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Gkountakos A, Singhi AD, Westphalen CB, Scarpa A, Luchini C. Fusion genes in pancreatic tumors. Trends Cancer 2024; 10:430-443. [PMID: 38378317 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2024.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Gene fusions and rearrangements play a crucial role in tumor biology. They are rare events typically detected in KRAS wild-type (WT) pancreatic tumors. Their identification can inform clinical management by enabling precision oncology, as fusions involving BRAF, FGFR2, RET, NTRK, NRG1, and ALK represent actionable targets in KRAS-WT cancers, and serve diagnostic purposes since fusions involving PRKACA/B represent the diagnostic hallmark of intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasms (IOPNs). Although they are rare, the therapeutic and diagnostic importance of these genomic events should not be underestimated, highlighting the need for quality-ensured molecular diagnostics in the management of cancer. Herein we review the existing literature on the role of fusion genes in pancreatic tumors and their clinical potential as effective biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aatur D Singhi
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - C Benedikt Westphalen
- Department of Medicine III and Comprehensive Cancer Centre (CCC), LMU University Hospital Munich and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-Net Research Center, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Claudio Luchini
- ARC-Net Research Center, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Pathology, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Vokes EE. 2022 Presidential Address: Advancing Equitable Cancer Care Through Innovation. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:2859-2862. [PMID: 35797507 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.01305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Foà
- From Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome
| | - Sabina Chiaretti
- From Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome
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Bhat KP, Ümit Kaniskan H, Jin J, Gozani O. Epigenetics and beyond: targeting writers of protein lysine methylation to treat disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 20:265-286. [PMID: 33469207 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-020-00108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein lysine methylation is a crucial post-translational modification that regulates the functions of both histone and non-histone proteins. Deregulation of the enzymes or 'writers' of protein lysine methylation, lysine methyltransferases (KMTs), is implicated in the cause of many diseases, including cancer, mental health disorders and developmental disorders. Over the past decade, significant advances have been made in developing drugs to target KMTs that are involved in histone methylation and epigenetic regulation. The first of these inhibitors, tazemetostat, was recently approved for the treatment of epithelioid sarcoma and follicular lymphoma, and several more are in clinical and preclinical evaluation. Beyond chromatin, the many KMTs that regulate protein synthesis and other fundamental biological processes are emerging as promising new targets for drug development to treat diverse diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamakoti P Bhat
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - H Ümit Kaniskan
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Or Gozani
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Feng E, Wang J, Wang X, Wang Z, Chen X, Zhu X, Hou W. Inhibition of HMGB1 Might Enhance the Protective Effect of Taxifolin in Cardiomyocytes via PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:316-332. [PMID: 34567165 PMCID: PMC8457741 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.113584.14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) affect millions of people and spend a lot of medical costs around the world each year. Taxifolin is a natural anti-oxidative reagent obtained from multiple plants and exhibits a wide range of pharmacological effects. High mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) is expressed in multiple types of cells in the extracellular environment, regulating the pro-inflammatory process. Here, we detected the viability of cells using MTT assay, and the expression of each target protein was detected using western blotting analysis. The expression of each target mRNA was detected using the qPCR method, and the concentration of each cytokine in serum samples was detected using the ELISA method. In this study, we found that taxifolin could decrease the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) while increasing the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), presented a protective role. Besides, taxifolin could also increase the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-α (VEGF-α), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and fibroblast growth factor21 (FGF21), resulting in viability rate increasing. And these effects were mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-hydroxy kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway; a similar trend was also observed in HMGB1 knockdown mice. We also found that inhibition of HMGB1 could enhance the cardioprotective effect of taxifolin and might be a new therapeutic strategy for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erjun Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Fourth Center Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China, 300000.
- E. F. and J. W. and X. W. contributed equally to this work.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Fourth Center Hospital of Tianjin, Tianjin, China, 300000.
- E. F. and J. W. and X. W. contributed equally to this work.
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Oncology Department of Characteristic Medical Center of PAF, Tianjin, China, 300162.
- E. F. and J. W. and X. W. contributed equally to this work.
| | - Zhenguo Wang
- Medical Research Department of Characteristic Medical Center of PAF, Tianjin, China, 300162.
| | - Xiaochu Chen
- Medical Research Department of Characteristic Medical Center of PAF, Tianjin, China, 300162.
| | - Xu Zhu
- Second Department of Neurology, Central Hospital of Handan, Handan, China, 056000.
| | - Wenli Hou
- Cadre Ward of Characteristic Medical Center of PAF, Tianjin, China, 300162.
