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Rafiee A, Mohammadizadeh F. Association of Lymphovascular Space Invasion (LVSI) with Histological Tumor Grade and Myometrial Invasion in Endometrial Carcinoma: A Review Study. Adv Biomed Res 2023; 12:159. [PMID: 37564444 PMCID: PMC10410422 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_52_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometrial carcinoma is one of the most frequent gynecological cancers in developed countries. Lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI), histological grade, and myometrial invasion (MMI) are important prognostic factors of endometrial carcinoma. LVSI is considered an independent poor prognostic factor in endometrial carcinoma. Based on the importance of LVSI, this study aimed to discuss the association of LVSI with tumor grade and MMI. A search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library was carried out to collect related studies. Consequently, most studies showed that LVSI is significantly associated with higher histologic grade and deep MMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azita Rafiee
- Pathologist, Iranian Medical and Pathology Laboratory, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Mohammadizadeh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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2
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Balestra A, Larsimont D, Noël JC. HER2 Amplification in p53-Mutated Endometrial Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15051435. [PMID: 36900227 PMCID: PMC10001224 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15051435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
p53-mutated endometrial carcinomas tend to recur and develop distant metastases. Therefore, the detection of new potential therapeutic targets such as HER2 is particularly interesting. In this retrospective study, which considered over 118 endometrial carcinomas, the p53 mutation was detected in 29.6% of cases. In these cases, the HER2 protein profile was studied via immunohistochemistry, and an overexpression of HER2 protein (++ or +++) was noted in 31.4%. The CISH technique was used in these cases to determine if gene amplification was present. In 18% of cases, the technique was not conclusive. Amplification of the HER2 gene was observed in 36.3% of cases and 36.3% of cases showed a polysomal-like aneusomy for centromere 17. Amplification was found in serous carcinomas, clear cell carcinomas and carcinosarcomas, highlighting the future potentiality of HER2-targeted therapies in these variants of aggressive carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambre Balestra
- Department of Gynecology, ULB-Erasme, HUB, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-478966216
| | - Denis Larsimont
- Department of Pathology, Institut Bordet, ULB-Erasme, HUB, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Noël
- Department of Pathology, Institut Bordet, ULB-Erasme, HUB, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070 Bruxelles, Belgium
- CUREPATH, Rue de Borfilet, 12A, 6040 Jumet, Belgium
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3
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors and Mismatch Repair Status in Advanced Endometrial Cancer: Elective Affinities. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11133912. [PMID: 35807197 PMCID: PMC9267485 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11133912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Since endometrial cancers (ECs) are frequently TMB-H and MSI-H/dMMR tumors, this element has provided the rationale for testing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which have recently emerged as a potential game-changer. However, several questions remain to be addressed, including the identification of patients who may benefit from the addition of ICIs as well as those who do not need immunotherapy. In the current paper, we provide an overview of the clinical development of immunotherapy in advanced or recurrent EC, discussing the role of MMR and the "elective affinities" between ICIs and this predictive biomarker in this setting.
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4
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Wang W, Jin W, Liu X, Zheng L. Circ_0002577/miR-126-5p/MACC1 axis promotes endometrial carcinoma progression by regulation of proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis of endometrial carcinoma cells. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2022; 306:481-491. [PMID: 35103833 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-022-06412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a common female reproductive malignant tumor. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have been reported to participate in tumorigenesis, including EC. Therefore, this study was designed to clarify the role and underlying molecular mechanisms of circ_0002577 in EC. METHODS The expression levels of circ_0002577, miR-126-5p, and metastasis associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. The protein expression was quantified by western blot assay. The proliferation of EC cells was assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazol-3-ium bromide (MTT) and colony-forming assays. The migration and invasion of EC cells was measured by transwell assay. The apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry assay. Dual-luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assays were performed to confirm the relationship between miR-126-5p and circ_0002577 or MACC1. The influence of circ_0002577 inhibition on tumor growth was assessed by xenograft experiment. RESULTS Circ_0002577 and MACC1 were increased while miR-126-5p was decreased in EC tissues and cells. Loss-of-functional experiment revealed that silencing of circ_0002577 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion while induced apoptosis of EC cells, which were overturned by overexpression of MACC1. The upregulation of miR-126-5p also impeded proliferation and mobility while induced apoptosis of EC cells. MiR-126-5p, negatively regulating MACC1 expression, was a functional target of circ_0002577 in EC cells. Moreover, we also confirmed that suppression of circ_0002577 repressed tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSION The contributions of the circ_0002577 in EC were contributed to its interactions with miR-126-5p and MACC1, which offered a new perspective to the roles of circ_0002577 in EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Wang
