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Shao J, Zhu Z, Xu B, Wang S, Jin R, Yang M, Zhang W, Han C, Wang X. Triage and Evaluation of Blast-Injured Patients in Wenling Liquefied Petroleum Gas Tanker Explosion. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44:1492-1501. [PMID: 37184046 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
On June 13, 2020, a liquefied petroleum gas tanker exploded in Wenling. Here, the authors describe the mass casualty emergency response to the explosion. The authors collected the medical records of 176 inpatients at 8 hospitals in Taizhou and Hangzhou. The 176 inpatients with blast injuries comprised 70 females and 106 males, with an average age of 45.48 ± 19.96 years, and more than half of the patients were farmers. They were transported to six hospitals distributed around the explosion site in Taizhou in the initial rescue period and were grouped according to their new injury severity score as having mild, moderate, severe, or extremely severe injuries. Most patients with severe and extremely severe injuries were admitted to a superior hospital for postsecondary triage. Forty-four patients experienced primary blast injuries, 137 experienced secondary blast injuries, 37 experienced tertiary blast injuries, and 40 patients experienced quaternary blast injuries. Multiple blast injuries were suffered by 62 patients. Most patients (95.45%) suffered external injuries, with the chest, extremities, and face as the main affected areas. Burns were diagnosed in 26 adults, of whom 15.38%, 19.23%, 7.70%, and 57.69% suffered mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe cases. Sixteen burn patients suffered from burn-blast injuries. Upper limbs and the head/face/neck area, as exposed areas, were more likely to experience a burn injury. Inhalation was the main accompanying injury. Of the eight patients who died in the prehospital session, seven had burn injuries. This report on the accident and injury characteristics of an open-air LPG-related explosion will facilitate responses to subsequent catastrophes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Shao
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Disease
| | - Zhikang Zhu
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Disease
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Disease
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Disease
- Department of Burns, The First People's Hospital of Wenling, Taizhou, 317525, China
| | - Ronghua Jin
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Disease
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Disease
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Disease
| | - Chunmao Han
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Disease
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310009, China
- Key laboratory of The Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Disease
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Stojanovic N, Boskovic B, Petrovic M, Grujic I, Abdullah OI. The impact of accidents during the transport of dangerous good, on people, the environment, and infrastructure and measures for their reduction: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:32288-32300. [PMID: 36738415 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Road transport is one of the most dangerous methods of goods transport. Driver errors and poor traffic conditions can cause traffic accidents, which can have a negative impact on people's health, the environment, and infrastructure. The main influence on the level of the consequences is the chemical composition and amount of the transported substance. This paper presents the causes of traffic accidents during the transport of dangerous goods. In addition, how traffic accidents during the transport of dangerous goods affect people's health, the environment, and infrastructure was shown. After that, measures for accidents avoidance and the alleviation and reduction of dangerous goods were given. From the review of studies from the subject field, it can be concluded that the dangerous goods are very harmful to people, the environment, and infrastructure when transport accidents occur. Lessons should be learned from the history of accidents involving the transport of dangerous goods to avoid repeating the same mistakes. The review conclusions indicate that a routes optimization and investment in road infrastructure are needed to reduce risk during the transport of dangerous goods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadica Stojanovic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Bojana Boskovic
- Department in Trstenik, Academy of Professional Studies Šumadija, Trstenik, Serbia
| | - Miroslav Petrovic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Ivan Grujic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Oday I Abdullah
- Department of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
