim, B.P. 52100 06131 Grasse France
| | - Daniel Joulain
- SCBZ Conseil; Les Micocouliers - F3, 99 avenue Sidi Brahim 06130 Grasse France
| | - Nicolas Baldovini
- Institut de Chimie de Nice; Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, UMR 7272 CNRS; Parc Valrose 06108 Nice France
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Mallavarapu GR, Syamasundar KV, Ramesh S, Rao BRR. Constituents of South Indian Vetiver Oils. Nat Prod Commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1200700228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The essential oils isolated from vetiver [ Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash.] roots collected from four locations in south India were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Eighty constituents, representing 94.5-97.8% of the oils, have been identified. The oils from Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kundapur, and Mettupalayam were rich in sesquiterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes with cedrane, bisabolane, eudesmane, eremophilane, and zizaane skeletons. The main components of the four essential oils were: eudesma-4,6-diene (δ-selinene) + β-vetispirene (3.9-6.1%), β-vetivenene (0.9-9.4%), 13- nor-trans-eudesma-4(15),7-dien-11-one + amorph-4-en-10-ol (5.0-6.4%), trans-eudesma-4(15),7-dien-12-ol (vetiselinenol) + (E)-opposita-4(15),7(11)-dien-12-ol (3.7-5.9%), eremophila-1(10),11-dien-2α-ol (nootkatol) + ziza-6(13)-en-12-ol (khusimol) (16.1-19.2%), and eremophila-1(10),7(11)-dien-2α-ol (isonootkatol) + (E)-eremophila-1(10),7(11)-12-ol (isovalencenol) (5.6-6.9%). The important compounds that impart the characteristic vetiver odor are: khusimene, δ-selinene, β-vetivenene, cyclocopacamphan-12-ol (epimers A and B), vetiselinenol, khusimol, isovalencenol, khusimone, α-vetivone, and β-vetivone. The chemical profiles of the oils are comparable to Haitian vetiver oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopal Rao Mallavarapu
- A-602, Renaissance Temple Bells, Opp. ISKCON Temple, Yeshwantpur, Bangalore 560022, India
| | | | - S. Ramesh
- CIMAP Research Center, Bangalore 560065, India
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Danh LT, Truong P, Mammucari R, Fostert N. Economic incentive for applying vetiver grass to remediate lead, copper and zinc contaminated soils. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2011; 13:47-60. [PMID: 21598767 DOI: 10.1080/15226511003671338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The application of vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizaniodes) for phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soils can be promoted by economic return through essential oil production. Four levels of lead (0, 500, 2000, and 8000 mg kg(-1) dry soil), copper (0, 100, 400, and 1600 mg kg(-1) dry soil) and zinc (0, 400, 1600, and 6400 mg kg(-1) dry soil) were used to study their effects on vetiver growth, essential oil composition and yield. This study also investigated the effect of nitrogen concentrations on vetiver oil yield. Vetiver accumulated high concentrations of Pb, Cu and Zn in roots (3246, 754 and 2666 mg kg(-1), respectively) and small amounts of contaminants in shoots (327, 55, and 642 mg kg(-1), respectively). Oil content and yield were not affected at low and moderate concentrations of Cu and Zn. Only the application of Pb had a significant detrimental effect on oil composition. Extraction of vetiver essential oils by hydrodistillation produced heavy metal free products. High level of nitrogen reduced oil yields. Results show that phytoremediation of Cu and Zn contaminated soils by vetiver can generate revenue from the commercialization of oil extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luu Thai Danh
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Alifano P, Del Giudice L, Talà A, De Stefano M, Maffei ME. Microbes at work in perfumery: the microbial community of vetiver root and its involvement in essential oil biogenesis. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Talansier E, Braga ME, Rosa PT, Paolucci-Jeanjean D, Meireles MAA. Supercritical fluid extraction of vetiver roots: A study of SFE kinetics. J Supercrit Fluids 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Del Giudice L, Massardo DR, Pontieri P, Bertea CM, Mombello D, Carata E, Tredici SM, Talà A, Mucciarelli M, Groudeva VI, De Stefano M, Vigliotta G, Maffei ME, Alifano P. The microbial community of Vetiver root and its involvement into essential oil biogenesis. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:2824-41. [PMID: 18662308 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01703.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vetiver is the only grass cultivated worldwide for the root essential oil, which is a mixture of sesquiterpene alcohols and hydrocarbons, used extensively in perfumery and cosmetics. Light and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of bacteria in the cortical parenchymatous essential oil-producing cells and in the lysigen lacunae in close association with the essential oil. This finding and the evidence that axenic Vetiver produces in vitro only trace amounts of oil with a strikingly different composition compared with the oils from in vivo Vetiver plants stimulated the hypothesis of an involvement of these bacteria in the oil metabolism. We used culture-based and culture-independent approaches to analyse the microbial community of the Vetiver root. Results demonstrate a broad phylogenetic spectrum of bacteria, including alpha-, beta- and gamma-Proteobacteria, high-G+C-content Gram-positive bacteria, and microbes belonging to the Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria group. We isolated root-associated bacteria and showed that most of them are able to grow by using oil sesquiterpenes as a carbon source and to metabolize them releasing into the medium a large number of compounds typically found in commercial Vetiver oils. Several bacteria were also able to induce gene expression of a Vetiver sesquiterpene synthase. These results support the intriguing hypothesis that bacteria may have a role in essential oil biosynthesis opening the possibility to use them to manoeuvre the Vetiver oil molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Del Giudice
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics 'Adriano Buzzati-Traverso', Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy
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