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Thambirajoo M, Md Fadilah NI, Maarof M, Lokanathan Y, Mohamed MA, Zakaria S, Bt Hj Idrus R, Fauzi MB. Functionalised Sodium-Carboxymethylcellulose-Collagen Bioactive Bilayer as an Acellular Skin Substitute for Future Use in Diabetic Wound Management: The Evaluation of Physicochemical, Cell Viability, and Antibacterial Effects. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2252. [PMID: 39204471 PMCID: PMC11359669 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The wound healing mechanism is dynamic and well-orchestrated; yet, it is a complicated process. The hallmark of wound healing is to promote wound regeneration in less time without invading skin pathogens at the injury site. This study developed a sodium-carboxymethylcellulose (Na-CMC) bilayer scaffold that was later integrated with silver nanoparticles/graphene quantum dot nanoparticles (AgNPs/GQDs) as an acellular skin substitute for future use in diabetic wounds. The bilayer scaffold was prepared by layering the Na-CMC gauze onto the ovine tendon collagen type 1 (OTC-1). The bilayer scaffold was post-crosslinked with 0.1% (w/v) genipin (GNP) as a natural crosslinking agent. The physical and chemical characteristics of the bilayer scaffold were evaluated. The results demonstrate that crosslinked (CL) groups exhibited a high-water absorption capacity (>1000%) and an ideal water vapour evaporation rate (2000 g/m2 h) with a lower biodegradation rate and good hydrophilicity, compression, resilience, and porosity than the non-crosslinked (NC) groups. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs/GQDs presented some bactericidal effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The cytotoxicity tests on bilayer scaffolds demonstrated good cell viability for human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). Therefore, the Na-CMC bilayer scaffold could be a potential candidate for future diabetic wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheswary Thambirajoo
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.T.); (N.I.M.F.); (M.M.); (Y.L.); (R.B.H.I.)
| | - Nur Izzah Md Fadilah
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.T.); (N.I.M.F.); (M.M.); (Y.L.); (R.B.H.I.)
| | - Manira Maarof
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.T.); (N.I.M.F.); (M.M.); (Y.L.); (R.B.H.I.)
- Advance Bioactive Materials-Cells UKM Research Group, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Baru Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Yogeswaran Lokanathan
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.T.); (N.I.M.F.); (M.M.); (Y.L.); (R.B.H.I.)
| | - Mohd Ambri Mohamed
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bandar Baru Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Sarani Zakaria
- Materials Science Program, Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Baru Bangi 43600, Malaysia;
| | - Ruszymah Bt Hj Idrus
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.T.); (N.I.M.F.); (M.M.); (Y.L.); (R.B.H.I.)
| | - Mh Busra Fauzi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (M.T.); (N.I.M.F.); (M.M.); (Y.L.); (R.B.H.I.)
- Advance Bioactive Materials-Cells UKM Research Group, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bandar Baru Bangi 43600, Malaysia
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Masri S, Fadilah NIM, Hao LQ, Maarof M, Tabata Y, Hiraoka Y, Fauzi MB. Multifunctionalised skin substitute of hybrid gelatin-polyvinyl alcohol bioinks for chronic wound: injectable vs. 3D bioprinting. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:1005-1027. [PMID: 37938542 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-023-01447-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds are challenging to heal and increase global mortality. The effectiveness of skin graft is limited by rejection, fibrosis, and inadequate donor site. Multifunctionalised-hydrogel skin substitutes promoted higher wound healing by maintaining the moisture microenvironment and permit gas exchange/nourishment in prolong cell viability/activity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a skin substitute using two strategies; via injectable and 3D bioprinting technique. New hydrogel formulations that composed of gelatin (GE) and polyvinyl-alcohol (PVA) were constructed using a pre-mix crosslinking approach with genipin (GNP) to generate the biodegradable and biocompatible skin substitute with reduced secondary traumatic wound. GPVA5_GNP (6% GE: 5% PVA crosslinked with GNP) was the most stable hydrogel for wound healing application with the longest enzymatic degradation and stable hydrogel for absorption of excess wound exudates. Primary human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) migrated extensively through 3D bioprinted hydrogels with larger average pore sizes and interconnected pores than injectable hydrogels. Moreover, 3D bioprinted GPVA hydrogels were biocompatible with HDFs and demonstrated > 90% cell viability. HDFs maintained their phenotype and positively expressed collagen type-I, vinculin, short and dense F-actin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and Ki67. Additionally, the presence of GNP demonstrated antioxidant capacity and high-ability of angiogenesis. The utilisation of the 3D bioprinting (layer-by-layer) approach did not compromise the HDFs' growth capacity and biocompatibility with selected bioinks. In conclusion, it allows the cell encapsulation sustainability in a hydrogel matrix for a longer period, in promoting tissue regeneration and accelerating healing capacity, especially for difficult or chronic wound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syafira Masri
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, 15th Floor Pre-Clinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Izzah Md Fadilah
