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Bhanot V, Pali S, Panwar J. Understanding the in silico aspects of bacterial catabolic cascade for styrene degradation. Proteins 2023; 91:532-541. [PMID: 36416087 DOI: 10.1002/prot.26447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Styrene is a nonpolar organic compound used in very high volume for the industrial scale production of commercially important polymers such as polystyrene resins as well as copolymers like acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, latex, and rubber. These resins are widely used in the manufacturing of various products including single-use plastics such as disposable cups and containers, protective packaging, heat insulation, and so forth. The large-scale utilization leads to the over-accumulation of styrene waste in the environment causing deleterious health risks including cancer, neurological impairment, dysbiosis of central nervous system, and respiratory problems. To eliminate the accumulating waste. Microbial enzyme-based system represents the most environmental friendly and sustainable approach for elimination of styrene waste. However, comprehensive understanding of the enzyme-substrate interaction and associated pathways would be crucial for developing large-scale disposal systems. This study aims to understand the molecular interaction between the protein-ligand complexes of the styrene catabolic reactions by bacterial enzymes of sty operon. Molecular docking analysis for catalytic enzymes namely, styrene monooxygenase (SMO), styrene oxide isomerase (SOI), and phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase (PAD) of the bacterial sty operon was carried out with their individual substrates, that is, styrene, styrene oxide, and phenylacetic acid, respectively. The binding energy, amino acids forming binding cavity, and binding interactions between the protein-ligand binding sites were calculated for each case. The obtained binding energies showed a stable association of these complexes indicating the future scope of their utilization for large-scale bioremediation of styrene, and its commercially used polymers and copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishalakshi Bhanot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Snigdha Pali
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jitendra Panwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India
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Li Q, Tian L, Cai X, Wang Y, Mao Y. Plastisphere showing unique microbiome and resistome different from activated sludge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158330. [PMID: 36041613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plastisphere (the biofilm on microplastics) in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) may enrich pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) which can cause risks to the ecological environment by discharging into receiving waters. However, the microbiome and resistome of plastisphere in activated sludge (AS) systems remain inconclusive. Here, metagenome was applied to investigate the microbial composition, functions and ARGs of the Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastisphere in lab-scale reactors, and revealed the effects of tetracycline (TC) and/or Cu(II) pressures on them. The results indicated that the plastisphere provided a new niche for microbiota showing unique functions distinct from the AS. Particularly, various potentially pathogenic bacteria tended to enrich in PVC plastisphere. Moreover, various ARGs were detected in plastisphere and AS, but the plastisphere had more potential ARGs hosts and a stronger correlation with ARGs. The ARGs abundances increased after exposure to TC and/or Cu(II) pressures, especially tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs), and the results further showed that TRGs with different resistance mechanisms were separately enriched in plastisphere and AS. Furthermore, the exogenous pressures from Cu(II) or/and TC also enhanced the association of potential pathogens with TRGs in PVC plastisphere. The findings contribute to assessing the potential risks of spreading pathogens and ARGs through microplastics in WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihao Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, China
| | - Li Tian
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, China
| | - Xunchao Cai
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, China
| | - Yanping Mao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518071, China.
