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Li Q, Chen Y, Zhang W, Li C, Tang D, Hua W, Hou F, Chen Z, Liu Y, Tian Y, Sun K, Xu X, Zeng Y, Xia F, Lu J, Wang Z. Mpox virus Clade IIb infected Cynomolgus macaques via mimic natural infection routes closely resembled human mpox infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2332669. [PMID: 38494777 PMCID: PMC10984234 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2332669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Generating an infectious non-human primate (NHP) model using a prevalent monkeypox virus (MPXV) strain has emerged as a crucial strategy for assessing the efficacy of vaccines and antiviral drugs against human MPXV infection. Here, we established an animal model by infecting cynomolgus macaques with the prevalent MPXV strain, WIBP-MPXV-001, and simulating its natural routes of infection. A comprehensive analysis and evaluation were conducted on three animals, including monitoring clinical symptoms, collecting hematology data, measuring viral loads, evaluating cellular and humoral immune responses, and examining histopathology. Our findings revealed that initial skin lesions appeared at the inoculation sites and subsequently spread to the limbs and back, and all infected animals exhibited bilateral inguinal lymphadenopathy, eventually leading to a self-limiting disease course. Viral DNA was detected in post-infection blood, nasal, throat, rectal and blister fluid swabs. These observations indicate that the NHP model accurately reflects critical clinical features observed in human MPXV infection. Notably, the animals displayed clinical symptoms and disease progression similar to those of humans, rather than a lethal outcome as observed in previous studies. Historically, MPXV was utilized as a surrogate model for smallpox. However, our study contributes to a better understanding of the dynamics of current MPXV infections while providing a potential infectious NHP model for further evaluation of vaccines and antiviral drugs against mpox infection. Furthermore, the challenge model closely mimics the primary natural routes of transmission for human MPXV infections. This approach enhances our understanding of the precise mechanisms underlying the interhuman transmission of MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingni Li
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunfeng Chen
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ding Tang
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanlu Hua
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Hou
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanlang Liu
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Tian
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaili Sun
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Xu
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Xia
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Lu
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zejun Wang
- Biosafety Level 3 Laboratory, Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- National Engineering Technology Research Center for Combined Vaccines, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- National Key Laboratory for Novel Vaccines Research and Development of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Hubei Provincial Vaccine Technology Innovation Center, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Bunse T, Ziel A, Hagen P, Rigopoulos G, Yasar U, Inan H, Köse G, Eigner U, Kaiser R, Bardeck N, Köffer J, Kolb M, Ren X, Tan D, Dai L, Protzer U, Wettengel JM. Analytical and clinical evaluation of a novel real-time PCR-based detection kit for Mpox virus. Med Microbiol Immunol 2024; 213:18. [PMID: 39101951 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-024-00800-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Outbreaks of emerging diseases, like Mpox in 2022, pose unprecedented challenges to global healthcare systems. Although Mpox cases globally decreased since the end of 2022, numbers are still significant in the African Region, European Region, Region of the Americas, and Western Pacific Region. Rapid and efficient detection of infected individuals by precise screening assays is crucial for successful containment. In these assays, analytical and clinical performance must be assessed to ensure high quality. However, clinical studies evaluating Mpox virus (MPXV) detection kits using patient-derived samples are scarce. This study evaluated the analytical and clinical performance of a new diagnostic MPXV real-time PCR detection kit (Sansure Monkeypox Virus Nucleic Acid Diagnostic Kit) using patient-derived samples collected in Germany during the MPXV clade IIb outbreak in 2022. Our experimental approach determined the Limit of Detection (LoD) to less than 200 cp/mL using whole blood samples and samples derived from vesicles or pustules. Furthermore, we tested potentially inhibiting substances and pathogens with homologous nucleic acid sequences or similar clinical presentation and detected no cross-reactivity or interference. Following this, the assay was compared to a CE-marked test in a clinical performance study and achieved a diagnostic sensitivity of 100.00% and diagnostic specificity of 96.97%. In summary, the investigated real-time PCR assay demonstrates high analytical performance and concurs with the competitor device with high specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Bunse
- School of Medicine and Health, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Ziel
- Requalite GmbH, 82166, Graefelfing, Germany
| | - Philipp Hagen
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - George Rigopoulos
- School of Medicine and Health, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Umit Yasar
- Requalite GmbH, 82166, Graefelfing, Germany
| | - Hakan Inan
- Requalite GmbH, 82166, Graefelfing, Germany
| | | | | | - Rolf Kaiser
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, 50935, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nils Bardeck
- Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, 50935, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Melissa Kolb
- MVZ Labor Dr. Limbach, 69126, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xiaomei Ren
- National Genetic Detection Technology Application Demonstration Center, Sansure Biotech Inc, Changsha, 410205, People's Republic of China
| | - Deyong Tan
- National Genetic Detection Technology Application Demonstration Center, Sansure Biotech Inc, Changsha, 410205, People's Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, People's Republic of China
| | - Lizhong Dai
- National Genetic Detection Technology Application Demonstration Center, Sansure Biotech Inc, Changsha, 410205, People's Republic of China
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- School of Medicine and Health, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Jochen M Wettengel