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, 15th Floor Pre-Clinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Looi Qi Hao
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, 15th Floor Pre-Clinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- My Cytohealth Sdn. Bhd, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Manira Maarof
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, 15th Floor Pre-Clinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering, Institute for Life and Medical Science (LiMe), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8500, Japan
| | - Yosuke Hiraoka
- Biomaterial Group, R&D Center, Yao City, 581-0000, Japan
| | - Mh Busra Fauzi
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, 15th Floor Pre-Clinical Building, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- My Cytohealth Sdn. Bhd, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Fadilah NIM, Phang SJ, Kamaruzaman N, Salleh A, Zawani M, Sanyal A, Maarof M, Fauzi MB. Antioxidant Biomaterials in Cutaneous Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration: A Critical Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040787. [PMID: 37107164 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural-based biomaterials play an important role in developing new products for medical applications, primarily in cutaneous injuries. A large panel of biomaterials with antioxidant properties has revealed an advancement in supporting and expediting tissue regeneration. However, their low bioavailability in preventing cellular oxidative stress through the delivery system limits their therapeutic activity at the injury site. The integration of antioxidant compounds in the implanted biomaterial should be able to maintain their antioxidant activity while facilitating skin tissue recovery. This review summarises the recent literature that reported the role of natural antioxidant-incorporated biomaterials in promoting skin wound healing and tissue regeneration, which is supported by evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Antioxidant-based therapies for wound healing have shown promising evidence in numerous animal studies, even though clinical studies remain very limited. We also described the underlying mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and provided a comprehensive review of ROS-scavenging biomaterials found in the literature in the last six years.
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Carton F. The contribution of immunohistochemistry to the development of hydrogels for skin repair and regeneration. Eur J Histochem 2023; 67. [PMID: 36843501 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2023.3679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels based on various polymeric materials have been successfully developed in recent years for a variety of skin applications. Several studies have shown that hydrogels with regenerative, antibacterial, and antiinflammatory properties can provide faster and better healing outcomes, particularly in chronic diseases where the normal physiological healing process is significantly hampered. Various experimental tests are typically performed to assess these materials' ability to promote angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, and the production and maturation of new extracellular matrix. Immunohistochemistry is important in this context because it allows for the visualization of in situ target tissue factors involved in the various stages of wound healing using antibodies labelled with specific markers detectable with different microscopy techniques. This review provides an overview of the various immunohistochemical techniques that have been used in recent years to investigate the efficacy of various types of hydrogels in assisting skin healing processes. The large number of scientific articles published demonstrates immunohistochemistry's significant contribution to the development of engineered biomaterials suitable for treating skin injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Carton
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Novara.
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The Discovery and Development of Natural-Based Biomaterials with Demonstrated Wound Healing Properties: A Reliable Approach in Clinical Trials. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092226. [PMID: 36140332 PMCID: PMC9496351 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research across the globe still focuses strongly on naturally derived biomaterials in various fields, particularly wound care. There is a need for more effective therapies that will address the physiological deficiencies underlying chronic wound treatment. The use of moist bioactive scaffolds has significantly increased healing rates compared to local and traditional treatments. However, failure to heal or prolonging the wound healing process results in increased financial and social stress imposed on health institutions, caregivers, patients, and their families. The urgent need to identify practical, safe, and cost-effective wound healing scaffolding from natural-based biomaterials that can be introduced into clinical practice is unequivocal. Naturally derived products have long been used in wound healing; however, clinical trial evaluations of these therapies are still in their infancy. Additionally, further well-designed clinical trials are necessary to confirm the efficacy and safety of natural-based biomaterials in treating wounds. Thus, the focus of this review is to describe the current insight, the latest discoveries in selected natural-based wound healing implant products, the possible action mechanisms, and an approach to clinical studies. We explore several tested products undergoing clinical trials as a novel approach to counteract the debilitating effects of impaired wound healing.
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