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Yin X, Qiu L, Long D, Lv Z, Liu Q, Wang S, Zhang W, Zhang K, Xie M. The ancient CgPEPCK-1, not CgPECK-2, evolved into a multifunctional molecule as an intracellular enzyme and extracellular PRR. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 145:104722. [PMID: 37116769 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) is a well-known lyase involved in gluconeogenesis, while their evolution and function differentiation have not been fully understood. In this study, by constructing a phylogenetic tree to examine PEPCKs throughout the evolution from poriferans to vertebrates, Mollusk was highlighted as the only phylum to exhibit two distinct lineages, Mollusca_PEPCK-1 and Mollusca_PEPCK-2. Further study of two representative members from Crassostrea gigas (CgPEPCK-1 and CgPEPCK-2) showed that they both shared conserved sequences and structural characteristics of the catalytic enzyme, while CgPEPCK-2 displayed a higher expression level than CgPEPCK-1 in all tested tissues, and CgPEPCK-1 was specifically implicated in the immune defense against LPS stimulation and Vibrio splendidus infection. Functional analysis revealed that CgPEPCK-2 had stronger enzymatic activity than CgPEPCK-1, while CgPEPCK-1 exhibited stronger binding activity with various PAMPs, and only the protein of CgPEPCK-1 increased significantly in hemolymph during immune stimulation. All results supported that distinct sequence and function differentiations of the PEPCK gene family should have occurred since Mollusk. The more advanced evolutionary branch Mollusca_PEPCK-2 should preserve its essential function as a catalytic enzyme to be more specialized and efficient, while the ancient branch Mollusca_PEPCK-1 probably contained some members, such as CgPEPCK-1, that should be integrated into the immune system as an extracellular immune recognition receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Yin
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China.
| | - Dandan Long
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Zhao Lv
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qing Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Senyu Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; School of Marine Biology and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Weiqian Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; School of Marine Biology and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Mengxi Xie
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, CAS Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
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Chen X, Kuang J, Tao W, Xiong Z, Mao K. A new species of Megastigmus (Hymenoptera, Megastigmidae) from China. Biodivers Data J 2023; 11:e102828. [PMID: 38327380 PMCID: PMC10848687 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.11.e102828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Most species of Megastigmus are considered important economic pests that grow in seeds, especially of conifers. Accurate identification of species is a crucial step for the biological research of parasitic pests and the further application of biological control. However, their large variety, small size, similar morphology and different growth and development stages have brought great challenges to taxonomic research. Traditional morphological identification often takes a long time and this requires us to seek a new method for rapid and accurate identification. Therefore, the better identification of Megastigmus urgently needs to be combined with molecular methods to help taxonomic development. New information Here, Megastigmusdaduheensis sp. n. (Chalcidoidea: Megastigmidae) was identified, based on morphology and molecular markers, such as COI and Cytb. M.daduheensis sp. n. is distinct from other known species of the same genus in the morphology. The results of the molecular phylogenetic tree, similarity alignment and genetic distance indicate that the COI and Cytb sequences of M.daduheensis sp. n. are highly similar to M.sobinae and M.duclouxiana, but there are some genetic differences. The genetic distances of M.daduheensis sp. nov. with M.duclouxiana and M.sabinae were 0.34 and 0.33 and the percentages of shared base pairs were 76.3% and 76.8%, respectively. Both morphological and molecular data classified M.daduheensis sp. n. as a new species. The obtained COI and Cytb sequences of M.daduheensis sp. n. can be used as DNA barcodes, providing molecular data for rapid and accurate identification of this species in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Chen
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, ChinaKey Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065, SichuanChina
| | - Jingge Kuang
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, ChinaKey Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065, SichuanChina
| | - Wenjing Tao
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, ChinaKey Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065, SichuanChina
| | - Zhongping Xiong
- College of Forests, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224,Yunnan, ChinaCollege of Forests, Southwest Forestry UniversityKunming 650224,YunnanChina
| | - Kangshan Mao
- Key Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, ChinaKey Laboratory for Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education & Sichuan Zoige Alpine Wetland Ecosystem National Observation and Research Station, College of Life Science, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610065, SichuanChina
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3
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Ramirez JL, Rosas-Puchuri U, Cañedo RM, Alfaro-Shigueto J, Ayon P, Zelada-Mázmela E, Siccha-Ramirez R, Velez-Zuazo X. DNA barcoding in the Southeast Pacific marine realm: Low coverage and geographic representation despite high diversity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244323. [PMID: 33370342 PMCID: PMC7769448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Southeast Pacific comprises two Large Marine Ecosystems, the Pacific Central-American Coastal and the Humboldt Current System; and is one of the less well known in the tropical subregions in terms of biodiversity. To address this, we compared DNA barcoding repositories with the marine biodiversity species for the Southeast Pacific. We obtained a checklist of marine species in the Southeast Pacific (i.e. Colombia, Ecuador, Chile, and Peru) from the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) database and compared it with species available at the Barcoding of Life Data System (BOLD) repository. Of the 5504 species records retrieved from OBIS, 42% of them had at least one registered specimen in BOLD (including specimens around the world); however, only 4.5% of records corresponded to publicly available DNA barcodes including specimens collected from a Southeast Pacific country. The low representation