- Department of Mechanics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050038, Kazakhstan
- System Technologies and Engineering Design Methodology, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany
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Jin R, Yang M, Weng T, Shao J, Xia S, Han C, Wang X. Epidemiology and Early Bacteriology of Extremely Severe Burns from an LPG Tanker Explosion in Eastern China. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2022; 12:478-485. [PMID: 36166166 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-022-00066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-related accidents in China has increased over the recent years. In addition, infection remains a big challenge in cases of severe burns. Therefore, the present study aimed to provide valuable information for a better control of infections in the event of such disasters. In this study, a total of 16 patients who suffered extremely severe burns after an LPG tanker explosion were included. Thereafter, bacteriological culture results were collected within a week. Of 16 patients, 13 (81.25%) were male and the average age of all patients was 60.63 years. In addition, the mean burned area was 83.03% TBSA. Additionally, a total of 553 organism cultures were conducted out of which 287 isolates (51.90%) showed positive results. Notably, 38.52% were Gram-negative bacteria, 7.59% were Gram-positive bacteria and 5.79% were fungi. Moreover, the most prevalent Gram-negative bacteria were Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (28.97%) followed by Acinetobacter baumannii (28.53%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (14.02%). On the other hand, the three most predominant Gram-positive bacteria were Enterococcus faecalis (33.33%), Staphylococcus aureus (28.89%) and Staphylococcus sciuri (17.78%). Furthermore, the most common fungi included Candida (38.24%), Fusarium (20.59%) and Aspergillus fumigatus (14.71%). With regard to the bacterial resistance patterns, carbapenem-resistant organisms included Acinetobacter baumannii (97.80%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (67.57%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (75.56%). In addition, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus were identified to be methicillin-resistant. This study revealed that there was a high incidence of infection in victims of severe burns as a result of mass burn accidents, accompanied by early fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Jin
- Department of Burns and Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Burns and Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Weng
- Department of Burns and Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaming Shao
- Department of Burns and Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sizhan Xia
- Department of Burns and Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunmao Han
- Department of Burns and Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Burns and Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Trauma and Burn of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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A simplified fluid resuscitation formula for burns in mass casualty scenarios: Analysis of the consensus recommendation from the WHO Emergency Medical Teams Technical Working Group on Burns. Burns 2021; 47:1730-1738. [PMID: 33707086 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burn fluid resuscitation guidelines have not specifically addressed mass casualty with resource limited situations, except for oral rehydration for burns below 40% total body surface area (TBSA). The World Health Organization Technical Working Group on Burns (TWGB) recommends an initial fluid rate of 100 mL/kg/24 h, either orally or intravenously, beyond 20% TBSA burned. We aimed to compare this formula with current guidelines. METHODS The TWGB formula was numerically compared with 2-4 mL/kg/%TBSA for adults and the Galveston formula for children. RESULTS In adults, the TWGB formula estimated fluid volumes within the range of current guidelines for burns between 25 and 50% TBSA, and a maximal 20 mL/kg/24 h difference in the 20-25% and the 50-60% TBSA ranges. In children, estimated resuscitation volumes between 20 and 60% TBSA approximated estimations by the Galveston formula, but only partially compensated for maintenance fluids. Beyond 60% TBSA, the TWGB formula underestimated fluid to be given in all age groups. CONCLUSION The TWGB formula for mass burn casualties may enable appropriate fluid resuscitation for most salvageable burned patients in disasters. This simple formula is easy to implement. It should simplify patient management including transfers, reduce the risk of early complications, and thereby optimize disaster response, provided that tailored resuscitation is given whenever specialized care becomes available.