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Choo JPS, Li Z. Styrene Oxide Isomerase Catalyzed Meinwald Rearrangement Reaction: Discovery and Application in Single-Step and One-Pot Cascade Reactions. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel P. S. Choo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore
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Lienkamp AC, Burnik J, Heine T, Hofmann E, Tischler D. Characterization of the Glutathione S-Transferases Involved in Styrene Degradation in Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0047421. [PMID: 34319142 PMCID: PMC8552685 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00474-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases carried on the plasmid for the styrene-specific degradation pathway in the Actinobacterium Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2 were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. Both enzymes were purified via affinity chromatography and subjected to activity investigations. StyI and StyJ displayed activity toward the commonly used glutathione S-transferase model substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) with Km values of 0.0682 ± 0.0074 and 2.0281 ± 0.1301 mM and Vmax values of 0.0158 ± 0.0002 and 0.348 ± 0.008 U mg-1 for StyI and StyJ, respectively. The conversion of the natural substrate styrene oxide to the intermediate (1-phenyl-2-hydroxyethyl)glutathione was detected for StyI with 48.3 ± 2.9 U mg-1. This elucidates one more step in the not yet fully resolved styrene-specific degradation pathway of Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2. A characterization of both purified enzymes adds more insight into the scarce research field of actinobacterial glutathione S-transferases. Moreover, a sequence and phylogenetic analysis puts both enzymes into a physiological and evolutionary context. IMPORTANCE Styrene is a toxic compound that is used at a large scale by industry for plastic production. Bacterial degradation of styrene is a possibility for bioremediation and pollution prevention. Intermediates of styrene derivatives degraded in the styrene-specific pathways are precursors for valuable chemical compounds. The pathway in Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2 has proven to accept a broader substrate range than other bacterial styrene degraders. The enzymes characterized in this study, distinguish CWB2s pathway from other known styrene degradation routes and thus might be the main key for its ability to produce ibuprofen from the respective styrene derivative. A biotechnological utilization of this cascade could lead to efficient and sustainable production of drugs, flavors, and fragrances. Moreover, research on glutathione metabolism in Actinobacteria is rare. Here, a characterization of two glutathione S-transferases of actinobacterial origin is presented, and the utilization of glutathione in the metabolism of an Actinobacterium is proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Lienkamp
- Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan Burnik
- X-Ray Structure Analysis of Proteins, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Heine
- Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Eckhard Hofmann
- X-Ray Structure Analysis of Proteins, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Zimmerling J, Oelschlägel M, Großmann C, Voitel M, Schlömann M, Tischler D. Biochemical Characterization of Phenylacetaldehyde Dehydrogenases from Styrene-degrading Soil Bacteria. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 193:650-667. [PMID: 33106986 PMCID: PMC7910268 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Four phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenases (designated as FeaB or StyD) originating from styrene-degrading soil bacteria were biochemically investigated. In this study, we focused on the Michaelis-Menten kinetics towards the presumed native substrate phenylacetaldehyde and the obviously preferred co-substrate NAD+. Furthermore, the substrate specificity on four substituted phenylacetaldehydes and the co-substrate preference were studied. Moreover, these enzymes were characterized with respect to their temperature as well as long-term stability. Since aldehyde dehydrogenases are known to show often dehydrogenase as well as esterase activity, we tested this capacity, too. Almost all results showed clearly different characteristics between the FeaB and StyD enzymes. Furthermore, FeaB from Sphingopyxis fribergensis Kp5.2 turned out to be the most active enzyme with an apparent specific activity of 17.8 ± 2.1 U mg-1. Compared with that, both StyDs showed only activities less than 0.2 U mg-1 except the overwhelming esterase activity of StyD-CWB2 (1.4 ± 0.1 U mg-1). The clustering of both FeaB and StyD enzymes with respect to their characteristics could also be mirrored in the phylogenetic analysis of twelve dehydrogenases originating from different soil bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Zimmerling
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Michel Oelschlägel
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Großmann
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Voitel
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schlömann
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany.
