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Anderson JC, Pleau DC, Rajan TV, Protiva P, Swede H, Brenner B, Heinen CD, Lambrecht RW, Rosenberg DW. Increased frequency of serrated aberrant crypt foci among smokers. Am J Gastroenterol 2010; 105:1648-54. [PMID: 20234347 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The American College of Gastroenterology has published guidelines recently that suggest that smokers with a history of >20 pack years may need screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) at an earlier age than non-smokers. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) may represent important precursors for colorectal neoplasms and potential surrogate biomarkers. Clarifying the role of ACF in relation to known CRC risk factors such as smoking may have important implications for screening as well as our understanding of tobacco use and colorectal carcinogenesis. Our goal was to examine whether smoking at least 20 pack years was associated with an increased frequency of ACF. METHODS We gathered detailed smoking history, personal and family history of CRC, and other epidemiologic data (age, gender, height, weight, ethnicity, and medication use) from 125 patients undergoing routine screening or surveillance colonoscopy. We used a magnifying colonoscope (Olympus Close Focus Colonoscope XCF-Q160ALE, Olympus Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and examined the distal 20 cm section of colon after staining with 0.5% methylene blue. ACF were counted and characterized histologically. Hyperplastic ACF were further characterized as either serrated or non-serrated. RESULTS Smoking at least 20 pack years was associated with an increased likelihood (adjusted odds ratio (OR)=3.45; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.93-6.18) of having more than the median number of ACF (> or = 15) compared with non-smokers. Similarly, patients with a personal history of advanced neoplasia were more likely (adjusted OR=3.42; 95% CI=1.01-11.67) to have a greater than median number of ACF compared with patients without this diagnosis. Smokers were more likely than non-smokers to have serrated ACF (P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Smoking at least 20 pack years seems to be associated with increased number of ACF in the rectum and distal sigmoid, especially those with serrated histology. Our data support ACG guidelines for earlier screening for CRC among smokers and add to our understanding of how colorectal carcinogenesis is related to tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Anderson
- Colon Cancer Prevention Program, Neag Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-1845, USA.
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Porta M, Crous-Bou M, Wark PA, Vineis P, Real FX, Malats N, Kampman E. Cigarette smoking and K-ras mutations in pancreas, lung and colorectal adenocarcinomas: etiopathogenic similarities, differences and paradoxes. Mutat Res 2009; 682:83-93. [PMID: 19651236 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Surprisingly different frequencies and patterns of K-ras mutations are observed in human adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, colorectum and lung. Their respective relationships with smoking are apparently paradoxical. We evaluated all the available types of clinical and epidemiological studies on the relationship between tobacco smoking and the occurrence of K-ras mutations in human adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, colorectum and lung. We identified 8, 7 and 12 studies that analyzed the relationship between K-ras mutations and tobacco smoking in human neoplasms of the pancreas, colorectum and lung, respectively. A meta-analysis was undertaken for each site separately. In pancreatic adenocarcinomas lifetime history of tobacco consumption was not significantly associated with the frequency of K-ras mutations (OR=1.26; 95% CI=0.82-1.94). Similarly, no association was observed between smoking and K-ras mutations in colorectal adenocarcinomas (OR=0.94; CI=0.79-1.12), neither when colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas were jointly analyzed (OR=0.96; 95% CI=0.83-1.13). In lung adenocarcinoma, where only 15-25% of cases harbor a K-ras mutation, tumors from smokers were more likely to have K-ras mutations than tumors from non-smokers (OR=3.67; 95% CI=2.47-5.45). Furthermore, in lung adenocarcinomas K-ras mutations have a pattern different from that in pancreatic and colorectal adenocarcinomas. Results support the hypothesis that smoking influences the risk of pancreatic cancer - and possibly colorectal cancer - through events other than K-ras mutations. In adenocarcinoma of the lung, smoking may play a role in the occurrence of K-ras mutations. If the influence of tobacco products in the induction, acquisition and persistence of K-ras mutations had some tissue specificity, or was dependent on different factors in different organs, the corresponding mechanisms would deserve detailed research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Porta
- Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain.