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Jin R, Shao J, Ho JK, Yu M, Han C. A Retrospective Multicenter Study of 1898 Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Related Burn Patients in Eastern China From 2011 to 2015. J Burn Care Res 2020; 41:1188-1197. [PMID: 32353117 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/iraa067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a widely used environment-friendly fuel. Previous studies have shown an increasing number of LPG-related burns. Our study was designed to evaluate the epidemiologic pattern of these injuries and provide recommendations for burn prevention. This retrospective study included all patients with LPG-related burns from eight burn centers in Zhejiang Province, China between 2011 and 2015. Database variables included patient demographics, accident characteristics, and injury characteristics. The association between different categorical variables was identified using the chi-square test. And the association between two or more means of quantitative variables was analyzed by the one-way analysis of variance or t-test. A total of 1898 patients were included, 47.31% were males and 52.69% were females. The predominant age group was 31 to 70 years (74.50%), and the majority were poorly educated and the incidence peaked from June to September. The most common place of occurrence was home (74.08%) and gas leak (96.52%) was the most common cause. The four limbs (43.33%) were the most frequently affected areas; the mean burn area was 25.19 ± 20.97% of the total body surface area and most patients (46.89%) suffered from moderate burns. The mean length of hospital stay was 17.66 ± 16.55 days and the majority of patients (89.36%) recovered with a 0.84% mortality rate. Our findings reflected that the increase in incidence rate was alarming, and the causes resulting in LPG-related burns have not gained much attention yet. Therefore, this calls for simple but strict measures aiming at each hazardous step during the use of LPG to prevent these burn injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Jin
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaming Shao
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jon Kee Ho
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meirong Yu
- Clinical Research Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunmao Han
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Lee HY, Lee JI, Kim OH, Lee KH, Kim HT, Youk H. Assessment of the disaster medical response system through an investigation of a 43-vehicle mass collision on Jung-ang expressway. ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2019; 123:60-68. [PMID: 30468947 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It was considered the challenges of the actual response and the potential for improvement, including the activities of the disaster response system, national emergency medical center, and the regional base hospital for the treatment of multiple traffic accident victims. The purpose of this study was to analyze the accident management system through real investigating the multiple collision over 10 vehicles with mass casualty events as a disaster situation. METHODS This study was retrospective study to analyze the disaster event with multiple collision traffic accident on the expressway in Korea. We visited five medical centers for eight days since the accident occurred and interviewed the injured patients in this accident to examine the health status and medical records. After that, we visited the sixteen car-repair shops in four cities for real investigate about damaged vehicles. According to the arrangement of the accident situation for the accident vehicles through real-world investigation, we reproduced all parts of the accident scene, which were real-world investigated, by the accident situation sketch program. The collected data were summarized by Collision Deformation Classification (CDC) codes, and the medical records of the occupants were assessed using the Injury Severity Score (ISS). RESULTS The cause of the accident was snow freezing of the road. The information about 72 injured patients on 31 damaged vehicles was collected by phone, visit, and actual accident investigation. Of the 72 patients who were examined, 4 were severely injured and 68 were mildly injured. The accident occurred in the order of Sedan 13 (41.9%), SUV 11 (35.5%), Truck 4 (12.9%), Van 2 (6.5%) and Bus 1 (3.2%). The median value of the age [lower quartile and upper quartile] was 43 [34.5-52] years old and the patients included 25 drivers, 11 passengers, 7 back seat passengers, and 29 bus passengers. CONCLUSION The primary cause of this mass collision accident was road surface freezing, but the more serious secondary cause was a driver's inability to avoid the accident scene after the first collision. The severely injured occupants were occurred on the roads outside and inside the vehicle. In the event of a disaster, various teams from the police team, firefighting team, DMAT, EMS, road management team are gathered, and communication and command system between each team is important in order to identify and solve the disaster situation. To do this, it is important to develop manuals and prepare for training through repeated simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Lee
- Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Il Lee
- Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Oh Hyun Kim
- Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Hyun Lee
- Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Tae Kim
- Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Youk
- Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Department of Emergency Medicine, Republic of Korea.