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Low prevalence of the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene in a normal population in southern Sarawak. Int J Hematol 2019; 111:217-224. [PMID: 31707540 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-019-02768-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The BCR-ABL1 fusion gene is the driver mutation of Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Its expression level in CML patients is monitored by a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction defined by the International Scale (qPCRIS). BCR-ABL1 has also been found in asymptomatic normal individuals using a non-qPCRIS method. In the present study, we examined the prevalence of BCR-ABL1 in a normal population in southern Sarawak by performing qPCRIS for BCR-ABL1 with ABL1 as an internal control on total white blood cells, using an unbiased sampling method. While 146 of 190 (76.8%) or 102 of 190 (53.7%) samples showed sufficient amplification of the ABL1 gene at > 20,000 or > 100,000 copy numbers, respectively, in qPCRIS, one of the 190 samples showed amplification of BCR-ABL1 with positive qPCRIS of 0.0023% and 0.0032% in two independent experiments, the sequence of which was the BCR-ABL1 e13a2 transcript. Thus, we herein demonstrated that the BCR-ABL1 fusion gene is expected to be present in approximately 0.5-1% of normal individuals in southern Sarawak.
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Liu Y, Mi RH, Chen L, Yuan FF, Yin QS, Fu YW, Zhu XH, Liu XJ, Zhang YL, Zhang WL, Wei XD. [Comparison of clinical efficacy between first-generation and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors based regimen in the treatment of patients with BCR-ABL positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia]. ZHONGHUA XUE YE XUE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA XUEYEXUE ZAZHI 2019; 40:738-743. [PMID: 31648474 PMCID: PMC7342448 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-2727.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the clinical efficacy and prognostic factors of first-generation and second-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) based regimen in the treatment of patients with BCR-ABL positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) . Methods: Retrospectively analyze the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of 89 patients with BCR-ABL positive ALL from April 2012 to June 2018 in our hospital, the clinical efficacy of first-generation and second-generation TKI was compared. Results: 60 patients were classified into the first-generation TKI (imatinib) group, and 29 patients were in the second-generation TKI (dasatinib) group. There were no significant differences in gender, age, WBC, hemoglobin concentration, PLT, chromosomal karyotype, the types of fusion genes, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) and TKI initiation time between the two groups. The first-generation and second-generation TKI groups, for which the complete remission (CR) rate at the fourth week of induction therapy was 83.3% and 89.7% (P=0.637) , respectively, and the complete molecular remission (CMR) was 48.3%and 58.6% (P=0.363) , respectively, the difference was not statistically significant. The 2-year overall survival (OS) rate of first-generation and second-generation TKI group was 34.9% and 64.0% (χ(2)=4.743, P=0.029) , the 2-year relapse free survival (RFS) rate was 17.2% and 55.0% (χ(2)=8.801, P=0.003) , respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that complete molecular remission (HR=0.281, 95%CI 0.151-0.523, P<0.001) was independent favorable prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) , complete molecular remission (HR=0.209, 95%CI 0.112-0.390, P<0.001) and second-generation TKI (HR=0.318, 95%CI 0.158-0.641, P=0.001) were independent favorable prognostic factors for RFS. Conclusion: For TKI-based regimen of BCR-ABL positive ALL, second-generation TKI is superior to first-generation TKI in OS and RFS time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial Tumor Hospital, Zhengzhou 450008, China
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Lompardía S, Díaz M, Pibuel M, Papademetrio D, Poodts D, Mihalez C, Álvarez É, Hajos S. Hyaluronan abrogates imatinib-induced senescence in chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10930. [PMID: 31358779 PMCID: PMC6662747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) is the main glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix. CD44 is the most important HA receptor, and both have been associated with poor prognosis in cancer. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the presence of a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase (Breakpoint Cluster Region - Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog1, BCR-ABL). It is mainly treated with BCR-ABL inhibitors, such as imatinib. However, the selection of resistant cells leads to treatment failure. The aim of this work was to determine the capacity of HA (high molecular weight) to counteract the effect of imatinib in human CML cell lines (K562 and Kv562). We demonstrated that imatinib decreased HA levels and the surface expression of CD44 in both cell lines. Furthermore, HA abrogated the anti-proliferative and pro-senescent effect of Imatinib without modifying the imatinib-induced apoptosis. Moreover, the inhibition of HA synthesis with 4-methylumbelliferone enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of imatinib. These results suggest that Imatinib-induced senescence would depend on the reduction in HA levels, describing, for the first time, the role of HA in the development of resistance to imatinib. These findings show that low levels of HA are crucial for an effective therapy with imatinib in CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina Lompardía