- Department of Gynaecology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256, Youyi West Road, Xi'an City, 710000, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Wen Jin
- Department of Gynaecology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256, Youyi West Road, Xi'an City, 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Gynaecology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256, Youyi West Road, Xi'an City, 710000, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Wang T, Ma F, Qian HL. Defueling the cancer: ATP synthase as an emerging target in cancer therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 23:82-95. [PMID: 34703878 PMCID: PMC8517097 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of cellular metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. Mitochondrial ATP synthase (MAS) produces most of the ATP that drives the cell. High expression of the MAS-composing proteins is found during cancer and is linked to a poor prognosis in glioblastoma, ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer, and clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cell surface-expressed ATP synthase, translocated from mitochondrion to cell membrane, involves the angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and metastasis of cancer. ATP synthase has therefore been considered a therapeutic target. We review recent various ATP synthase inhibitors that suppress tumor growth and are being tested for the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hai-Li Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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6
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Patterns of Myometrial Invasion in Endometrial Adenocarcinoma with Emphasizing on Microcystic, Elongated and Fragmented (MELF) Glands Pattern: A Narrative Review of the Literature. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11091707. [PMID: 34574048 PMCID: PMC8469256 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11091707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma (EEC) is the most common malignancy of the female genital tract. According to the 2009 FIGO staging system, the depth of myometrial invasion (MI), and tumor spread to adjacent organs or tissues are the staging criteria for endometrial carcinoma (EC). Therefore, assessment of the depth of MI is of great importance. There is a spectrum of morphological patterns of MI. Still, their number and features vary according to the scientific literature, with a certain overlap that creates difficulties and controversies in the precise assessment of MI depth. The purpose of this review is to present and discuss the most important and recent information about patterns of MI, focusing on the more aggressive and the elongated and fragmented glands (MELF) pattern in particular. Assessment of MI depth and correct staging of EC is possible only after the precise recognition of each MI pattern.
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7
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Yang XM, Zhang Y, Xue H, Gong CL. Two lanthanide coordination polymers: treatment activity on the endometrial carcinoma by inhibiting the VEGF signaling pathway. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2021.1952245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Yang
- Department of Gynaecology, Huangdao District Chinese Medicine Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Huangdao District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hui Xue
- Department of Gynaecology, Qingdao Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Cui-Lan Gong
- Department of Gynaecology, Huangdao District Chinese Medicine Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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8
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Rousset-Rouviere S, Rochigneux P, Chrétien AS, Fattori S, Gorvel L, Provansal M, Lambaudie E, Olive D, Sabatier R. Endometrial Carcinoma: Immune Microenvironment and Emerging Treatments in Immuno-Oncology. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060632. [PMID: 34199461 PMCID: PMC8228955 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) can easily be cured when diagnosed at an early stage. However, advanced and metastatic EC is a common disease, affecting more than 15,000 patients per year in the United Sates. Only limited treatment options were available until recently, with a taxane–platinum combination as the gold standard in first-line setting and no efficient second-line chemotherapy or hormone therapy. EC can be split into four molecular subtypes, including hypermutated cases with POLE mutations and 25–30% harboring a microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype with mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR). These tumors display a high load of frameshift mutations, leading to increased expression of neoantigens that can be targeted by the immune system, including (but not limited) to T-cell response. Recent data have demonstrated this impact of programmed death 1 and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) inhibitors on chemo-resistant metastatic EC. The uncontrolled KEYNOTE-158 and GARNET trials have shown high response rates with pembrolizumab and dostarlimab in chemoresistant MSI-high tumors. Most responders experiment long responses that last more than one year. Similar, encouraging results were obtained for MMR proficient (MMRp) cases treated with a combination of pembrolizumab and the angiogenesis inhibitor lenvatinib. Approvals have, thus, been obtained or are underway for EC with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) used as monotherapy, and in combination with antiangiogenic agents. Combinations with other targeted therapies are under evaluation and randomized studies are ongoing to explore the impact of ICI-chemotherapy triplets in first-line setting. We summarize in this review the current knowledge of the immune environment of EC, both for MMRd and MMRp tumors. We also detail the main clinical data regarding PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and discuss the next steps of development for immunotherapy, including various ICI-based combinations planned to limit resistance to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Rousset-Rouviere
- Immunomonitoring Department, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France; (S.R.-R.); (P.R.); (A.-S.C.); (S.F.); (L.G.); (E.L.); (D.O.)
