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Extrachromosomal circular DNA: biogenesis, structure, functions and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:342. [PMID: 36184613 PMCID: PMC9527254 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA), ranging in size from tens to millions of base pairs, is independent of conventional chromosomes. Recently, eccDNAs have been considered an unanticipated major source of somatic rearrangements, contributing to genomic remodeling through chimeric circularization and reintegration of circular DNA into the linear genome. In addition, the origin of eccDNA is considered to be associated with essential chromatin-related events, including the formation of super-enhancers and DNA repair machineries. Moreover, our understanding of the properties and functions of eccDNA has continuously and greatly expanded. Emerging investigations demonstrate that eccDNAs serve as multifunctional molecules in various organisms during diversified biological processes, such as epigenetic remodeling, telomere trimming, and the regulation of canonical signaling pathways. Importantly, its special distribution potentiates eccDNA as a measurable biomarker in many diseases, especially cancers. The loss of eccDNA homeostasis facilitates tumor initiation, malignant progression, and heterogeneous evolution in many cancers. An in-depth understanding of eccDNA provides novel insights for precision cancer treatment. In this review, we summarized the discovery history of eccDNA, discussed the biogenesis, characteristics, and functions of eccDNA. Moreover, we emphasized the role of eccDNA during tumor pathogenesis and malignant evolution. Therapeutically, we summarized potential clinical applications that target aberrant eccDNA in multiple diseases.
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Wu P, Liu Y, Zhou R, Liu L, Zeng H, Xiong F, Zhang S, Gong Z, Zhang W, Guo C, Wang F, Zhou M, Zu X, Zeng Z, Li Y, Li G, Huang H, Xiong W. Extrachromosomal Circular DNA: A New Target in Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:814504. [PMID: 35494014 PMCID: PMC9046939 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.814504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability and amplification are intrinsically important traits determining the development and heterogeneity of tumors. The role of extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) in tumors has recently been highlighted. EccDNAs are unique genetic materials located off the chromosomal DNA. They have been detected in a variety of tumors. This review analyzes the mechanisms involved in the formation of eccDNAs and their genetic characteristics. In addition, the high-copy number and transcriptional levels of oncogenes located in eccDNA molecules contribute to the acceleration of tumor evolution and drug resistance and drive the development of genetic heterogeneity. Understanding the specific genomic forms of eccDNAs and characterizing their potential functions will provide new strategies for tumor therapy. Further research may yield new targets and molecular markers for the early diagnosis and treatment of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruijia Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingyun Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Hongli Zeng
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fuyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xuyu Zu
- Cancer Research Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Medicine, Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - He Huang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: He Huang, ; Wei Xiong,
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Hunan Key Laboratory of Translational Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: He Huang, ; Wei Xiong,
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Chen P, Redd L, Schmidt Y, Koduru P, Fuda F, Montgomery-Goecker C, Kumar K, Xu-Monette Z, Young K, Collins R, Chen W. MYC protein expression does not correlate with MYC abnormalities detected by FISH but predicts an unfavorable prognosis in de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Leuk Res 2021; 106:106584. [PMID: 33933715 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2021.106584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
While dysregulation of MYC has been implicated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the impact of MYC protein expression in AML is less well understood. We investigated the correlation of MYC protein expression by immunohistochemistry (MYC-IHC) with MYC abnormalities and prognosis in adult de novo AML. MYC-IHC in bone marrow of patients with untreated AML (n = 58) was assessed and scored as MYClow (0-40 % of blasts) or MYChigh (> 40 % of blasts). This was correlated with MYC abnormalities by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and prognosis in the context of cytogenetic risk stratification. Residual myeloid disease at the end of induction was assessed by flow cytometry. MYClow and MYChigh were detected in 24 (41 %) and 34 cases (59 %), respectively. Extra copies of MYC were present in 12 % of cases and were not correlated with level of MYC-IHC. No cases had MYC translocation or amplification. Compared to MYClow patients, MYChigh patients had a shorter overall survival in all cytogenetic risk groups (68 vs. 21 months, p = 0.006) and in the intermediate risk group (61 vs. 21 months, p = 0.046). MYChigh patients had a tendency towards detected residual disease at the end of induction in all cytogenetic risk and intermediate risk groups. Regardless of the underlying mechanisms of MYC dysregulation, high level of MYC protein is expressed in the majority of AML and correlated to worse prognosis. Further studies on MYC dysregulation in leukemogenesis and therapy targeting MYC aberration are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Chen
- Departments of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lucas Redd
- Departments of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Yao Schmidt
- Departments of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Prasad Koduru
- Departments of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Franklin Fuda
- Departments of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Kirthi Kumar
- Departments of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zijun Xu-Monette
- Departments of Hematopathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ken Young
- Departments of Hematopathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert Collins
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Weina Chen