- School of Medicine and Health, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Munich, 81675, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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3
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Arunagiri T, Ganesan A, Ravi Kumaran V, Mani S, Chanduluru HK, Vellapandian C, Kannaiah KP. Diagnostic Strategies in the Era of Monkeypox Resurgence: A Comprehensive Analysis. Cureus 2024; 16:e67154. [PMID: 39295721 PMCID: PMC11410421 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.67154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The resurgence of monkeypox (Mpox), an orthopoxvirus infection closely related to smallpox, presents a significant global health challenge. This study presents a comprehensive overview of Mpox, focusing on its clinical manifestations, diagnostic strategies, and testing methodologies. A thorough review of the literature and available data on Mpox, emphasizing diagnostic assays, clinical indicators, and laboratory testing, constitutes the core of this analysis. The study involves insights from Mpox patients and healthcare professionals engaged in its diagnosis and management. Contextualizing the research within the global spread of Mpox addresses the complexities associated with the diagnosis of the disease. The findings illuminate diverse Mpox diagnostic techniques, encompassing viral culture, immunological methods, serology, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), electron microscopy, and advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the GeneXpert system. qPCR is highlighted as the benchmark for MPXV detection and quantification. These diagnostic advancements have significantly enhanced the precision and efficiency of Mpox diagnosis, facilitating prompt identification and treatment of infected individuals. The study underscores the critical importance of accurate and timely diagnosis, proper handling and transportation of clinical specimens, and the imperative for point-of-care (POC) testing to control the global spread of Mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumalai Arunagiri
- Pharmacy, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, IND
| | - Alagammai Ganesan
- Pharmacy, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, IND
| | - Vamsi Ravi Kumaran
- Pharmacy, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, IND
| | - Suganandhini Mani
- Pharmacy, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, IND
| | | | - Chitra Vellapandian
- Pharmacy and Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, IND
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4
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Schuele L, Masirika LM, Udahemuka JC, Siangoli FB, Mbiribindi JB, Ndishimye P, Aarestrup FM, Koopmans M, Oude Munnink BB, Molenkamp R. Real-time PCR assay to detect the novel Clade Ib monkeypox virus, September 2023 to May 2024. Euro Surveill 2024; 29:2400486. [PMID: 39119722 PMCID: PMC11312019 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2024.29.32.2400486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen with complex epidemiology necessitating rapid diagnosis and distinguishing between clades and subclades. The emerging Clade Ib lacks the genomic region used in the Clade I-specific assay from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We report an MPXV real-time PCR to specifically detect Clade Ib. The assay demonstrated proficient sensitivity and specificity in 92 samples and can be included along other TaqMan-based assays to detect MPXV and distinguish between clades and subclades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Schuele
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
| | - Leandre Murhula Masirika
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Naturelles de Lwiro, South Kivu, DS Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha & CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Congo Outbreaks, Research for Development, South Kivu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean Claude Udahemuka
- These authors contributed equally to this work and share first authorship
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare, Rwanda
- Genomics Research and Development Division, Stansile Research Organization, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | | | - Pacifique Ndishimye
- Genomics Research and Development Division, Stansile Research Organization, Kigali, Rwanda
- Research and Innovation Centre, African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS), Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Frank M Aarestrup
- Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bas B Oude Munnink
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Molenkamp
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Fan Z, Xie Y, Huang B, Zhao F, Hu Y, Huang Y, Mei S, Wei L, Wang L, Wang L, Gao Z, Ai B, Fang J, Liang C, Xu F, Tan W, Guo F. Development of a multiplex real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of mpox virus and orthopoxvirus infections. J Virol Methods 2024; 328:114957. [PMID: 38788978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Since May 2022, the multi-country outbreak of monkeypox (mpox) has raised a great concern worldwide. Early detection of mpox virus infection is recognized as an efficient way to prevent mpox transmission. Mpox specific detection methods reported up to now are based on the SNPs among mpox virus and other orthopoxviruses. We have therefore developed a real-time PCR based mpox detection method targeting mpox virus specific sequences (N3R and B18Rplus). We have also optimized an orthopoxvirus detection system which targets the highly conserved E9L and D6R genes. The mpox and orthopoxvirus real-time PCR assays have a high sensitivity (1 copy/reaction) and specificity. Mpox viral DNA and clinical samples from mpox patients are detected with the mpox detection system. Furthermore, we have established a multiplex real-time PCR detection system allowing simultaneous and efficient detection of mpox and orthopoxvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangling Fan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Yu Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Baoying Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China
| | - Fei Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Yamei Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Yu Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Shan Mei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Liang Wei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Liming Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Lingwa Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Zhao Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Bin Ai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Jugao Fang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Chen Liang
- Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Fengwen Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China.
| | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, PR China.
| | - Fei Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for AIDS Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, PR China.
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6
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Zhou J, Xiao F, Huang X, Fu J, Jia N, Sun C, Chen M, Xu Z, Huang H, Wang Y. Rapid detection of monkeypox virus and differentiation of West African and Congo Basin strains using endonuclease restriction-mediated real-time PCR-based testing. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2693-2701. [PMID: 38624185 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00492b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The ongoing multi-country outbreak of monkeypox virus (MPXV) has continuously attracted global attention, highlighting the critical need for timely and accurate methods to detect MPXV and differentiate its clades. Herein, we devised a novel multiplex ET-PCR (endonuclease restriction-mediated real-time PCR) assay that integrates PCR amplification, restriction endonuclease cleavage and real-time fluorescence detection to diagnose MPXV infection and distinguish the Congo Basin and West African MPXV strains. In the MPXV ET-PCR system, three sets of specific primers were designed for MPXV, Congo Basin and West African strains. A short sequence, which could be recognized by restriction endonuclease enzyme BstUI, was added to the 5'end of amplification primers. Then, the modified primers were assigned different reporter dyes and corresponding quenching dyes to each of the three targets, enabling real-time fluorescence reporting of the results and multiplex detection. The designed assay enabled the detection of single or three targets in a single tube, with excellent specificity and analytical sensitivity in terms of plasmid and pseudotyped virus. Moreover, the clinical feasibility of our assay was validated using artificially simulated plasma, nasopharyngeal swab and skin swab samples. In conclusion, the multiplex ET-PCR assay devised here had the advantages of simple primer design, cost-effectiveness, low contamination risk, excellent sensitivity, high specificity and multiplex detection, making it a valuable and dependable tool for curbing the extensive spread of MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Experimental Research Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China.
| | - Fei Xiao
- Experimental Research Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaolan Huang
- Experimental Research Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China.
| | - Jin Fu
- Experimental Research Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China.
| | - Nan Jia
- Experimental Research Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China.
| | - Chunrong Sun
- Experimental Research Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China.
| | - Min Chen
- Experimental Research Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China.
| | - Zheng Xu
- Experimental Research Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China.
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 10020, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Experimental Research Center, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, 100020, P. R. China.
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7
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Sun Y, Nie W, Tian D, Ye Q. Human monkeypox virus: Epidemiologic review and research progress in diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Virol 2024; 171:105662. [PMID: 38432097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2024.105662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is responsible for causing a zoonotic disease called monkeypox (mpox), which sporadically infects humans in West and Central Africa. It first infected humans in 1970 and, along with the variola virus, belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus in the poxvirus family. Since the World Health Organization declared the MPXV outbreak a "Public Health Emergency of International Concern" on July 23, 2022, the number of infected patients has increased dramatically. To control this epidemic and address this previously neglected disease, MPXV needs to be better understood and reevaluated. In this review, we cover recent research on MPXV, including its genomic and pathogenic characteristics, transmission, mutations and mechanisms, clinical characteristics, epidemiology, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment measures, as well as prevention of MPXV infection in light of the 2022 and 2023 global outbreaks. The 2022 MPXV outbreak has been primarily associated with close intimate contact, including sexual activity, with most cases diagnosed among men who have sex with men. The incubation period of MPXV infection usually lasts from 6 to 13 days, and symptoms include fever, muscle pains, headache, swollen lymph nodes, and a characteristic painful rash, including several stages, such as macules, papules, blisters, pustules, scabs, and scab shedding involving the genitals and anus. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is usually used to detect MPXV in skin lesion material. Treatment includes supportive care, antivirals, and intravenous vaccinia immune globulin. Smallpox vaccines have been designed with four givens emergency approval for use against MPXV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Wenjian Nie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Dandan Tian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Qing Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, National Children's Regional Medical Center, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China.