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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Sharma M, Khurana H, Singh DN, Negi RK. The genus Sphingopyxis: Systematics, ecology, and bioremediation potential - A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 280:111744. [PMID: 33280938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The genus Sphingopyxis was first reported in the year 2001. Phylogenetically, Sphingopyxis is well delineated from other genera Sphingobium, Sphingomonas and Novosphingobium of sphingomonads group, family Sphingomonadaceae of Proteobacteria. To date (at the time of writing), the genus Sphingopyxis comprises of twenty validly published species available in List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature. Sphingopyxis spp. have been isolated from diverse niches including, agricultural soil, marine and fresh water, caves, activated sludge, thermal spring, oil and pesticide contaminated soil, and heavy metal contaminated sites. Sphingopyxis species have drawn considerable attention not only for their ability to survive under extreme environments, but also for their potential to degrade number of xenobiotics and other environmental contaminants that impose serious threat to human health. At present, genome sequence of both cultivable and non-cultivable strains (metagenome assembled genome) are available in the public databases (NCBI) and genome wide studies confirms the presence of mobile genetic elements and plethora of degradation genes and pathways making them a potential candidate for bioremediation. Beside genome wide predictions there are number of experimental evidences confirm the degradation potential of bacteria belonging to genus Sphingopyxis and also the production of different secondary metabolites that help them interact and survive in their ecological niches. This review provides detailed information on ecology, general characteristic and the significant implications of Sphingopyxis species in environmental management along with the bio-synthetic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sharma
- Fish Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Himani Khurana
- Fish Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Durgesh Narain Singh
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Ram Krishan Negi
- Fish Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
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7
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Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals Genetic Potential for Aromatic Compounds Biodegradation of Sphingopyxis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5849123. [PMID: 32596333 PMCID: PMC7273453 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5849123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Members of genus Sphingopyxis are frequently found in diverse eco-environments worldwide and have been traditionally considered to play vital roles in the degradation of aromatic compounds. Over recent decades, many aromatic-degrading Sphingopyxis strains have been isolated and recorded, but little is known about their genetic nature related to aromatic compounds biodegradation. In this study, bacterial genomes of 19 Sphingopyxis strains were used for comparative analyses. Phylogeny showed an ambiguous relatedness between bacterial strains and their habitat specificity, while clustering based on Cluster of Orthologous Groups suggested the potential link of functional profile with substrate-specific traits. Pan-genome analysis revealed that 19 individuals were predicted to share 1,066 orthologous genes, indicating a high genetic homogeneity among Sphingopyxis strains. Notably, KEGG Automatic Annotation Server results suggested that most genes pertaining aromatic compounds biodegradation were predicted to be involved in benzoate, phenylalanine, and aminobenzoate metabolism. Among them, β-ketoadipate biodegradation might be the main pathway in Sphingopyxis strains. Further inspection showed that a number of mobile genetic elements varied in Sphingopyxis genomes, and plasmid-mediated gene transfer coupled with prophage- and transposon-mediated rearrangements might play prominent roles in the evolution of bacterial genomes. Collectively, our findings presented that Sphingopyxis isolates might be the promising candidates for biodegradation of aromatic compounds in pollution sites.
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8
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Tischler D, Kumpf A, Eggerichs D, Heine T. Styrene monooxygenases, indole monooxygenases and related flavoproteins applied in bioremediation and biocatalysis. FLAVIN-DEPENDENT ENZYMES: MECHANISMS, STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 47:399-425. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Huang F, Li X, Guo J, Feng H, Yang F. Aromatic hydrocarbon compound degradation of phenylacetic acid by indigenous bacterial Sphingopyxis isolated from Lake Taihu. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:1164-1171. [PMID: 31833448 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1703510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The aromatic compound phenylacetic acid (PAA) is present in the environment, and released in the catabolism of phenylalanine, 2-phenylethylamine, or environmental contaminants such as ethylbenzene and styrene. PAA was also proposed to be involved in human chronic kidney disease development. Several bacteria and fungi utilize these aromatic acids as sole carbon source either during aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The aromatic structure of PAA makes this compound resistant toward oxidation or reduction, because the stabilizing resonance energy of the aromatic ring system is difficult to overcome. In the case of bacteria that utilize aromatic compounds as growth substrates, the aromatic ring system limits survival due to a lack of carbon source. Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 isolated from Lake Taihu was found to be beneficial in bioremediation of aromatic compounds. This study thus aimed to examine the influence of environmental factors such as temperature, PAA concentration, and pH on the effectiveness of Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 to degrade aromatic compounds using PAA as model compound. Data showed the highest PAA-degrading rate of strain Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 was 7.6 mg/L·h under the condition of 20°C, pH 9 with a 1000 μg/ml concentration of PAA. Evidence indicates that PAA-degrading ability of strain Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 appears to be primarily influenced by the concentration of PAA, followed by temperature and pH. PAA-degrading gene PAAase was identified in this strain using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. These results illustrate that the bacteria Sphingopyxis sp. YF1 removes PAA effectively at certain environmental conditions and this proves beneficial in bioremediation of aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiyu Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hai Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key laboratory of Hunan Province for Water Environment and Agriculture Product Safety, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Tischler D, van Berkel WJH, Fraaije MW. Editorial: Actinobacteria, a Source of Biocatalytic Tools. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:800. [PMID: 31040839 PMCID: PMC6477052 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Tischler
- Microbial Biotechnology, Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Wu S, Zhou Y, Li Z. Biocatalytic selective functionalisation of alkenes via single-step and one-pot multi-step reactions. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:883-896. [PMID: 30566124 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc07828a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alkenes are excellent starting materials for organic synthesis due to the versatile reactivity of C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bonds and the easy availability of many unfunctionalised alkenes. Direct regio- and/or enantioselective conversion of alkenes into functionalised (chiral) compounds has enormous potential for industrial applications, and thus has attracted the attention of researchers for extensive development using chemo-catalysis over the past few years. On the other hand, many enzymes have also been employed for conversion of alkenes in a highly selective and much greener manner to offer valuable products. Herein, we review recent advances in seven well-known types of biocatalytic conversion of alkenes. Remarkably, recent mechanism-guided directed evolution and enzyme cascades have enabled the development of seven novel types of single-step and one-pot multi-step functionalisation of alkenes, some of which are even unattainable via chemo-catalysis. These new reactions are particularly highlighted in this feature article. Overall, we present an ever-expanding enzyme toolbox for various alkene functionalisations inspiring further research in this fast-developing theme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585.
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12
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Biodegradation of High Concentrations of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in Soil from a Petroleum Refinery: Implications for Applicability of New Actinobacterial Strains. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8101855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
At present, there is great demand for new resistant and metabolically active strains of biodegrading bacteria capable of degrading high concentrations of petroleum pollutants. In this study, we undertook a series of pot-based biodegradation experiments on soil from a petroleum refinery lagoon heavily polluted with aliphatic hydrocarbons (81.6 ± 2.5 g·kg−1 dry weight) and metals. Periodical bioaugmentation with either a mixture of isolated degraders identified as Bacillus sp. and Ochrobactrum sp. or biostimulation with nutrient medium, singly or in combination, did not produce any significant decrease in hydrocarbons, even after 455 days. Inoculation with Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2 and Rhodococcus erythropolis S43 in iron-limited media, however, resulted in a significant decrease in hydrocarbons 45 days after bioaugmentation. These actinobacterial strains, therefore, show significant potential for bioremediation of such highly polluted soils.