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, CRCM, Inserm U1068, CNRS U7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Rochigneux
- Immunomonitoring Department, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France; (S.R.-R.); (P.R.); (A.-S.C.); (S.F.); (L.G.); (E.L.); (D.O.)
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, CRCM, Inserm U1068, CNRS U7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France;
| | - Anne-Sophie Chrétien
- Immunomonitoring Department, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France; (S.R.-R.); (P.R.); (A.-S.C.); (S.F.); (L.G.); (E.L.); (D.O.)
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, CRCM, Inserm U1068, CNRS U7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
- Team Immunity and Cancer, CRCM, Inserm U1068, CNRS U7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphane Fattori
- Immunomonitoring Department, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France; (S.R.-R.); (P.R.); (A.-S.C.); (S.F.); (L.G.); (E.L.); (D.O.)
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, CRCM, Inserm U1068, CNRS U7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
- Team Immunity and Cancer, CRCM, Inserm U1068, CNRS U7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Gorvel
- Immunomonitoring Department, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France; (S.R.-R.); (P.R.); (A.-S.C.); (S.F.); (L.G.); (E.L.); (D.O.)
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, CRCM, Inserm U1068, CNRS U7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
- Team Immunity and Cancer, CRCM, Inserm U1068, CNRS U7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Magali Provansal
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France;
| | - Eric Lambaudie
- Immunomonitoring Department, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France; (S.R.-R.); (P.R.); (A.-S.C.); (S.F.); (L.G.); (E.L.); (D.O.)
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, CRCM, Inserm U1068, CNRS U7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Immunomonitoring Department, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France; (S.R.-R.); (P.R.); (A.-S.C.); (S.F.); (L.G.); (E.L.); (D.O.)
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, CRCM, Inserm U1068, CNRS U7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
- Team Immunity and Cancer, CRCM, Inserm U1068, CNRS U7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Renaud Sabatier
- Immunomonitoring Department, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France; (S.R.-R.); (P.R.); (A.-S.C.); (S.F.); (L.G.); (E.L.); (D.O.)
- Predictive Oncology Laboratory, CRCM, Inserm U1068, CNRS U7258, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix Marseille University, 13009 Marseille, France
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, 13009 Marseille, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-9122-3537
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De Leo A, Santini D, Ceccarelli C, Santandrea G, Palicelli A, Acquaviva G, Chiarucci F, Rosini F, Ravegnini G, Pession A, Turchetti D, Zamagni C, Perrone AM, De Iaco P, Tallini G, de Biase D. What Is New on Ovarian Carcinoma: Integrated Morphologic and Molecular Analysis Following the New 2020 World Health Organization Classification of Female Genital Tumors. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:697. [PMID: 33919741 PMCID: PMC8070731 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian carcinomas represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms consisting of separate entities with distinct risk factors, precursor lesions, pathogenesis, patterns of spread, molecular profiles, clinical course, response to chemotherapy, and outcomes. The histologic subtype and the related molecular features are essential for individualized clinical decision-making. The fifth edition of the World Health Organization classification of tumors of the female genital tract divides ovarian carcinomas into at least five main and distinct types of ovarian carcinomas: high-grade serous carcinoma, low-grade serous carcinoma, endometrioid carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma, and mucinous carcinoma. Molecular pathology has improved the knowledge of genomic landscape of ovarian carcinomas identifying peculiar alterations for every histologic subtype. It is well-known that high-grade and low-grade serous carcinomas are separate entities with entirely different morphologic and molecular characteristics. TP53 and BRCA mutations are typical of high-grade serous carcinoma, whereas BRAF and KRAS mutations frequently occur in low-grade serous carcinoma. Endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas are frequently associated with endometriosis. Endometrioid tumors are characterized by β-catenin alterations, microsatellite instability, and PTEN and POLE mutations, while ARID1A mutations occur in both endometrioid and clear cell carcinomas. Mucinous carcinomas are uncommon tumors associated with copy-number loss of CDKN2A and KRAS alterations and metastasis from other sites should always be considered in the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio De Leo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (F.C.); (G.T.)