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Jin R, Wu P, Ho JK, Wang X, Han C. Five-year epidemiology of liquefied petroleum gas-related burns. Burns 2017; 44:210-217. [PMID: 28781135 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)-related burns has increased over recent years, and it has become a serious public health issue in developing countries such as India and Turkey. This paper aims to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of LPG-related burns to provide assistance and suggestions for planning prevention strategies. METHODS A 5-year retrospective study was conducted in patients with LPG-related burns admitted to the Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, between 1st January 2011 and 31st December 2015. Information obtained for each patient included age, gender, education status, occupation, medical insurance, average hospital cost, length of hospital stay, monthly distribution of incidence, place of burns, mechanism of burns, extent of burns, site of burns, accompanying injuries, and treatment outcomes. RESULTS For the first 4 years (2011-2014), the yearly incidence of LPG-related burns was at approximately 10% of all burns; however, in the fifth year (2015) alone, there was a surge to 26.94%. A total of 1337 burn patients were admitted during this period. Of these, 195 patients were admitted because of 169 LPG-related accidents; there were 11 accidents involving more than one victim. LPG-related burns occurred most frequently in patients aged 21-60 years (73.85%). The majority of injuries occurred from May to August (56.41%), and the most common place was home (83.08%, 162 patients). Gas leak (81.03%) was the main cause of LPG-related burns, followed by inappropriate operation (7.69%) and cooking negligence (2.05%). The mean burn area was 31.32±25.40% of TBSA. The most common sites of burns were the upper extremities (37.47%), followed by the head/face and neck (24.80%) and lower extremities (19.95%). The most common accompanying injuries included inhalation injury (23.59%), shock (8.71%), and external injury (7.18%). The average hospital stay was 22.90±19.47days (range 2-84 days). Only 48 patients (24.62%) had medical insurance, while 124 patients (63.59%) had no medical insurance. The average hospital cost of the no medical insurance group was significantly higher (p<0.0001) than that of the medical insurance group. In addition, 72.73% of patients who left against medical advice (LAMA) were uninsured. The number of patients who recovered at our hospital was 165 (84.62%), while 22 patients (11.28%) LAMA. The overall mortality rate was 4.10% (8 patients). CONCLUSION Our study shows that the exponential increase in LPG-related burns is alarming. This calls for rigorous precautions. Because gas leak was the main cause of LPG-related burns, any part of LPG stove system that shows signs of weathering should be replaced regularly. In addition, we also found that most of the LAMA patients were uninsured. Thus, comprehensive medical insurance should be involved early in the recovery process to assure a safe and adequate discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Jin
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Wu
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jon Kee Ho
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingang Wang
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunmao Han
- Department of Burns & Wound Care Center, 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, College of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Yu M, Lv Q, Ding H, Zeng X, Cao J, Liu J, Fan H, Hou S. Evaluation of blast injury patients from the 2015 Tianjin explosions in China. Burns 2016; 42:1133-1140. [PMID: 27311537 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To perform a descriptive analysis of blast injury patients from the Tianjin explosions that occurred August 12, 2015 and provide a reference for triage and treatment of patients in similar situations in the future. METHODS The medical records of patients with blast injuries admitted to our hospital following the 2015 Tianjin explosions were retrospectively reviewed. The results were compared with the literature for other recent mass casualty events. RESULTS The 75 patients with blast injuries included 58 men (77.3%) and 17 women (22.7%), who had an average age of 36.39±12.3 years. Multidimensional injuries affecting almost every organ system were observed in these patients. The distribution of the types of blast injuries included 36 (48.0%) with primary blast injuries, 63 (84.0%) with secondary injuries, 33 (44.0%) with tertiary injuries and 32 (42.6%) with quaternary injuries. A total of 52 (69.3%) patients suffered more than two types of blast injury. Burns affecting different areas and different depths were present in 41.3% of the patients with blast injuries, and these were divided into the following four groups: a minor group (18.7%), a moderate group (10.7%), a severe group (5.3%), and an extra severe group (6.7%). The total body surface area (TBSA) affected by the burn ranged from 1% to 75%. Additionally, 6.7% of the patients were diagnosed with an inhalational injury, and 2.7% of the patients were diagnosed with chemical poisoning. There were significant differences in the department distribution (especially in the burn unit and ophthalmology department) and ICU treatment between civilians and firefighters. CONCLUSION Various types of injury, with overlapping injuries present in many patients, were observed in the victims after the Tianjin explosions. An evaluation of the distribution of blast injuries is important for optimizing strategies to triage and treat survivors after mass casualty events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Yu
- Institute of Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Logistic University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Lv
- Institute of Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Logistic University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Institute of Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Logistic University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China
| | - Xihuan Zeng
- Institute of Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Logistic University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Cao
- Institute of Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Logistic University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China
| | - Jinyang Liu
- Institute of Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Logistic University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China
| | - Haojun Fan
- Institute of Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Logistic University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China.
| | - Shike Hou
- Institute of Disaster Medicine and Public Health, Affiliated Hospital of Logistic University of the Chinese People's Armed Police Force (PAP), Tianjin, China.
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