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Mariángeles Díaz
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Pibuel
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Papademetrio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Poodts
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cintia Mihalez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Élida Álvarez
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvia Hajos
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología, Cátedra de Inmunología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Instituto de Estudios de la Inmunidad Humoral (IDEHU), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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HROMAS ROBERT, WILLIAMSON ELIZABETH, LEE SUKHEE, NICKOLOFF JAC. PREVENTING THE CHROMOSOMAL TRANSLOCATIONS THAT CAUSE CANCER. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2016; 127:176-195. [PMID: 28066052 PMCID: PMC5216476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Approximately half of all cancers harbor chromosomal translocations that can either contribute to their origin or govern their subsequent behavior. Chromosomal translocations by definition can only occur when there are two DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) on distinct chromosomes that are repaired heterologously. Thus, chromosomal translocations are by their very nature problems of DNA DSB repair. Such DNA DSBs can be from internal or external sources. Internal sources of DNA DSBs that can lead to translocations can occur are inappropriate immune receptor gene maturation during V(D)J recombination or heavy-chain switching. Other internal DNA DSBs can come from aberrant DNA structures, or are generated at collapsed and reversed replication forks. External sources of DNA DSBs that can generate chromosomal translocations are ionizing radiation and cancer chemotherapy. There are several known nuclear and chromatin properties that enhance translocations over homologous chromosome DSB repair. The proximity of the region of the heterologous chromosomes to each other increases translocation rates. Histone methylation events at the DSB also influence translocation frequencies. There are four DNA DSB repair pathways, but it appears that only one, alternative non-homologous end-joining (a-NHEJ) can mediate chromosomal translocations. The rate-limiting, initial step of a-NHEJ is the binding of poly-adenosine diphosphate ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) to the DSB. In our investigation of methods for preventing oncogenic translocations, we discovered that PARP1 was required for translocations. Significantly, the clinically approved PARP1 inhibitors can block the formation of chromosomal translocations, raising the possibility for the first time that secondary oncogenic translocations can be reduced in high risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- ROBERT HROMAS
- Correspondence and reprint requests: Robert Hromas, MD, FACP,
Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Rd, Gainesville, FL 32610352-265-0655352-265-1107
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Lompardía SL, Díaz M, Papademetrio DL, Mascaró M, Pibuel M, Álvarez E, Hajos SE. Hyaluronan oligomers sensitize chronic myeloid leukemia cell lines to the effect of Imatinib. Glycobiology 2015; 26:343-52. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Rovigatti U. Cancer modelling in the NGS era - Part I: Emerging technology and initial modelling. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 96:274-307. [PMID: 26427785 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is today indisputable that great progresses have been made in our molecular understanding of cancer cells, but an effective implementation of such knowledge into dramatic cancer-cures is still belated and yet desperately needed. This review gives a snapshot at where we stand today in this search for cancer understanding and definitive treatments, how far we have progressed and what are the major obstacles we will have to overcome both technologically and for disease modelling. In the first part, promising 3rd/4th Generation Sequencing Technologies will be summarized (particularly IonTorrent and OxfordNanopore technologies). Cancer modelling will be then reviewed from its origin in XIX Century Germany to today's NGS applications for cancer understanding and therapeutic interventions. Developments after Molecular Biology revolution (1953) are discussed as successions of three phases. The first, PH1, labelled "Clonal Outgrowth" (from 1960s to mid 1980s) was characterized by discoveries in cytogenetics (Nowell, Rowley) and viral oncology (Dulbecco, Bishop, Varmus), which demonstrated clonality. Treatments were consequently dominated by a "cytotoxic eradication" strategy with chemotherapeutic agents. In PH2, (from the mid 1980s to our days) the description of cancer as "Gene Networks" led to targeted-gene-therapies (TGTs). TGTs are the focus of Section 3: in view of their apparent failing (Ephemeral Therapies), alternative strategies will be discussed in review part II (particularly cancer immunotherapy, CIT). Additional Pitfalls impinge on the concepts of tumour heterogeneity (inter/intra; ITH). The described pitfalls set the basis for a new phase, PH3, which is called "NGS Era" and will be also discussed with ten emerging cancer models in the Review 2nd part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Rovigatti