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8
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Kumar A, Singh N, Anvikar AR, Misra G. Monkeypox virus: insights into pathogenesis and laboratory testing methods. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:67. [PMID: 38357674 PMCID: PMC10861412 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-03920-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a zoonotic pathogen that transmits between monkeys and humans, exhibiting clinical similarities with the smallpox virus. Studies on the immunopathogenesis of MPXV revealed that an initial strong innate immune response is elicited on viral infection that subsequently helps in circumventing the host defense. Once the World Health Organization (WHO) declared it a global public health emergency in July 2022, it became essential to clearly demarcate the MPXV-induced symptoms from other viral infections. We have exhaustively searched the various databases involving Google Scholar, PubMed, and Medline to extract the information comprehensively compiled in this review. The primary focus of this review is to describe the diagnostic methods for MPXV such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serological assays, along with developments in viral isolation, imaging techniques, and next-generation sequencing. These innovative technologies have the potential to greatly enhance the accuracy of diagnostic procedures. Significant discoveries involving MPXV immunopathogenesis have also been highlighted. Overall, this will be a knowledge repertoire that will be crucial for the development of efficient monitoring and control strategies in response to the MPXV infection helping clinicians and researchers in formulating healthcare strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
| | - Neeraj Singh
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
| | - Anupkumar R. Anvikar
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
| | - Gauri Misra
- National Institute of Biologicals, A-32, Sector-62, Institutional Area, Noida, U.P. 201309 India
- Head Molecular Diagnostics and COVID-19 Kit Testing Laboratory, National Institute of Biologicals (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare), Noida, U.P. 201309 India
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9
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Wu C, A R, Ye S, Ye F, Huo W, Lu R, Tang Y, Yang J, Meng X, Tang Y, Chen S, Zhao L, Huang B, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Li D, Wang W, Shan KJ, Lu J, Tan W. Rapid identification of full-length genome and tracing variations of monkeypox virus in clinical specimens based on mNGS and amplicon sequencing. Virol Sin 2024; 39:134-143. [PMID: 38070873 PMCID: PMC10877412 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (MPXV) has triggered a current outbreak globally. Genome sequencing of MPXV and rapid tracing of genetic variants will benefit disease diagnosis and control. It is a significant challenge but necessary to optimize the strategy and application of rapid full-length genome identification and to track variations of MPXV in clinical specimens with low viral loads, as it is one of the DNA viruses with the largest genome and the most AT-biased, and has a significant number of tandem repeats. Here we evaluated the performance of metagenomic and amplicon sequencing techniques, and three sequencing platforms in MPXV genome sequencing based on multiple clinical specimens of five mpox cases in Chinese mainland. We rapidly identified the full-length genome of MPXV with the assembly of accurate tandem repeats in multiple clinical specimens. Amplicon sequencing enables cost-effective and rapid sequencing of clinical specimens to obtain high-quality MPXV genomes. Third-generation sequencing facilitates the assembly of the terminal tandem repeat regions in the monkeypox virus genome and corrects a common misassembly in published sequences. Besides, several intra-host single nucleotide variations were identified in the first imported mpox case. This study offers an evaluation of various strategies aimed at identifying the complete genome of MPXV in clinical specimens. The findings of this study will significantly enhance the surveillance of MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changcheng Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Ruhan A
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Fei Ye
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Weibang Huo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Roujian Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Yue Tang
- MGI, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Xuehong Meng
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Yun Tang
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory for High Pathogenic Microbes, Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Li Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Zhongxian Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China; School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014030, China
| | - Yuda Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China; School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014030, China
| | - Dongfang Li
- BGI PathoGenesis Pharmaceutical Technology, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Wenling Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Ke-Jia Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Center for Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Wenjie Tan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China; School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014030, China.