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Stuhr A, Hofmann S, Schlömann M, Oelschlägel M. Investigation of the co-metabolic transformation of 4-chlorostyrene into 4-chlorophenylacetic acid in Pseudomonas fluorescens ST. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 18:e00248. [PMID: 29892568 PMCID: PMC5993464 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2018.e00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The side-chain oxygenation of styrene is able to yield substituted phenylacetic acids from corresponding styrenes by co-metabolic transformation. This co-metabolization was investigated in Pseudomonas fluorescens ST using 4-chlorostyrene as co-substrate. It was shown that non-substituted styrene is necessary to ensure the co-metabolic process. Furthermore, aspects affecting the co-transformation were studied, e.g. cell density, amount of inducer, pH, effects of co-substrate/co-product. It was demonstrated that 4-chlorophenylacetic acid and 4-chlorostyrene are able to inhibit the reaction. But, these inhibitions are influenced by salt and trace elements. Finally, a protocol was established which considers all findings. Therewith, about 6.7 g L-1 co-product were obtained after 451 h. Compared to previous studies, the co-product concentration was improved by the factor 1.4 while the reaction time was decreased by the factor 18.5. The study offers also aspects for prospective improvements in order to establish an efficient way to gain substituted acids without genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michel Oelschlägel
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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14
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Heine T, Zimmerling J, Ballmann A, Kleeberg SB, Rückert C, Busche T, Winkler A, Kalinowski J, Poetsch A, Scholtissek A, Oelschlägel M, Schmidt G, Tischler D. On the Enigma of Glutathione-Dependent Styrene Degradation in Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:e00154-18. [PMID: 29475871 PMCID: PMC5930330 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00154-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Among bacteria, only a single styrene-specific degradation pathway has been reported so far. It comprises the activity of styrene monooxygenase, styrene oxide isomerase, and phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase, yielding phenylacetic acid as the central metabolite. The alternative route comprises ring-hydroxylating enzymes and yields vinyl catechol as central metabolite, which undergoes meta-cleavage. This was reported to be unspecific and also allows the degradation of benzene derivatives. However, some bacteria had been described to degrade styrene but do not employ one of those routes or only parts of them. Here, we describe a novel "hybrid" degradation pathway for styrene located on a plasmid of foreign origin. As putatively also unspecific, it allows metabolizing chemically analogous compounds (e.g., halogenated and/or alkylated styrene derivatives). Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2 was isolated with styrene as the sole source of carbon and energy. It employs an assembled route of the styrene side-chain degradation and isoprene degradation pathways that also funnels into phenylacetic acid as the central metabolite. Metabolites, enzyme activity, genome, transcriptome, and proteome data reinforce this observation and allow us to understand this biotechnologically relevant pathway, which can be used for the production of ibuprofen.IMPORTANCE The degradation of xenobiotics by bacteria is not only important for bioremediation but also because the involved enzymes are potential catalysts in biotechnological applications. This study reveals a novel degradation pathway for the hazardous organic compound styrene in Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2. This study provides an impressive illustration of horizontal gene transfer, which enables novel metabolic capabilities. This study presents glutathione-dependent styrene metabolization in an (actino-)bacterium. Further, the genomic background of the ability of strain CWB2 to produce ibuprofen is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Heine
- Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | | | - Anne Ballmann
- Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Rückert
- Technologieplattform Genomik, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Technologieplattform Genomik, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Anika Winkler
- Technologieplattform Genomik, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Technologieplattform Genomik, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ansgar Poetsch
- Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- School of Biomedical and Healthcare Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Anika Scholtissek
- Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | | | - Gert Schmidt
- Institut für Keramik, Glas- und Baustofftechnik, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Institute of Biosciences, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
- Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Oelschlägel M, Zimmerling J, Tischler D. A Review: The Styrene Metabolizing Cascade of Side-Chain Oxygenation as Biotechnological Basis to Gain Various Valuable Compounds. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:490. [PMID: 29623070 PMCID: PMC5874493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Styrene is one of the most produced and processed chemicals worldwide and is released into the environment during widespread processing. But, it is also produced from plants and microorganisms. The natural occurrence of styrene led to several microbiological strategies to form and also to degrade styrene. One pathway designated as side-chain oxygenation has been reported as a specific route for the styrene degradation among microorganisms. It comprises the following enzymes: styrene monooxygenase (SMO; NADH-consuming and FAD-dependent, two-component system), styrene oxide isomerase (SOI; cofactor independent, membrane-bound protein) and phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase (PAD; NAD+-consuming) and allows an intrinsic cofactor regeneration. This specific way harbors a high potential for biotechnological use. Based on the enzymatic steps involved in this degradation route, important reactions can be realized from a large number of substrates which gain access to different interesting precursors for further applications. Furthermore, stereochemical transformations are possible, offering chiral products at high enantiomeric excess. This review provides an actual view on the microbiological styrene degradation followed by a detailed discussion on the enzymes of the side-chain oxygenation. Furthermore, the potential of the single enzyme reactions as well as the respective multi-step syntheses using the complete enzyme cascade are discussed in order to gain styrene oxides, phenylacetaldehydes, or phenylacetic acids (e.g., ibuprofen). Altered routes combining these putative biocatalysts with other enzymes are additionally described. Thus, the substrates spectrum can be enhanced and additional products as phenylethanols or phenylethylamines are reachable. Finally, additional enzymes with similar activities toward styrene and its metabolic intermediates are shown in order to modify the cascade described above or to use these enzyme independently for biotechnological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Oelschlägel
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Zimmerling
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
- Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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Mushtaq A, Ali S, Iqbal M, Shahzadi S, Tahir MN, Ismail H. Supramolecular Heteroleptic Copper(II) Carboxylates: Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, Crystal Structures, and Enzyme Inhibition Assay. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070328418030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abu Ali H, Kamel S, Abu Shamma A. Novel structures of Zn(II) biometal cation with the biologically active substituted acetic acid and nitrogen donor ligands: Synthesis, spectral, phosphate diester catalytic hydrolysis and anti-microbial studies. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hijazi Abu Ali
- Department of Chemistry; Birzeit University; West Bank Palestine
| | - Shayma Kamel
- Department of Chemistry; Birzeit University; West Bank Palestine
| | - Amani Abu Shamma
- Department of Chemistry; Birzeit University; West Bank Palestine
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Wu S, Zhou Y, Seet D, Li Z. Regio- and Stereoselective Oxidation of Styrene Derivatives to Arylalkanoic AcidsviaOne-Pot Cascade Biotransformations. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI); Life Sciences Institute; National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive Singapore 117456
| | - Yi Zhou
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI); Life Sciences Institute; National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive Singapore 117456
| | - Daniel Seet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585
- Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI); Life Sciences Institute; National University of Singapore; 28 Medical Drive Singapore 117456
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Oelschlägel M, Richter L, Stuhr A, Hofmann S, Schlömann M. Heterologous production of different styrene oxide isomerases for the highly efficient synthesis of phenylacetaldehyde. J Biotechnol 2017; 252:43-49. [PMID: 28472670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The styrene oxide isomerase (SOI, StyC) represents a key enzyme of the styrene-degrading pathway and has been discussed as promising biocatalyst during recent studies. The enzyme enables the synthesis of pure phenylacetaldehyde from styrene oxide. In this study the native as well as the corresponding codon-optimized genes of three different SOIs from Rhodococcus opacus 1CP (StyC-1CP), Sphingopyxis fribergensis Kp5.2 (StyC-Kp5.2), and Pseudomonas fluorescens ST (StyC-ST) were investigated for the expression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)pLysS. Specific enzyme activities of 61.9±7.5Umg-1, 23.2±2.8Umg-1, and 10.9±1.2Umg-1 were achieved after 6-9h for the codon-optimized gene of strain 1CP and the native genes of Kp5.2 and ST, respectively. Afterwards, these enzymes were enriched and applied for biotransformation studies. A complete conversion of 150mM styrene oxide to phenylacetaldehyde was observed for the enzyme StyC-Kp5.2 indicating a significantly improved stability towards product inactivation. Remarkably, more than 300mM product (>36gL-1, yield of about 80%) were finally synthesized from 400mM substrate with 150U of this enzyme within 60-120min. This represents the highest product concentration which has been reached with this type of enzymes, so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Oelschlägel
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Lysann Richter
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Anna Stuhr
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Hofmann
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schlömann