of barcoded species does not vary much across the different taxonomic groups or within countries, but we observed an asymmetric distribution of DNA barcoding records for taxonomic groups along the coast, being more abundant for the Humboldt Current System than the Pacific Central-American Coastal. We observed high-level of barcode records with Barcode Index Number (BIN) incongruences, particularly for fishes (Actinopterygii = 30.27% and Elasmobranchii = 24.71%), reflecting taxonomic uncertainties for fishes, whereas for Invertebrates and Mammalia more than 85% of records were classified as data deficient or inadequate procedure for DNA barcoding. DNA barcoding is a powerful tool to study biodiversity, with a great potential to increase the knowledge of the Southeast Pacific marine biodiversity. Our results highlight the critical need for increasing taxonomic sampling effort, the number of trained taxonomic specialists, laboratory facilities, scientific collections, and genetic reference libraries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L. Ramirez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail:
| | - Ulises Rosas-Puchuri
- National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Rosa Maria Cañedo
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Joanna Alfaro-Shigueto
- Facultad de Biología Marina, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Perú
- ProDelphinus, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Eliana Zelada-Mázmela
- Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Genética, Fisiología y Reproducción, Universidad Nacional del Santa, Chimbote, Peru
| | | | - Ximena Velez-Zuazo
- National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Center for Conservation and Sustainability, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Asociación Peruana para la Conservación de la Naturaleza, Lima, Peru
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Tan J, Wang W, Wu F, Li Y, Fan Q. Transcriptome profiling of venom gland from wasp species: de novo assembly, functional annotation, and discovery of molecular markers. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:427. [PMID: 32580761 PMCID: PMC7315503 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vespa velutina, one of the most aggressive and fearful wasps in China, can cause grievous allergies and toxic reactions, leading to organ failure and even death. However, there is little evidence on molecular data regarding wasps. Therefore, we aimed to provide an insight into the transcripts expressed in the venom gland of wasps. Results In our study, high-throughput RNA sequencing was performed using the venom glands of four wasp species. First, the mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase submit I (COI) barcoding and the neighbor joining (NJ) tree were used to validate the unique identity and lineage of each individual species. After sequencing, a total of 127,630 contigs were generated and 98,716 coding domain sequences (CDS) were predicted from the four species. The Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of unigenes revealed their functional role in important biological processes (BP), molecular functions (MF) and cellular components (CC). In addition, c-type, p1 type, p2 type and p3 type were the most commonly found simple sequence repeat (SSR) types in the four species of wasp transcriptome. There were differences in the distribution of SSRs and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among the four wasp species. Conclusions The transcriptome data generated in this study will improve our understanding on bioactive proteins and venom-related genes in wasp venom gland and provide a basis for pests control and other applications. To our knowledge, this is the first study on the identification of large-scale genomic data and the discovery of microsatellite markers from V. tropica ducalis and V. analis fabricius.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Tan
- General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610021, China.,CDC of Western Theater Command, PLA, Chengdu, 610021, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- CDC of Western Theater Command, PLA, Chengdu, 610021, China
| | - Fan Wu
- General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610021, China
| | - Yunming Li
- General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, 610021, China
| | - Quanshui Fan
- CDC of Western Theater Command, PLA, Chengdu, 610021, China.
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Hurzaid A, Chan T, Mohd Nor SA, Muchlisin ZA, Chen W. Molecular phylogeny and diversity of penaeid shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda) from South‐East Asian waters. ZOOL SCR 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amirah Hurzaid
- Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
- Biological Sciences Department School of Distance Education Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Malaysia
| | - Tin‐Yam Chan
- Institute of Marine Biology and Center of Excellence for the Oceans National Taiwan Ocean University Keelung Taiwan
| | - Siti Azizah Mohd Nor
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology Universiti Malaysia Terengganu Kuala Terengganu Malaysia
| | | | - Wei‐Jen Chen
- Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
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A multigene and morphological analysis expands the diversity of the seabod shrimp Xiphopenaeus Smith, 1869 (Decapoda: Penaeidae), with descriptions of two new species. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15281. [PMID: 31653885 PMCID: PMC6814751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51484-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
After being stable for nearly a century, the taxonomic history of the genus Xiphopenaeus has been marked by many changes in the last three decades. The taxonomic status of the Atlantic species has a low resolution, and many species are still undefined and grouped as cryptic species. Here we employed an integrative approach to define the species of Xiphopenaeus and the morphological characters needed to differentiate them. We combined the analyses of two molecular markers (COI and 16 S rDNA), scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy. Based on specimens from 17 localities from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, we detected five divergent genetic groups, three in the Atlantic (A1, A2, A3) and two in the Pacific (P1, P2). Male secondary sexual characters were able to differentiate four out of the five genetic groups. Group A1 corresponds to X. kroyeri, and A2 and A3 correspond to new species. We redescribed the genus and two new species are described and illustrated: Xiphopenaeus dincao nov. sp. (A2) and Xiphopenaeus baueri nov. sp. (A3). Since the holotype of X. riveti was missing and the specimen analysed from group P2 was a female, the status of the species of Xiphopenaeus from the Pacific remains unresolved.