- University of Pisa Medical School, Oncology Department, via Roma 55, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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Bertacchini J, Heidari N, Mediani L, Capitani S, Shahjahani M, Ahmadzadeh A, Saki N. Targeting PI3K/AKT/mTOR network for treatment of leukemia. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:2337-47. [PMID: 25712020 PMCID: PMC11113278 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1867-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased activity of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has been observed in a huge number of malignancies. This pathway can function as a prosurvival factor in leukemia stem cells and early committed leukemic precursors and its inhibition is regarded as a therapeutic approach. Accordingly, the aim of this review is to evaluate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors used in leukemia models. DISCUSSION Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway has been reported to have beneficial therapeutic effects in leukemias, both in vitro in leukemia cell lines and in vivo in animal models. Overall, the use of dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, dual Akt/RTK inhibitor, Akt inhibitor, selective inhibitor of PI3K, mTOR inhibitor and dual PI3K/PDK1 inhibitor in CML, AML, APL, CLL, B-ALL and T-ALL has a better therapeutic effect than conventional treatments. CONCLUSIONS Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway may have pro-apoptotic and antiproliferative effects on hematological malignancies. Furthermore, modulation of miRNA can be used as a novel therapeutic approach to regulate the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. However, both aspects require further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika Bertacchini
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nazanin Heidari
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Laura Mediani
- Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvano Capitani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- LTTA Center, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mohammad Shahjahani
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ahmadzadeh
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Health Research Institute, Research Center of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Omeir R, Thomas R, Teferedegne B, Williams C, Foseh G, Macauley J, Brinster L, Beren J, Peden K, Breen M, Lewis AM. A novel canine kidney cell line model for the evaluation of neoplastic development: karyotype evolution associated with spontaneous immortalization and tumorigenicity. Chromosome Res 2015; 23:663-80. [PMID: 25957863 PMCID: PMC4666904 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-015-9474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying spontaneous neoplastic transformation in cultured mammalian cells remain poorly understood, confounding recognition of parallels with the biology of naturally occurring cancer. The broad use of tumorigenic canine cell lines as research tools, coupled with the accumulation of cytogenomic data from naturally occurring canine cancers, makes the domestic dog an ideal system in which to investigate these relationships. We developed a canine kidney cell line, CKB1-3T7, which allows prospective examination of the onset of spontaneous immortalization and tumorigenicity. We documented the accumulation of cytogenomic aberrations in CKB1-3T7 over 24 months in continuous culture. The majority of aberrations emerged in parallel with key phenotypic changes in cell morphology, growth kinetics, and tumor incidence and latency. Focal deletion of CDKN2A/B emerged first, preceding the onset and progression of tumorigenic potential, and progressed to a homozygous deletion across the cell population during extended culture. Interestingly, CKB1-3T7 demonstrated a tumorigenic phenotype in vivo prior to exhibiting loss of contact inhibition in vitro. We also performed the first genome-wide characterization of the canine tumorigenic cell line MDCK, which also exhibited CDKN2A/B deletion. MDCK and CKB1-3T7 cells shared several additional aberrations that we have reported previously as being highly recurrent in spontaneous canine cancers, many of which, as with CDKN2A/B deletion, are evolutionarily conserved in their human counterparts. The conservation of these molecular events across multiple species, in vitro and in vivo, despite their contrasting karyotypic architecture, is a powerful indicator of a common mechanism underlying emerging neoplastic activity. Through integrated cytogenomic and phenotypic characterization of serial passages of CKB1-3T7 from initiation to development of a tumorigenic phenotype, we present a robust and readily accessible model (to be made available through the American Type Culture Collection) of spontaneous neoplastic transformation that overcomes many of the limitations of earlier studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Omeir
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - R Thomas
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - B Teferedegne
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - C Williams
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
| | - G Foseh
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - J Macauley
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - L Brinster
- Division of Veterinary Resources, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - J Beren
- Office of Counter-Terrorism and Emergency Coordination, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - K Peden
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - M Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA. .,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA. .,Cancer Genetics Program, University of North Carolina Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA. .,Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
| | - A M Lewis