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10
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de Oliveira Thomasi RM, da Silva Correa T, Silva do Carmo D, Rodrigues DF, da Silva Correa LV, Xavier SR, Silva LS, da Silva JO, Santos MD, da Silva Dantas A, da Paz MC, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Giunchetti RC, Ferraz Coelho EA, Machado JM, Galdino AS. Molecular Methods for Diagnosis of Monkeypox: A Mini-review. Curr Mol Med 2024; 24:1208-1218. [PMID: 37461338 DOI: 10.2174/1566524023666230717141920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monkeypox is a global public health issue caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV). As of October 28, 2022, a total of 77,115 laboratoryconfirmed cases and 3,610 probable cases, including 36 deaths, were reported, with 9,070 cases reported in Brazil, the second most affected country. The need to develop national technologies for the rapid diagnosis of emerging diseases for mass testing of the population is evident, as observed in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. OBJECTIVE With that in mind, this article provides an overview of current methods, techniques, and their applications in the molecular detection of monkeypox, focusing the search on real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and polymerase chain reaction-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (PCRELISA). METHODS The relevant documents or papers covered in this study were selected by a search in international bibliographic databases. The search terms used in the databases were aimed at summarizing existing knowledge on molecular diagnostic methods, such as monkeypox; MPX, MPXV, qPCR, PCR, PCR-ELISA, diagnosis and detection searched separately or together using the Boolean operator "AND" either in the title or abstract. The searches took place in September 2022, and the corresponding articles were selected between 2012 and 2022. RESULTS We found 256 documents in total and twelve studies addressing the molecular diagnosis of monkeypox were classified as possible sources for this review. CONCLUSION It is evident there is a pressing need to develop national technologies for rapid diagnosis of emerging diseases for mass testing of the population. It is also extremely important to have national detection kits with greater diagnostic capacity to assist in developing effective public policies in countries affected by this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Michelini de Oliveira Thomasi
- Disciplina Biotecnologia e Inovações, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Programa Multicentrico de Pós-graduação em Bíoquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João Del- Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Thais da Silva Correa
- Disciplina Biotecnologia e Inovações, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Programa Multicentrico de Pós-graduação em Bíoquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João Del- Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Dalise Silva do Carmo
- Disciplina Biotecnologia e Inovações, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Programa Multicentrico de Pós-graduação em Bíoquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João Del- Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Déborah Fernandes Rodrigues
- Disciplina Biotecnologia e Inovações, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Programa Multicentrico de Pós-graduação em Bíoquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João Del- Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz Vinicius da Silva Correa
- Disciplina Biotecnologia e Inovações, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Programa Multicentrico de Pós-graduação em Bíoquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João Del- Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Sandra Rodrigues Xavier
- Disciplina Biotecnologia e Inovações, Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia e Programa Multicentrico de Pós-graduação em Bíoquimica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São João Del- Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Líria Souza Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Jonatas Oliveira da Silva
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Michelli Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Campos da Paz
- Laboratório de Bioativos & NanoBiotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Miguel Angel Chávez-Fumagalli
- Computational Biology and Chemistry Research Group, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad Católica de Santa María, Urb. San José S/N, Umacollo, Arequipa 04000, Peru
| | - Rodolfo Cordeiro Giunchetti
- Laboratory of Cell-Cell Interactions, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270- 901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antônio Ferraz Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina,Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30130-100, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Martins Machado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Sobreira Galdino
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Microrganismos, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rei, Divinópolis, 35501-296, MG, Brazil
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Agarwala P, Sharma A. Role of the Laboratory in the Diagnosis of Poxvirus Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:239-252. [PMID: 38801582 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Although WHO-led global efforts led to eradication of smallpox over four decades ago, other poxviruses, especially monkeypox, have re-emerged to occupy the ecological niche vacated by smallpox. Many of these viruses produce similar lesions thus mandating a prompt laboratory confirmation. There has been considerable evolution in the techniques available to diagnose these infections and differentiate between them. With the 2022 multi-country outbreak of monkeypox, significant efforts were made to apprise the laboratory diagnosis of the virus and numerous real-time-PCR-based assays were made commercially available. This chapter discusses the sample collection and biosafety aspects along with the repertoire of diagnostic modalities, both traditional and emerging, for poxviruses which a special focus on monkeypox. The advantages and disadvantages of each technique have been illustrated. We have also reflected upon the newer advances and the existing lacunae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Agarwala
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur, 492001, India.