- Departments of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Wang M, Chen X, Yu F, Ding H, Zhang Y, Wang K. Extrachromosomal Circular DNAs: Origin, formation and emerging function in Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:1010-1025. [PMID: 33867825 PMCID: PMC8040306 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.54614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of cellular DNAs in eukaryotes are organized into linear chromosomes. In addition to chromosome DNAs, genes also reside on extrachromosomal elements. The extrachromosomal DNAs are commonly found to be circular, and they are referred to as extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs). Recent technological advances have enriched our knowledge of eccDNA biology. There is currently increasing concern about the connection between eccDNA and cancer. Gene amplification on eccDNAs is prevalent in cancer. Moreover, eccDNAs commonly harbor oncogenes or drug resistance genes, hence providing a growth or survival advantage to cancer cells. eccDNAs play an important role in tumor heterogeneity and evolution, facilitating tumor adaptation to challenging circumstances. In addition, eccDNAs have recently been identified as cell-free DNAs in circulating system. The altered level of eccDNAs is observed in cancer patients relative to healthy controls. Particularly, eccDNAs are associated with cancer progression and poor outcomes. Thus, eccDNAs could be useful as novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer. In this review, we summarize current knowledge regarding the formation, characteristics and biological importance of eccDNAs, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms associated with their roles in cancer progression. We also discuss their potential applications in the detection and treatment of cancer. A better understanding of the functional role of eccDNAs in cancer would facilitate the comprehensive analysis of molecular mechanisms involved in cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Xinzhe Chen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Han Ding
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
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汪 雨, 叶 凡, 张 霄, 邹 睿, 王 明, 俞 锴, 崔 诗. [Amplification of Extrachromosomal Oncogene and Tumorigenesis and Development]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2020; 23:1101-1107. [PMID: 33357318 PMCID: PMC7786228 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.101.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA) is a small segment of circular DNA located outside the chromosome, which has the function of self-replication. Recently, amplification of oncogenes on ecDNA has been proved to be a common phenomenon in tumor cells, and has some characteristics worth studying, such as correlation with patients' poor prognosis. Multiple chromosomal events are involved in the formation of ecDNA, and its amplification can directly increase the number of DNA copies of extra-chromosomal oncogenes and accelerate the generation and development of tumors. Moreover, the segregation pattern of unequal transmission of parental ecDNA cells to offspring not only increases tumor heterogeneity, but also enhances tumor adaptation to environment and response to therapy. This article reviews the current status and potential significance of ecDNA in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- 雨彤 汪
- 211166 南京,南京医科大学第一临床医学院Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - 凡 叶
- 211166 南京,南京医科大学第一临床医学院Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - 霄 张
- 211166 南京,南京医科大学第一临床医学院Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - 睿涵 邹
- 211166 南京,南京医科大学第一临床医学院Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - 明远 王
- 211166 南京,南京医科大学第一临床医学院Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - 锴 俞
- 211166 南京,南京医科大学第一临床医学院Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - 诗允 崔
- 210029 南京,南京医科大学第一附属医院肿瘤科Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
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Gill N, Chandran A, Adley B, Bitran J. Therapy-Related Acute Myeloid Leukemia Following TCHP Chemotherapy in Two HER2+ Breast Cancer Patients. Cureus 2020; 12:e11957. [PMID: 33425535 PMCID: PMC7785496 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased risk for the development of therapy-induced myeloid leukemia following the treatment of breast cancer has typically been associated with the use of regimens containing anthracyclines or alkylating agents. We present two cases of estrogen receptor-positive/progesterone receptor-positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive (ER+/PR+/HER2+) breast cancer patients, treated with a non-anthracycline, non-alkylating regimen of trastuzumab, carboplatin, docetaxel, and pertuzumab (TCHP), who developed therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (t-AML) within 30 months of the completion of treatment. Both patients had marked cytogenetic abnormalities, including deletions of chromosomes 5 and 7, and highly aggressive disease that resulted in a poor prognosis. While platinum and taxane-based chemotherapy regimens have been previously linked to the development of t-AML or therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) following treatment for ovarian cancer, they have not yet been shown to increase the risk of t-AML/t-MDS after their use for breast cancer therapy. As TCHP is widely used for the treatment of HER2/neu overexpressed breast cancer, these cases highlight the need to further evaluate the link between taxane and platinum-based chemotherapeutics for breast cancer and the development of t-AML/t-MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navroop Gill
- Internal Medicine, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine, North Chicago, USA
| | - Anjana Chandran
- Internal Medicine, Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, USA
| | - Brian Adley
- Pathology, Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, USA
| | - Jacob Bitran
- Oncology, Advocate Lutheran General Hospital, Park Ridge, USA
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7
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Yan Y, Guo G, Huang J, Gao M, Zhu Q, Zeng S, Gong Z, Xu Z. Current understanding of extrachromosomal circular DNA in cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic resistance. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:124. [PMID: 32928268 PMCID: PMC7491193 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extrachromosomal circular DNA was recently found to be particularly abundant in multiple human cancer cells, although its frequency varies among different tumor types. Elevated levels of extrachromosomal circular DNA have been considered an effective biomarker of cancer pathogenesis. Multiple reports have demonstrated that the amplification of oncogenes and therapeutic resistance genes located on extrachromosomal DNA is a frequent event that drives intratumoral genetic heterogeneity and provides a potential evolutionary advantage. This review highlights the current understanding of the extrachromosomal circular DNA present in the tissues and circulation of patients with advanced cancers and provides a detailed discussion of their substantial roles in tumor regulation. Confirming the presence of cancer-related extrachromosomal circular DNA would provide a putative testing strategy for the precision diagnosis and treatment of human malignancies in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliang Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.,Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Guijie Guo
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Jinzhou Huang
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Qian Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Shuangshuang Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhicheng Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China
| | - Zhijie Xu
- Department of Pathology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China.
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