- Laboratory of DNA Viruses, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
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16
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Sui T, Ma L, Bai X, Li Q, Xu X. Resveratrol inhibits the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in the human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cell line. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:2093-2098. [PMID: 24932295 PMCID: PMC4049760 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol inhibits the initiation, promotion and progression of tumors, however, the mechanism by which resveratrol inhibits the proliferation of the human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cell line remains unclear. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of resveratrol on the activation of the phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling cascade in K562 cells. Resveratrol showed significant cytotoxic effects and induced apoptosis in K562 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, resveratrol attenuated the phosphorylation of PI3K, Akt and mTOR in the K562 cells. Furthermore, the selected inhibitors of PI3K (LY294002), Akt (SH-6) and mTOR (rapamycin) enhanced the effects of resveratrol in K562 cells. In addition, cyclin D1 levels were found to decrease and the activation of caspase-3 was observed. Resveratrol was also found to significantly attenuate the phosphorylation of the downstream molecules, p70S6K and 4EBP1. These results suggested that the downregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascades may be a crucial mediator in the inhibition of proliferation and induction of apoptosis by resveratrol in K562 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Sui
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Xinnv Xu
- Key Laboratory for Critical Care Medicine of the Ministry of Health, Tianjin First Center Hospital, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
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17
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Byrne M, Wray J, Reinert B, Wu Y, Nickoloff J, Lee SH, Hromas R, Williamson E. Mechanisms of oncogenic chromosomal translocations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1310:89-97. [PMID: 24528169 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromosome translocations are caused by inappropriate religation of two DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in heterologous chromosomes. These DSBs can be generated by endogenous or exogenous sources. Endogenous sources of DSBs leading to translocations include inappropriate recombination activating gene (RAG) or activation-induced deaminase (AID) activity during immune receptor maturation. Endogenous DSBs can also occur at noncanonical DNA structures or at collapsed replication forks. Exogenous sources of DSBs leading to translocations include ionizing radiation (IR) and cancer chemotherapy. Spatial proximity of the heterologous chromosomes is also important for translocations. While three distinct pathways for DNA DSB repair exist, mounting evidence supports alternative nonhomologous end joining (aNHEJ) as the predominant pathway through which the majority of translocations occur. Initiated by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), aNHEJ is utilized less frequently in DNA DSB repair than other forms of DSB repair. We recently found that PARP1 is essential for chromosomal translocations to occur and that small molecule PARP1 inhibitors, already in clinical use, can inhibit translocations generated by IR or topoisomerase II inhibition. These data confirm the central role of PARP1 in aNHEJ-mediated chromosomal translocations and raise the possibility of using clinically available PARP1 inhibitors in patients who are at high risk for secondary oncogenic chromosomal translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Byrne
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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18
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Renouf B, Piganeau M, Ghezraoui H, Jasin M, Brunet E. Creating cancer translocations in human cells using Cas9 DSBs and nCas9 paired nicks. Methods Enzymol 2014; 546:251-71. [PMID: 25398344 PMCID: PMC4398311 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801185-0.00012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent chromosomal translocations are found in numerous tumor types, often leading to the formation and expression of fusion genes with oncogenic potential. Creating chromosomal translocations at the relevant endogenous loci, rather than ectopically expressing the fusion genes, opens new possibilities for better characterizing molecular mechanisms driving tumor formation. In this chapter, we describe methods to create cancer translocations in human cells. DSBs or paired nicks generated by either wild-type Cas9 or the Cas9 nickase, respectively, are used to induce translocations at the relevant loci. Using different PCR-based methods, we also explain how to quantify translocation frequency and to analyze breakpoint junctions in the cells of interest. In addition, PCR detection of translocations is used as a very sensitive method to detect off-target effects, which has general utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Renouf
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM U1154, CNRS 7196, Paris, France
| | - Marion Piganeau
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM U1154, CNRS 7196, Paris, France
| | - Hind Ghezraoui
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM U1154, CNRS 7196, Paris, France
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA.
| | - Erika Brunet
- Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM U1154, CNRS 7196, Paris, France.