| | - Archa Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, Gandhi Medical College, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Sklenovská N, Bloemen M, Vergote V, Logist AS, Vanmechelen B, Laenen L, André E, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Wollants E, Van Ranst M, Maes P, Wawina-Bokalanga T. Design and validation of a laboratory-developed diagnostic assay for monkeypox virus. Virus Genes 2023; 59:795-800. [PMID: 37589804 PMCID: PMC10667130 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Mpox is a viral zoonosis with endemic circulation in animals and humans in some West and Central African countries. The disease was imported a few times in the past to countries outside the African continent through infected animals or travelers, one of which resulted in an unprecedented global outbreak sustained by human-to-human transmission in 2022. Although timely and reliable diagnosis is a cornerstone of any disease control, availability of accurate diagnostic assays and comparative performance studies of diagnostic assays remains limited despite of the long-known identification of monkeypox virus (MPXV) as a human pathogen since 1970. We laboratory-developed a real-time PCR test (LDT) and evaluated its performance against the commercial TaqMan™ Monkeypox Virus Microbe Detection Assay (Applied Biosystems, Cat A50137). The limit of detection of the LDT was established at 1.2 genome copies/ml. The sensitivity and specificity of both assays were 99.14% and 100%, respectively, and both are capable of detecting both clade I and clade II of MPXV. Our results demonstrate the validity and accuracy of the LDT for confirmation of MPXV infection from lesion swabs samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Sklenovská
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Mandy Bloemen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Valentijn Vergote
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne-Sophie Logist
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert Vanmechelen
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Laenen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel André
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Elke Wollants
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, UZ Leuven University Hospital, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tony Wawina-Bokalanga
- Laboratory of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Garcia-Junior MA, Andrade BS, Guevara-Vega M, de Melo IS, Cunha TM, Jardim ACG, Sabino-Silva R. Oral Infection, Oral Pathology and Salivary Diagnostics of Mpox Disease: Relevance in Dentistry and OMICs Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14362. [PMID: 37762664 PMCID: PMC10531708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, we aim to point out the close relationship between mpox virus (MPXV) infection and the role of saliva as a diagnostic tool for mpox, considering the current molecular approach and in the perspective of OMICs application. The MPXV uses the host cell's rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and cytoplasmic proteins to replicate its genome and synthesize virions for cellular exit. The presence of oral mucosa lesions associated with mpox infection is one of the first signs of infection; however, current diagnostic tools find it difficult to detect the virus before the rashes begin. MPXV transmission occurs through direct contact with an infected lesion and infected body fluids, including saliva, presenting a potential use of this fluid for diagnostic purposes. Currently available diagnostic tests for MPXV detection are performed either by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) or ELISA, which presents several limitations since they are invasive tests. Despite current clinical trials with restricted sample size, MPXV DNA was detected in saliva with a sensitivity of 85%-100%. In this context, the application of transcriptomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, or proteomics analyses coupled with saliva can identify novel disease biomarkers. Thus, it is important to note that the identification and quantification of salivary DNA, RNA, lipid, protein, and metabolite can provide novel non-invasive biomarkers through the use of OMICs platforms aiding in the early detection and diagnosis of MPXV infection. Untargeted mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics reveals that some proteins also expressed in saliva were detected with greater expression differences in blood plasma when comparing mpox patients and healthy subjects, suggesting a promising alternative to be applied in screening or diagnostic platforms for mpox salivary diagnostics coupled to OMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Augusto Garcia-Junior
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostics and Nanobiotechnology, Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology – “Luiz Ricardo Goulart”, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38496-017, Brazil (M.G.-V.)
| | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Chemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Southwest of Bahia (UESB), Jequié 45083-900, Brazil
| | - Marco Guevara-Vega
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostics and Nanobiotechnology, Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology – “Luiz Ricardo Goulart”, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38496-017, Brazil (M.G.-V.)
| | - Igor Santana de Melo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió 57072-260, Brazil
| | - Thúlio M. Cunha
- Department of Pulmonology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38496-017, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38496-017, Brazil
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostics and Nanobiotechnology, Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology – “Luiz Ricardo Goulart”, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlândia 38496-017, Brazil (M.G.-V.)
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14
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Wang H, Xin L, Wu Y, Liu Y, Yao W, Zhang H, Hu Y, Tong R, Zhu L. Construction of a one-step multiplex real-time PCR assay for the detection of serogroups A, B, and E of Pasteurella multocida associated with bovine pasteurellosis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1193162. [PMID: 37448584 PMCID: PMC10336434 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1193162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine pasteurellosis, caused by serogroups A, B, and E of Pasteurella multocida (Pm), is mainly manifested as bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and hemorrhagic septicemia (HS). The disease has caused a great economic loss for the cattle industry globally. Therefore, identifying the Pm serogroups is critical for optimal diagnosis and subsequent clinical treatment and even epidemiological studies. In this study, a one-step multiplex real-time PCR assay was established. Three pairs of specific primers were prepared to detect the highly conserved genomic regions of serogroups A (HyaD), B (bcbD), and E (ecbJ) of Pm, respectively. The results depicted that the method had no cross-reaction with other bovine pathogens (Mannheimia hemolytica, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Dublin, Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus, and Mycoplasma bovis). The linear range (107 to 102 copies/μL) showed the R2 values for serogroups A, B, and E of Pm as 0.9975, 0.9964, and 0.996, respectively. The multiplex real-time PCR efficiency was 90.30%, 90.72%, and 90.57% for CartA, CartB, and CartE, respectively. The sensitivity result showed that the serogroups A, B, and E of Pm could be detected to be as low as 10 copies/μL. The repeatability result clarified that an intra-assay and an inter-assay coefficient of variation of serogroups A, B, and E of Pm was < 2%. For the clinical samples, the detection rate was higher than the OIE-recommended ordinary PCR. Overall, the established one-step multiplex real-time PCR assay may be a valuable tool for the rapid and early detection of the serogroups A, B, and E of Pm with high specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Wang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lingxiang Xin
