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Abstract
Genomic instability is a common feature of tumours that has a wide range of disruptive effects on cellular homeostasis. In this review we briefly discuss how instability comes about, then focus on the impact of gain or loss of DNA (aneuploidy) on oxidative stress. We discuss several mechanisms that lead from aneuploidy to the production of reactive oxygen species, including the effects on protein complex stoichiometry, endoplasmic reticulum stress and metabolic disruption. Each of these are involved in positive feedback loops that amplify relatively minor genetic changes into major cellular disruption or cell death, depending on the capacity of the cell to induce antioxidants or processes such as mitophagy that can moderate the disruption. Finally we examine the direct effects of reactive oxygen species on mitosis and how oxidative stress can compromise centrosome number, cytoskeletal integrity and signalling processes that are vital for mitotic fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Newman
- a Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Lauren A Thurgood
- b Discipline of Molecular Medicine and Pathology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
| | - Stephen L Gregory
- a Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide , Adelaide , Australia.,b Discipline of Molecular Medicine and Pathology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University , Adelaide , Australia
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Zang M, Li Z, Liu L, Li F, Li X, Dai Y, Li W, Kuckelkorn U, Doeppner TR, Hermann DM, Zhou W, Qiu L, Jin F. Anti-tumor activity of the proteasome inhibitor BSc2118 against human multiple myeloma. Cancer Lett 2015; 366:173-81. [PMID: 26116344 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction of bortezomib, the first generation of proteasome inhibitor, has significantly improved the median overall survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). However, the dose-limiting adverse events and acquired drug resistance limit its long-term usage. Here, we report in vitro and in vivo anti-MM activity of the irreversible proteasome inhibitor BSc2118. BSc2118 inhibited the chymotrypsin-like (CT-L) proteasome activity, accompanied by accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. BSc2118 suppressed tumor cell growth through induction of G2/M phase arrest and induced apoptosis via activation of the apoptotic signaling cascade, in association with up-regulation of p53 and p21. Importantly, BSc2118 was active in vitro against MM cells' acquired bortezomib resistance. Of note, BSc2118 also displayed a novel anti-angiogenesis activity both in vitro and in vivo. Lastly, BSc2118 exhibited a broader safety dose range and higher anti-tumor efficacy in vivo in a human MM xenograft mouse model, compared to bortezomib. Together, these findings indicate the in vitro and in vivo anti-MM activities of BSc2118 through induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, as well as inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. They also suggest that BSc2118 might, at least in vitro, partially overcome acquired bortezomib resistance, likely associated with inhibition of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Zengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Lanting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Dai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ulrike Kuckelkorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Wen Zhou
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education; Hunan, China
| | - Lugui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
| | - Fengyan Jin
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Zahir FR, Marra MA. Use of Affymetrix Arrays in the Diagnosis of Gene Copy-Number Variation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 85:8.13.1-8.13.13. [PMID: 25827348 DOI: 10.1002/0471142905.hg0813s85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosing constitutional pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) requires detecting submicroscopic segmental chromosomal imbalances. The Affymetrix GeneChip mapping array was one of the initial microarray platforms used to measure duplication and deletion of genetic material in DNA samples. Unlike oligonucleotide microarrays from NimbleGen and Agilent, developed around the same time to infer copy number status for the DNA sequence covered by the probe, the Affymetrix GeneChip system used 25-mer oligonucleotide probes designed to interrogate SNPs. Thus, it was possible to use the Affymetrix 'SNP chips' to both identify SNPs and to identify copy number status. Affymetrix now offers the CytoScan microarray platforms, which are optimized for copy-number analyses, and provides accompanying software. They also offer several other microarray platforms suitable for copy-number analyses. Here we discuss the application of the CytoScan high-density (HD) platform for the detection of genomic imbalance. We provide an overview of the sequence of computational analyses involved in identifying pathogenic CNVs and highlight important parameters for consideration in assessing the pathogenicity of a detected CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah R Zahir
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,University of British Columbia, Department of Medical Genetics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,University of British Columbia, Department of Medical Genetics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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