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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Zimmerling J, Tischler D, Großmann C, Schlömann M, Oelschlägel M. Characterization of Aldehyde Dehydrogenases Applying an Enzyme Assay with In Situ Formation of Phenylacetaldehydes. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:1095-1107. [PMID: 28062952 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, different dehydrogenases (DH) were characterized by applying a novel two-step enzyme assay. We focused on the NAD(P)+-dependent phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenases because they produce industrially relevant phenylacetic acids, but they are not well studied due to limited substrate availability. The first assay step comprises a styrene oxide isomerase (440 U mg-1protein) which allows the production of pure phenylacetaldehydes (>70 mmol L-1) from commercially available styrene oxides. Thereafter, a DH of interest can be added to convert phenylacetaldehydes in a broad concentration range (0.05 to 1.25 mmol L-1). DH activity can be determined spectrophotometrically by following cofactor reduction or alternatively by RP-HPLC. This assay allowed the comparison of four aldehyde dehydrogenases and even of an alcohol dehydrogenase with respect to the production of phenylacetic acids (up to 8.4 U mg-1protein). FeaB derived from Escherichia coli K-12 was characterized in more detail, and for the first time, substituted phenylacetaldehydes had been converted. With this enzyme assay, characterization of dehydrogenases is possible although the substrates are not commercially available in sufficient quality but enzymatically producible. The advantages of this assay in comparison to the former one are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Zimmerling
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Carolin Großmann
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schlömann
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Michel Oelschlägel
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599, Freiberg, Germany
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Identification and characterization of a FAD-dependent putrescine N-hydroxylase (GorA) from Gordonia rubripertincta CWB2. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Oelschlägel M, Rückert C, Kalinowski J, Schmidt G, Schlömann M, Tischler D. Sphingopyxis fribergensis sp. nov., a soil bacterium with the ability to degrade styrene and phenylacetic acid. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2015; 65:3008-3015. [PMID: 26040579 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.000371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain Kp5.2(T) is an aerobic, Gram-negative soil bacterium that was isolated in Freiberg, Saxony, Germany. The cells were motile and rod-shaped. Optimal growth was observed at 20-30 °C. The fatty acids of strain Kp5.2(T) comprised mainly C18 : 1ω7c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). The major respiratory quinone was Q-10. The major polar lipids of strain Kp5.2(T) were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine and sphingoglycolipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 63.7%. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of strain Kp5.2(T) allowed its classification into the family Sphingomonadaceae, and the sequence showed the highest similarity to those of members of the genus Sphingopyxis, with Sphingopyxis italica SC13E-S71(T) (99.15% similarity), Sphingopyxis panaciterrae Gsoil 124(T) (98.96%), Sphingopyxis chilensis S37(T) (98.90%) and Sphingopyxis bauzanensis BZ30(T) (98.51%) as the nearest neighbours. DNA-DNA hybridization and further characterization revealed that strain Kp5.2(T) can be considered to represent a novel species of the genus Sphingopyxis. Hence, the name Sphingopyxis fribergensis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain Kp5.2(T) ( = DSM 28731(T) = LMG 28478(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Oelschlägel
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Christian Rückert
- Technologieplattform Genomik, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Technologieplattform Genomik, Centrum für Biotechnologie (CeBiTec), Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Gert Schmidt
- Institut für Keramik, Glas- und Baustofftechnik, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Agricolastr. 17, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Michael Schlömann
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Center, Environmental Microbiology Group, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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Production of a recombinant membrane protein in an Escherichia coli strain for the whole cell biosynthesis of phenylacetic acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [PMID: 28626713 PMCID: PMC5466041 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The styrene oxide isomerase (SOI) represents a membrane-bound enzyme of the microbial styrene degradation pathway and has been discussed as promising biocatalyst. It catalyzes the isomerization of styrene oxide to phenylacetaldehyde. In this study a styC gene, which encodes the SOI of Rhodococcus opacus 1CP, was optimized for optimal expression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) pLysS. The expression of this synthetic styC was investigated and subsequently optimized. Highly active biomass was obtained yielding an SOI activity of 44.5 ± 8.7 U mg−1 after 10 h. This represents the highest SOI activity reported for crude cell extracts of SOI-containing bacterial strains. Remarkably, this biomass can be applied as whole cell biocatalyst for the production of phenylacetic acids from styrene oxides. In the case of non-substituted styrene oxide, nearly 730 mg l−1 phenylacetic acid (∼85% yield) was formed over a period of 20 days.
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