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Liu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Yao
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yunhao Hu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Rendong Tong
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Liangquan Zhu
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
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15
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Silva SJRD, Kohl A, Pena L, Pardee K. Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of monkeypox (mpox): Current status and future directions. iScience 2023; 26:106759. [PMID: 37206155 PMCID: PMC10183700 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and rapid spread of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) to non-endemic countries has brought this once obscure pathogen to the forefront of global public health. Given the range of conditions that cause similar skin lesions, and because the clinical manifestation may often be atypical in the current mpox outbreak, it can be challenging to diagnose patients based on clinical signs and symptoms. With this perspective in mind, laboratory-based diagnosis assumes a critical role for the clinical management, along with the implementation of countermeasures. Here, we review the clinical features reported in mpox patients, the available laboratory tests for mpox diagnosis, and discuss the principles, advances, advantages, and drawbacks of each assay. We also highlight the diagnostic platforms with the potential to guide ongoing clinical response, particularly those that increase diagnostic capacity in low- and middle-income countries. With the outlook of this evolving research area, we hope to provide a resource to the community and inspire more research and the development of diagnostic alternatives with applications to this and future public health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Lindomar Pena
- Department of Virology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute (IAM), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 50670-420 Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Keith Pardee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto ON M5S 3G8, Canada
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16
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Pinto P, Costa MA, Gonçalves MFM, Rodrigues AG, Lisboa C. Mpox Person-to-Person Transmission-Where Have We Got So Far? A Systematic Review. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051074. [PMID: 37243160 DOI: 10.3390/v15051074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent multi-country outbreak of Mpox (Monkeypox disease) constituted a public health emergency. Although animal-to-human transmission is known to be the primary way of transmission, an increasing number of cases transmitted by person-to-person contact have been reported. During the recent Mpox outbreak sexual or intimate contact has been considered the most important way of transmission. However, other routes of transmission must not be ignored. The knowledge of how the Monkeypox Virus (MPXV) spreads is crucial to implement adequate measures to contain the spread of the disease. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to collect scientific data published concerning other implicated sources of infection beyond sexual interaction, such as the involvement of respiratory particles, contact with contaminated surfaces and skin-to-skin contact. The current study was performed using the guidelines of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Publications analyzing contacts of Mpox index cases and their outcome after contact were included. A total of 7319 person-to-person contacts were surveyed and 273 of them became positive cases. Positive secondary transmission of MPXV was verified after contact with people cohabiting in the same household, with family members, with healthcare workers, or within healthcare facilities, and sexual contact or contact with contaminated surfaces. Using the same cup, sharing the same dishes, and sleeping in the same room or bed were also positively associated with transmission. Five studies showed no evidence of transmission despite contact with surfaces, skin-to-skin contact, or through airway particles within healthcare facilities where containment measures were taken. These records support the case for person-to-person transmission and suggest that other types of contact beyond sexual contact pose a significant risk of acquiring the infection. Further investigation is crucial to elucidate MPXV transmission dynamics, and to implement adequate measures to contain the spread of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pinto
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel Alves Costa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, 4434-502 Porto, Portugal
| | - Micael F M Gonçalves
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Acácio Gonçalves Rodrigues
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research/Rede de Investigação em Saúde (CINTESIS@RISE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Lisboa
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Centre for Health Technology and Services Research/Rede de Investigação em Saúde (CINTESIS@RISE), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Centre of São João, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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17
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Chen Y, Wu C, A R, Zhao L, Zhang Z, Tan W. Perspective on the application of genome sequencing for monkeypox virus surveillance. Virol Sin 2023; 38:327-333. [PMID: 36972867 PMCID: PMC10039704 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
•Whole genome sequencing of MPXV is crucial for monitoring emerging variants and assessing their potential pathogenicity. •The critical steps of mNGS, encompassing nucleic acid extraction, library preparation, sequencing, and data analysis, are concisely explained. •Optimization strategies for sample pre-processing, virus enrichment, and sequencing platform selection are deliberated. •Conducting next-generation sequencing and third-generation sequencing concurrently is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuda Chen
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Changcheng Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Ruhan A
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Li Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Zhongxian Zhang
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, 014040, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 100052, China.