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Darbary HK, Dutt SS, Sait SJ, Nowak NJ, Heinaman RE, Stoler DL, Anderson GR. Uniparentalism in sporadic colorectal cancer is independent of imprint status, and coordinate for chromosomes 14 and 18. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 189:77-86. [PMID: 19215787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Our previous allelotyping studies of 59 sporadic colorectal cancers revealed that loss of heterozygosity is most frequent for regions of chromosomes 14 and 18. Yet subsequent BAC microarray comparative genomic hybridization studies of the same tumor DNAs showed no corresponding pattern of copy number alteration for chromosome 14. To clarify this apparent discrepancy, we utilized hybridization to SNP microarrays; this revealed frequent uniparentalism for chromosome 14 and for chromosome 18. Based on the BAC array results combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization data, it was evident that uniparental disomy was occurring in many colorectal cancers as well as in additional chromosomes, and often coordinately involved chromosomes 14 and 18. Further studies examined the possibility that uniparentalism was directed towards the selection for imprinted genes, but no association with imprinting was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huferesh K Darbary
- Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Dutt SS, Chen N, Darbary HK, Swede H, Petrelli NJ, Stoler DL, Anderson GR. Colorectal cancers in patients with the (9A/6A) polymorphism of TGFBR1 exhibit lesser inter-(simple sequence repeat) PCR genomic instability and present clinically at greater age. Mutat Res 2008; 645:27-32. [PMID: 18778720 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
TGFbeta is involved in the response to DNA damage and signaling the cell cycle checkpoint response, in large part achieved by modulating the activity of the ATM kinase. We have investigated if the presence of a common polymorphism in the TGFbeta receptor TGFBR1 might impact genomic instability in human colorectal cancer. In order to obtain statistically significant numbers of patients with the lesser polymorphism, 177 colorectal cancer patients were genotyped for either the major form of the TGFBR1 receptor gene, homozygous for an internal segment of 9 alanines (9A/9A), or the lesser form, heterozygous for the polymorphism containing 6 alanines (9A/6A). Intrachromosomal genomic instability in the tumors was then quantified by the robust inter-(simple sequence repeat) PCR method. Tumors from all 26 patients heterozygous with the (9A/6A) polymorphism in TGFBR1 exhibited significantly lower genomic instability than from a randomly selected set [the first identified] of 37 patients with the (9A/9A) polymorphism (p=0.0002, Mann-Whitney). The median age of onset for the (9A/6A) patients was 70 years, compared with a median age of onset of 63 years for the patients carrying the (9A/9A) form (p=0.031, Mann-Whitney). These results are consistent with the model wherein genomic instability facilitates tumor progression, with lesser instability associated with later disease presentation. Clinically, our findings may be developed into improved screening guidelines with respect to the age at which colonoscopy is initiated in carriers of the TGFBR1*6A allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha S Dutt
- Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Costa JL, Meijer G, Ylstra B, Caldas C. Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Copy Number Profiling: A New Tool for Translational Research in Solid Malignancies. Semin Radiat Oncol 2008; 18:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Brenner BM, Stoler DL, Rodriguez L, Karpenko MJ, Swede H, Petrelli NJ, Anderson GR. Allelic losses at genomic instability-associated loci in villous adenomas and adjacent colorectal cancers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 174:9-15. [PMID: 17350461 PMCID: PMC1855249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Allelic imbalances in premalignant villous adenomas were compared with those in adjacent microdissected colorectal carcinoma that had arisen directly from the adenomas. Carcinoma-adenoma pairs were examined from 17 patients who underwent resections for colorectal cancer. In all, 28 microsatellite markers were examined, from regions of the genome where individual allelic losses have been associated with overall genomic instability in colorectal carcinomas. Microsatellite instability (MSI) was also evaluated for each marker in each tissue type. Loss of heterozygosity for multiple markers was found in 35% of adenomas and 65% of carcinomas; the average fractional allelic loss rate was 2.5 times higher in carcinomas than in adenomas. Of the 17 patients, 4 had MSI for >30% of markers in both adenoma and carcinoma, with no significant differences between the two tissues. Markers with particularly high imbalance rates in adenomas were seen on chromosomes 11, 14, and 15. These findings provide further evidence that genomic instability is an ongoing process during carcinogenesis, with a markedly increased frequency of allelic losses seen in carcinomas, compared with adjacent adenomas. Markers on chromosomes 11, 14, and 15 may become valuable tools in the identification of patients destined to progress to colorectal carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce M. Brenner
- Division of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT
- * Bruce M. Brenner, MD, Division of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, Phone: 860-699-2290 e-mail:
| | - Daniel L. Stoler
- Departments of Head and Neck Surgery and Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo NY
| | - Luz Rodriguez
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute/NNMC, Bethesda MD
| | - Matthew J. Karpenko
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus OH
| | - Helen Swede
- Neag Cancer Center, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington CT
| | | | - Garth R. Anderson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo NY
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Bartos JD, Gaile DP, McQuaid DE, Conroy JM, Darbary H, Nowak NJ, Block A, Petrelli NJ, Mittelman A, Stoler DL, Anderson GR. aCGH local copy number aberrations associated with overall copy number genomic instability in colorectal cancer: coordinate involvement of the regions including BCR and ABL. Mutat Res 2007; 615:1-11. [PMID: 17196995 PMCID: PMC1866266 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2006.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 09/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to identify small regions of the genome whose specific copy number alteration is associated with high genomic instability in the form of overall genome-wide copy number aberrations, we have analyzed array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) data from 33 sporadic colorectal carcinomas. Copy number changes of a small number of specific regions were significantly correlated with elevated overall amplifications and deletions scattered throughout the entire genome. One significant region at 9q34 includes the c-ABL gene. Another region spanning 22q11-q13 includes the breakpoint cluster region (BCR) of the Philadelphia chromosome. Coordinate 22q11-q13 alterations were observed in 9 of 11 tumors with the 9q34 alteration. Additional regions on 1q and 14q were associated with overall genome-wide copy number changes, while copy number aberrations on chromosome 7p, 7q, and 13q21.1-q31.3 were found associated with this instability only in tumors from patients with a smoking history. Our analysis demonstrates there are a small number of regions of the genome where gain or loss is commonly associated with a tumor's overall level of copy number aberrations. Our finding BCR and ABL located within two of the instability-associated regions, and the involvement of these two regions occurring coordinately, suggests a system akin to the BCR-ABL translocation of CML may be involved in genomic instability in about one-third of human colorectal carcinomas.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Chromosomes, Artificial, Bacterial/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 7/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Female
- Gene Dosage
- Genes, abl
- Genomic Instability
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcr/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Bartos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo NY
| | - Daniel P. Gaile
- Department of Biostatistics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo NY
| | - Devin E. McQuaid
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo NY
| | - Jeffrey M. Conroy
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo NY
| | - Huferesh Darbary
- Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo NY
| | - Norma J. Nowak
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo NY
| | - Annemarie Block
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo NY
| | | | | | - Daniel L. Stoler
- Departments of Head and Neck Surgery and Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY
| | - Garth R. Anderson
- Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo NY
- *Corresponding author: Garth Anderson, Ph.D., Department of Cancer Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY 14263, Office: (716) 845-4529, Fax: (716) 845-8126, E-mail:
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