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Kasai Y, Takagi S, Ota S, Ishii K, Takeshita T, Kawano S, Harayama S. Development of a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene-editing method to isolate a mutant of the unicellular green alga Parachlorella kessleri strain NIES-2152 with improved lipid productivity. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:36. [PMID: 38443960 PMCID: PMC10916037 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02484-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, we isolated a mutant of Parachlorella kessleri named strain PK4 that accumulated higher concentrations of lipids than the wild-type strain. Resequencing of the PK4 genome identified mutations in three genes which may be associated with the high-lipid phenotype. The first gene, named CDMT1, encodes a protein with a calcium-dependent membrane association domain; the second gene, named DMAN1, encodes endo-1,4-β-mannanase, while the third gene, named AATPL1, encodes a plastidic ATP/ADP antiporter-like protein. RESULTS To determine which of these mutant genes are directly responsible for the phenotype of strain PK4, we delivered Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoproteins targeting each of the three genes into the wild-type cells by electroporation and successfully disrupted these three genes separately. The lipid productivity in the disruptants of CDMT1 and DMAN1 was similar to and lower than that in the wild-type strain, while the disruptants of AATPL1 exhibited > 30% higher lipid productivity than the wild-type strain under diurnal conditions. CONCLUSIONS We succeeded in improving the lipid productivity of P. kessleri by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene disruption of AATPL1. The effective gene-editing method established in this study will be useful to improve Parachlorella strains for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kasai
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan.
- Department of Biological Science, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan.
| | - Satsuki Takagi
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ota
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ishii
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
- Department of Radiation Measurement and Dose Assessment, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-Ku,, Chiba-Shi, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takeshita
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kawano
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Shigeaki Harayama
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 112-8551, Japan
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Takagi A, Nagao M, Uejima Y, Sasaki D, Asayama M. Efficient pH and dissolved CO 2 conditions for indoor and outdoor cultures of green alga Parachlorella. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1233944. [PMID: 37767110 PMCID: PMC10520278 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1233944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient pH and dissolved CO2 conditions for indoor (50-450 mL scale) and outdoor (100-500 L scale) culture of a green alga BX1.5 strain that can produce useful intracellular lipids and extracellular polysaccharides were investigated for the first time in Parachlorella sp. The cultures harvested under 26 different conditions were analysed for pH, dissolved CO2 concentration, and the biomass of extracellular polysaccharides. The BX1.5 strain could thrive in a wide range of initial medium pH ranging from 3 to 11 and produced valuable lipids such as C16:0, C18:2, and C18:3 under indoor and outdoor culture conditions when supplied with 2.0% dissolved CO2. Particularly, the acidic BG11 medium effectively increased the biomass of extracellular polysaccharides during short-term outdoor cultivation. The BG11 liquid medium also led to extracellular polysaccharide production, independent of acidity and alkalinity, proportional to the increase in total sugars derived from cells supplied with high CO2 concentrations. These results suggest Parachlorella as a promising strain for indoor and outdoor cultivation to produce valuable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Takagi
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Misato Nagao
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuya Uejima
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Munehiko Asayama
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Microalgae Polysaccharides: An Alternative Source for Food Production and Sustainable Agriculture. POLYSACCHARIDES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/polysaccharides3020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates or polysaccharides are the main products derived from photosynthesis and carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle. Compared to other sources, polysaccharides derived from microalgae are safe, biocompatible, biodegradable, stable, and versatile. These polymeric macromolecules present complex biochemical structures according to each microalgal species. In addition, they exhibit emulsifying properties and biological characteristics that include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antimicrobial activities. Some microalgal species have a naturally high concentration of carbohydrates. Other species can adapt their metabolism to produce more sugars from changes in temperature and light, carbon source, macro and micronutrient limitations (mainly nitrogen), and saline stress. In addition to growing in adverse conditions, microalgae can use industrial effluents as an alternative source of nutrients. Microalgal polysaccharides are predominantly composed of pentose and hexose monosaccharide subunits with many glycosidic bonds. Microalgae polysaccharides can be structural constituents of the cell wall, energy stores, or protective polysaccharides and cell interaction. The industrial use of microalgae polysaccharides is on the rise. These microorganisms present rheological and biological properties, making them a promising candidate for application in the food industry and agriculture. Thus, microalgae polysaccharides are promising sustainable alternatives for potential applications in several sectors, and the choice of producing microalgal species depends on the required functional activity. In this context, this review article aims to provide an overview of microalgae technology for polysaccharide production, emphasizing its potential in the food, animal feed, and agriculture sector.