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Muñoz-Barrera A, Ciuffreda L, Alcoba-Florez J, Rubio-Rodríguez LA, Rodríguez-Pérez H, Gil-Campesino H, García-Martínez de Artola D, Salas-Hernández J, Rodríguez-Núñez J, Íñigo-Campos A, García-Olivares V, Díez-Gil O, González-Montelongo R, Valenzuela-Fernández A, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, Flores C. Bioinformatic approaches to draft the viral genome sequence of Canary Islands cases related to the multicountry mpox virus 2022-outbreak. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:2197-2203. [PMID: 36968018 PMCID: PMC10015108 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
On July 23, 2022, monkeypox disease (mpox) was declared a Public Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization (WHO) due to a multicountry outbreak. In Europe, several cases of mpox virus (MPXV) infection related to this outbreak were detected in the Canary Islands (Spain). Here we describe the combination of viral DNA sequencing and bioinformatic approaches, including methods for de novo genome assembly and short- and long-read technologies, used to reconstruct the first MPXV genome isolated in the Canary Islands on the 31st of May 2022 from a male adult patient with mild symptoms. The same sequencing and bioinformatic approaches were then validated with three other positive cases of MPXV infection from the same mpox outbreak. We obtained the best results using a reference-based approach with short reads, evidencing 46-79 nucleotide variants against viral sequences from the 2018-2019 mpox outbreak and placing the viral sequences in the new B.1 sublineage of clade IIb of the MPXV classification. This study of MPXV demonstrates the potential of metagenomics sequencing for rapid and precise pathogen identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Muñoz-Barrera
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, 38600 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Laura Ciuffreda
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Ntra. Sra. de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Julia Alcoba-Florez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ntra. Sra. de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Luis A. Rubio-Rodríguez
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, 38600 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Héctor Rodríguez-Pérez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Ntra. Sra. de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Helena Gil-Campesino
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ntra. Sra. de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Josmar Salas-Hernández
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Ntra. Sra. de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Julia Rodríguez-Núñez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Ntra. Sra. de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Antonio Íñigo-Campos
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, 38600 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Víctor García-Olivares
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, 38600 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Oscar Díez-Gil
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ntra. Sra. de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio “Inmunología Celular y Viral”, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, 38200 San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - José M. Lorenzo-Salazar
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, 38600 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carlos Flores
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, 38600 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Ntra. Sra. de Candelaria, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Fernando Pessoa Canarias, 35450 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
- Correspondence to: Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Carretera del Rosario s/n, 38010 Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain.
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Lim CK, Roberts J, Moso M, Liew KC, Taouk ML, Williams E, Tran T, Steinig E, Caly L, Williamson DA. Mpox diagnostics: Review of current and emerging technologies. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28429. [PMID: 36571266 PMCID: PMC10108241 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mpox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV) from the Orthopoxvirus genus. Unprecedented transmission events have led to more than 70 000 cases reported worldwide by October 2022. The change in mpox epidemiology has raised concerns of its ability to establish endemicity beyond its traditional geographical locations. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of mpox virology and viral dynamics that are relevant to mpox diagnostics. A synopsis of the traditional and emerging laboratory technologies useful for MPXV detection and in guiding "elimination" strategies is outlined in this review. Importantly, development in MPXV genomics has rapidly advanced our understanding of the role of viral evolution and adaptation in the current outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Kok Lim
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason Roberts
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Moso
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kwee Chin Liew
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mona L Taouk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eloise Williams
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas Tran
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eike Steinig
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leon Caly
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deborah Ann Williamson
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Liao H, Qu J, Lu H. Molecular and immunological diagnosis of Monkeypox virus in the clinical laboratory. Drug Discov Ther 2022; 16:300-304. [PMID: 36529507 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2022.01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The 2022 monkeypox outbreak outside Africa is ongoing. Cases have been reported in Hong Kong and Chongqing, China. In order to better prevent and control the potential spread of monkeypox virus in China, the development of sensitive and reliable detection commercial kits is imminent. This correspondence reviews the existing laboratory assays and related technologies for nucleic acid (PCR) and serological assays for the diagnosis of monkeypox virus to provide reference for the management and decision-making departments. Due to the serological cross-reactivity of orthopoxviruses, PCR is the laboratory test of choice to confirm monkeypox virus infection. We recommend a dual-target PCR approach in which one assay targets a conserved sequence of the Orthopoxvirus genus and the other targets a monkeypox virus specific sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiuxin Qu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Southern University of Science and Technology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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