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna/Azienda USL di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (D.d.B.)
- Centro di Studio e Ricerca delle Neoplasie Ginecologiche, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.S.); (G.R.); (D.T.); (A.M.P.); (P.D.I.)
| | - Donatella Santini
- Centro di Studio e Ricerca delle Neoplasie Ginecologiche, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.S.); (G.R.); (D.T.); (A.M.P.); (P.D.I.)
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Claudio Ceccarelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (F.C.); (G.T.)
- Centro di Studio e Ricerca delle Neoplasie Ginecologiche, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.S.); (G.R.); (D.T.); (A.M.P.); (P.D.I.)
| | - Giacomo Santandrea
- Pathology Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Andrea Palicelli
- Pathology Unit, AUSL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (G.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Giorgia Acquaviva
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (F.C.); (G.T.)
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna/Azienda USL di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (D.d.B.)
| | - Federico Chiarucci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (F.C.); (G.T.)
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna/Azienda USL di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (D.d.B.)
| | - Francesca Rosini
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Gloria Ravegnini
- Centro di Studio e Ricerca delle Neoplasie Ginecologiche, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.S.); (G.R.); (D.T.); (A.M.P.); (P.D.I.)
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pession
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna/Azienda USL di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (D.d.B.)
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Daniela Turchetti
- Centro di Studio e Ricerca delle Neoplasie Ginecologiche, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.S.); (G.R.); (D.T.); (A.M.P.); (P.D.I.)
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Zamagni
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, Via Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Anna Myriam Perrone
- Centro di Studio e Ricerca delle Neoplasie Ginecologiche, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.S.); (G.R.); (D.T.); (A.M.P.); (P.D.I.)
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pierandrea De Iaco
- Centro di Studio e Ricerca delle Neoplasie Ginecologiche, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.S.); (G.R.); (D.T.); (A.M.P.); (P.D.I.)
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna, Via Massarenti 13, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tallini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.C.); (G.A.); (F.C.); (G.T.)
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna/Azienda USL di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (D.d.B.)
- Centro di Studio e Ricerca delle Neoplasie Ginecologiche, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.S.); (G.R.); (D.T.); (A.M.P.); (P.D.I.)
| | - Dario de Biase
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero—Universitaria di Bologna/Azienda USL di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.P.); (D.d.B.)
- Centro di Studio e Ricerca delle Neoplasie Ginecologiche, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (D.S.); (G.R.); (D.T.); (A.M.P.); (P.D.I.)
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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10
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Clinicopathologic Characterization of Bilateral Testicular Germ Cell Tumors With Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Mismatch Repair and BRAF (V600E) Genes Mutations. Int J Surg Pathol 2019; 27:619-623. [DOI: 10.1177/1066896919842939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of bilateral testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) is 1% to 5%. Despite the high rate of treatment success, resistance to chemotherapy has a detrimental effect. Some studies found MMR and BRAF gene mutations to be associated with chemotherapy resistance, which has not been found by others. However, the role of microsatellite instability (MSI) and BRAF mutations in bilateral disease has not been investigated. In this article, we studied the clinicopathologic characteristics and immunohistochemical expressions of MMR and BRAF in 13 patients with bilateral TGCT. Bilateral tumors were found in 4% of patients in our data. The mean ages at the first and subsequent diagnoses were 26.9 and 28.3 years, respectively. Eleven patients had metachronous disease; and the mean period between both tumors was 4.9 years. Six had mixed GCTs (MGCT) initially and later developed contralateral seminoma, 3 had bilateral MGCTs; 1 initially had pure embryonal carcinoma and subsequently MGCT and finally, 1 patient had initial seminoma and contralateral germ cell neoplasia in situ only. Of the patients with synchronous GCT, 1 had a MGCT and contralateral non-seminoma and 1 had seminoma and contralateral MGCT. In metachronous cases, 40% and 78% had an initial and subsequent stage of pT1, respectively. Hormonal and/or metastatic recurrence was observed in 30% of metachronous tumors. Six patients received chemotherapy, including patients with metastasis. No progression occurred after therapy. MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6 staining was retained in all tumors. No BRAF staining was found. In conclusion, we found no association between bilateral TGCT and the MMR/MSI pathway and that subsequent metachronous tumors behaved much more indolently.
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