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7
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Purushothaman P, Chakraborty RD, Kuberan G, Maheswarudu G. Integrative taxonomy of commercially important deep water penaeoid shrimps from India. J Genet 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-018-1052-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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8
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Zhong S, Zhao Y, Zhang Q. The complete mitochondrial genome of Metapenaeopsis mogiensis (Decapoda: Penaeidae). MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2018; 4:35-36. [PMID: 33365410 PMCID: PMC7510666 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2018.1535863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metapenaeopsis is one of most important genera of Penaeidae. However, the systemically classification and taxonomic studies have so far been limited. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of M. mogiensis. The mitogenome has 15,973 base pairs (66.7% A + T content) and made up of total of 37 genes (13 protein-coding, 22 transfer RNAs and two ribosomal RNAs), and a putative control region. This study was the second available complete mitogenomes of Metapenaeopsis and will provide useful genetic information for future phylogenetic and taxonomic classification of Metapenaeopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengping Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Guangxi Institute of Oceanology, Beihai, China
| | - Yanfei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Guangxi Institute of Oceanology, Beihai, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Guangxi Institute of Oceanology, Beihai, China
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Cheng J, Sha ZL. Cryptic diversity in the Japanese mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria (Crustacea: Squillidae): Allopatric diversification, secondary contact and hybridization. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1972. [PMID: 28512346 PMCID: PMC5434036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence of cryptic species in the marine realm emphasizes the necessity to thoroughly revise our current perceptions of marine biodiversity and species distributions. Here, we used mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (mtDNA COI) and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrDNA ITS) to investigate cryptic diversity and potential hybridization in the Japanese mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoria in the Northwestern (NW) Pacific. Both mitochondrial and nuclear gene genealogies revealed two cryptic species in this morphotaxon, which was further confirmed by extensive population-level analyses. One cryptic species is restricted to cold waters with a distribution range corresponding to temperate affinities, while the other dwelled warm waters influenced by the Kuroshio Current. Their divergence was postulated to be attributable to the vicariant event which resulted from the isolation of the Sea of Japan during the middle Pliocene (c. 3.85 Mya, 95% HPD 2.23–6.07 Mya). Allopatric speciation was maintained by limited genetic exchange due to their habitat preferences. Furthermore, the observation of recombinant nrDNA ITS sequence and intra-individual ITS polymorphism suggested recent hybridization event of the two cryptic species occurred in sympatric areas. Our study also illustrated that the Changjiang River outflow might act as an oceanic barrier to gene flow and promoted allopatric diversification in O. oratoria species complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Cheng
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhong-Li Sha
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Kim G, Yoon TH, Kang HE, Park WG, Kim HJ, Choi JH, Kim HW. Complete mitochondrial genome of Kishi velvet shrimp, Metapenaeopsis dalei (Rathbun, 1902) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Penaeidae) in the East China Sea. MITOCHONDRIAL DNA PART B-RESOURCES 2016; 1:120-121. [PMID: 33644330 PMCID: PMC7871848 DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2016.1143341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We determined the complete mitochondrial genome of Metapenaeopsis dalei (Rathbun, 1902), which is collected from East China Sea (124°E and 33.5°N). Total mitochondrial genome length of M. dalei was 15 939 bp, in which 13 proteins, two ribosomal RNAs, 22 transfer RNAs and a putative control region were encoded. The gene arrangement of M. dalei was well conserved with nine known Penaeidae mitochondrial genomes from COX1 to tRNATyr. The protein-coding genes started with ATN except for COX1 in which ACG is used. Four genes (COX2, COX3, ND3 and ND5) exhibited an incomplete stop codon. Nucleotide sequence identity of M. dalei mitochondrial genome to those of nine Penaeidae species ranged from 78% to 80%. Based on the COI region, M. dalei is most closely related to Penaeus notialis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyungryul Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Ho Yoon
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Eun Kang
- Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Gyu Park
- Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Jun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwa Choi
- Fisheries Resources Research Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of Biomedical Engineering, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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