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Loustau E, Leflaive J, Boscus C, Amalric Q, Ferriol J, Oleinikova O, Pokrovsky OS, Girbal-Neuhauser E, Rols JL. The Response of Extracellular Polymeric Substances Production by Phototrophic Biofilms to a Sequential Disturbance Strongly Depends on Environmental Conditions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:742027. [PMID: 34707592 PMCID: PMC8542934 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.742027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Phototrophic biofilms are exposed to multiple stressors that can affect them both directly and indirectly. By modifying either the composition of the community or the physiology of the microorganisms, press stressors may indirectly impact the ability of the biofilms to cope with disturbances. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by the biofilm are known to play an important role in its resilience to various stresses. The aim of this study was to decipher to what extent slight modifications of environmental conditions could alter the resilience of phototrophic biofilm EPS to a realistic sequential disturbance (4-day copper exposure followed by a 14-day dry period). By using very simplified biofilms with a single algal strain, we focused solely on physiological effects. The biofilms, composed by the non-axenic strains of a green alga (Uronema confervicolum) or a diatom (Nitzschia palea) were grown in artificial channels in six different conditions of light intensity, temperature and phosphorous concentration. EPS quantity (total organic carbon) and quality (ratio protein/polysaccharide, PN/PS) were measured before and at the end of the disturbance, and after a 14-day rewetting period. The diatom biofilm accumulated more biomass at the highest temperature, with lower EPS content and lower PN/PS ratio while green alga biofilm accumulated more biomass at the highest light condition with lower EPS content and lower PN/PS ratio. Temperature, light intensity, and P concentration significantly modified the resistance and/or recovery of EPS quality and quantity, differently for the two biofilms. An increase in light intensity, which had effect neither on the diatom biofilm growth nor on EPS production before disturbance, increased the resistance of EPS quantity and the resilience of EPS quality. These results emphasize the importance of considering the modulation of community resilience ability by environmental conditions, which remains scarce in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Loustau
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.,LBAE, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Auch, France
| | - Joséphine Leflaive
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Boscus
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Quentin Amalric
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Jessica Ferriol
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Olga Oleinikova
- GET, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
| | - Oleg S Pokrovsky
- GET, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France.,BIO-GEO-CLIM Laboratory, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Jean-Luc Rols
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse INP, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
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Liu X, Zhao J, Feng J, Lv J, Liu Q, Nan F, Xie T, Xie S. A Parachlorella kessleri (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) strain tolerant to high concentration of calcium chloride. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2021; 69:e12872. [PMID: 34618995 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Members of coccoid green algae have been documented in various extreme environments. In this article, a unicellular green alga was found to slowly grow in high concentration (3.6 g/L) and pure calcium chloride solution in the laboratory. It was successfully cultured and a taxonomic study combined approaches of morphological and molecular methods was conducted to determine its classification attribution, which was followed by a preliminary physiology research to explore its unique tolerance characteristics against calcium chloride stress. The strain was identified as Parachlorella kessleri by very similar morphology and the same phylogenetic position. The morphological differences among the three species in genus Parachlorella were then discussed and the characteristic traits of absent or thin mucilaginous envelop and mantel-shaped chloroplast for P. kessleri were supported. In addition, the almost strictly spherical shape of adult cells could further distinguish the P. kessleri from the other two species. The tolerant characteristics to CaCl2 stress for this strain were confirmed and the limit concentration was revealed as between 2000 and 4000 times than the standard BG11 culture concentration. Therefore, this P. kessleri strain is expected to be a good material to explore the mechanism of resistance to calcium ions stress for eukaryotic microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinli Zhao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jia Feng
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junping Lv
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Fangru Nan
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tao Xie
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shulian Xie
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Regional Plants, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) as Microalgal Bioproducts: A Review of Factors Affecting EPS Synthesis and Application in Flocculation Processes. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14134007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are natural resources of intracellular compounds with a wide spectrum of applications in, e.g., the food industry, pharmacy, and biofuel production. The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) released by microalgal cells are a valuable bioproduct. Polysaccharides, protein, lipids, and DNA are the main constituents of EPS. This review presents the recent advances in the field of the determinants of the synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances by microalgal cells and the EPS structure. Physical and chemical culture conditions have been analyzed to achieve useful insights into the development of a strategy optimizing EPS production by microalgal cells. The application of microalgal EPS for flocculation and mechanisms involved in this process are also discussed in terms of biomass harvesting. Additionally, the ability of EPS to remove toxic heavy metals has been analyzed. With their flocculation and sorption properties, microalgal EPS are a promising bioproduct that can potentially be used in harvesting algal biomass and wastewater management.
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Characteristics and function of an extracellular polysaccharide from a green alga Parachlorella. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 254:117252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ganesan R, Manigandan S, Samuel MS, Shanmuganathan R, Brindhadevi K, Lan Chi NT, Duc PA, Pugazhendhi A. A review on prospective production of biofuel from microalgae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:e00509. [PMID: 32775233 PMCID: PMC7396912 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2020.e00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This critical review summarizes the utilization of algae as the resilient source for biofuel. The paper validates the different stages in generation of biofuels and provides a clarity on III generation biofuels. The microalgae is focused as an incredible source and a detailed discussion has been carried out from the cultivation, extraction and conversion to the final product. An elaborate view on conversion methodologies and troubles involved in the respective techniques are presented. The efficiency of the algal fuel performing in I/C engines derived from major techniques is considered. There exist new challenging barriers in the implementation of microalgae as prospective source in the energy market. In addition, types of pyrolysis for the production of main product from microalgae had been discussed in detail. Besides, some microalgae grow easily from fresh to waste water, make it more feasible source. Although the microalgae are a best alternative, cost of production and the yield of biofuel are still challenging. Further, cultivation of microalgae is very effective by applying two stage cultivation strategies. This comprehensive review provides the useful tool to identify, innovate and operate microalgae as the potential based biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Ganesan
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph's Institute of Technology, Chennai 600 119, India
| | - S Manigandan
- Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600 119, India
| | - Melvin S Samuel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, CEAS, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53211, United States
| | | | - Kathirvel Brindhadevi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thuy Lan Chi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Pham Anh Duc
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Innovative Green Product Synthesis and Renewable Environment Development Research Group, Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
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