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19
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Tyrosine kinase receptor status in endometrial stromal sarcoma: an immunohistochemical and genetic-molecular analysis. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2013; 31:570-9. [PMID: 23018215 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0b013e31824fe289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Endometrial stromal sarcomas (ESS) are rare uterine malignant mesenchymal neoplasms, which are currently treated by surgery, as effective adjuvant therapies have not yet been established. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors have rarely been applied in ESS therapy, with few reports describing imatinib responsivity. The aim of this study was to analyze the status of different tyrosine kinase receptors in an ESS series, in order to evaluate their potential role as molecular targets. Immunohistochemistry was performed for EGFR, c-KIT, PDGFR-α, PDGFR-β, and ABL on 28 ESS. EGFR, PDGFR-α, and PDGFR-β gene expression was investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) on selected cases. "Hot-spot" mutations were screened for on EGFR, c-KIT, PDGFR-α, and PDGFR-β genes, by sequencing. All analysis was executed from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens. Immunohistochemical overexpression of 2 or more tyrosine kinase receptors was observed in 18 of 28 tumors (64%), whereas only 5 tumors were consistently negative. Gene expression profiles were concordant with immunohistochemical overexpression in only 1 tumor, which displayed both high mRNA levels and specific immunoreactivity for PDGFR-α, and PDGFR-β. No activating mutations were found on the tumors included in the study. This study confirms that TKRs expression is frequently observed in ESS. Considering that the responsiveness to tyrosine kinase inhibitors is known to be related to the presence of specific activating mutations or gene over-expression, which are not detectable in ESS, TKRs immunohistochemical over-expression alone should not be considered as a reliable marker for targeted therapies in ESS. Specific post-translational abnormalities, responsible for activation of TKRs, should be further investigated.
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20
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Baran Y, Saydam G. Cumulative clinical experience from a decade of use: imatinib as first-line treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. J Blood Med 2012. [PMID: 23180974 PMCID: PMC3503471 DOI: 10.2147/jbm.s29132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a malignant disease that originates in the bone marrow and is designated by the presence of the Philadelphia (Ph+) chromosome, a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22. Targeted therapy against CML commenced with the development of small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) exerting their effect against the oncogenic breakpoint cluster region (BCR)-ABL fusion protein. Imatinib emerged as the first successful example of a TKI used for the treatment of chronic-phase CML patients and resulted in significant improvements in response rate and overall survival compared with previous treatments. However, a significant portion of patients failed to respond to the therapy and developed resistance against imatinib. Second-generation TKIs nilotinib and dasatinib were to have higher efficiency in clinical trials in imatinib- resistant or intolerant CML patients compared with imatinib. Identification of novel strategies such as dose escalation, drug combination therapy, and use of novel BCR-ABL inhibitors may eventually overcome resistance against BCR-ABL TKIs. This article reviews the history of CML, including the treatment strategies used prediscovery of TKIs and the preclinical and clinical data obtained after the use of imatinib, and the second-generation TKIs developed for the treatment of CML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Baran
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, Izmir, Turkey
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21
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Ng AP. Hematopoietic stem cells, progenitor cells and leukemic stem cells in adult myeloproliferative neoplasms. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:922-33. [PMID: 23013358 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.734615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of myeloproliferative neoplasms has changed dramatically since Dameshek proposed his classification over 50 years ago. Our knowledge of the types of cells which constitute the hematopoietic system and of how they are regulated has also appreciated significantly over this time. This review relates what is currently known about the acquired genetic mutations associated with adult myeloproliferative neoplasms to how they lead to the hematopoietic perturbations of myeloproliferative disease. There is a particular focus on how stem and progenitor cell compartments are affected by BCR-ABL1 and JAK2V617F mutations, and the particular issue of resistance of leukemic stem cells to conventional and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley P Ng
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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22
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Gahrton G. Historical note on the discovery of the Philadelphia chromosome. Cancer Genet 2012; 205:338-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Oates JA. The President's Address: Clinical Investigation is a Pathway to Discovery. TRANSACTIONS OF THE AMERICAN CLINICAL AND CLIMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 2012; 123:1-8. [PMID: 23303964 PMCID: PMC3540602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John A. Oates
- Correspondence and reprint requests: John A. Oates, MD,
536 RRB, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232615-343-4847
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