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Alam MR, Kim YH, Alhazmi A, Haque S, Kang YN, Jung HR, Sohn MY, Kim DK. Analysis of microsatellite instability in Korean patients with pancreatic cancer. Minerva Med 2022; 113:959-966. [PMID: 34913638 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.21.07669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a dangerous malignancy with a high mortality rate. Diagnosing PC at an early stage is difficult, and approximately 5% of the patients survive for 5 years. Microsatellite instability (MSI) plays an important role in colorectal cancer (CRC) for prognosis and immunotherapy. Evaluation of MSI status is important as it is recognized biomarker for the positive response of immune checkpoint blockade therapy in cancer. To our knowledge, there is no report yet on the prevalence of MSI in Korean PC patients. Studies have reported conflicting prevalence of MSI in PC. METHODS Therefore, to improve the likelihood of MSI identification in PC, we included 133 patients with PC; paired tumor and normal tissue DNA were isolated and MSI was analyzed using Promega panel and immunohistochemistry (IHC) was also performed. RESULTS Our results from the Promega panel indicated that one (0.7%) tumor was MSI-high (MSI-H), 13 (9.8%) were MSI-low (MSI-L), and 119 (89.5%) were microsatellite stable (MSS). IHC result also confirmed dMMR in only one sample. CONCLUSIONS The finding of low incidence of MSI-H observed by the Promega panel also matched IHC results, so this study suggested that in Korean PC patients, MSI prevalence is infrequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad R Alam
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Yong H Kim
- School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Alaa Alhazmi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Unit of Research and Scientific Studies, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yoo N Kang
- School of Medicine, Department of Forensic Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Hye R Jung
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Dongsan Medical Center, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Mi-Yeung Sohn
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Dae-Kwang Kim
- School of Medicine, Department of Medical Genetics, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea -
- Hanvit Institute for Medical Genetics, Daegu, South Korea
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Alam MR, Alsulimani A, Haque S, Jung HR, Lee JH, Jeon CH, Kim DK. Differences in the mitochondrial microsatellite instability of Keratoacanthoma and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Genet 2021; 256-257:115-121. [PMID: 34111657 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Keratoacanthoma (KA) is a common cutaneous neoplasm which often resembles typical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in both its clinical and historical presentation. Several studies have attempted to identify methods for distinguishing between KA and SCC, however, none of these have proven to play any obvious roles in these tumors. Given this we went on to evaluate mitochondrial microsatellite instability (mtMSI) in KA and SCC in an effort to understand these tumors better. DNA was isolated from paired normal and tumoral tissues donated by 57 KA patients and 43 SCC patients. MtMSI was then analyzed using eight microsatellite markers and was observed in 2 (3.5%) of the 57 KA patients and 8 (18.6%) of the 43 SCC patients, respectively. MtMSI was also shown to affect different locations depending on tumor type. In KA patients, mtMSI was detected at mitochondrial D514 D-loop and presented with (CA) n repeats, in contrast, all of the SCC patient experienced mtMSI at the D310 with (C)n repeats of the D-loop region. These differences in location were found to be significant, which may support the hypothesis that KA and SCC have different pathogenetic pathways. Our results also suggest that mtMSI may be a candidate for developing novel differential diagnostic methods for KA and SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rizwan Alam
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmad Alsulimani
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hye Ra Jung
- Department of Pathology, Dongsan Medical Center, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Keimyung University School of Medicine,1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Jeon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daegu Catholic University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kwang Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea; Hanvit Institute for Medical Genetics, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Alam MR, Kim DK. Alterations in telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number in human lymphocytes on short-term exposure to moderate hypoxia. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1443-1447. [PMID: 33163366 PMCID: PMC7600389 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to moderate hypoxia for 24 h significantly increased telomere length. Telomere elongation is related to the duration of hypoxia exposure. Mitochondrial DNA copy number was unaffected by hypoxia exposure. Mitochondrial DNA copy number is a more stable marker than telomere length alteration under hypoxia.
Hypoxia is related to a variety of diseases, such as cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases and various cancers. Telomere length (TL) may vary according to the hypoxia level and cell types. To the best of our knowledge, no study has investigated the effect of moderate hypoxia on TL and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) in human lymphocytes. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the effect of moderate hypoxia on TL in correlation with mtDNAcn. This study included 32 healthy male nonsmoker’s subjects; in this cohort, we had previously studied sister chromatid exchange and microsatellite instability. Blood samples from each subject were divided into three groups: a control group and two experimental groups exposed to moderate hypoxia for 12 or 24 h. Relative TL and mtDNAcn were measured by a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The TL in the control group did not significantly differ from that in the experimental group subjected to hypoxia for 12 h; however, the TL in the 24 h hypoxia–treated experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group. The correlation between TL and mtDNAcn was not statistically significant in the two hypoxic states. The increase in TL was observed on exposure to hypoxia for 24 h and not for 12 h; thus, the findings suggest that telomere elongation is related to hypoxia exposure duration. The mtDNAcn in the two experimental groups did not significantly differ from that in the control group. These observations suggest that mtDNAcn alterations show more genetic stability than TL alterations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first in vitro study on human lymphocytes reporting an increase in TL and no alteration in mtDNAcn after short-time exposure to moderate hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rizwan Alam
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kwang Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.,Hanvit Institute for Medical Genetics, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Lee JH, Eom KS, Song DK, Suh SI, Kim DK. In vitro and in vivo effects of melatonin on sister chromatid exchange in human blood lymphocytes exposed to hypoxia. Drug Chem Toxicol 2015; 39:153-6. [PMID: 26114412 DOI: 10.3109/01480545.2015.1058393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many studies have shown that melatonin (MLT) has an anti-genotoxic effect in various tissues and cell lines. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-genotoxic effect of MLT on normal human peripheral lymphocytes by assessing sister chromatid exchange (SCE) in vitro and in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were treated with 50 and 200 μM of MLT. The human volunteers (n = 20) for the in vivo study were administered a single dose of 3 mg MLT daily for 2 weeks. After sufficient time for its clearance, 1.5 mg of MLT daily was then administered to the same volunteers at same the period. RESULTS Our results demonstrated the anti-genotoxic effect of MLT in human blood lymphocyte in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, hypoxia increased the SCE frequency compared to the control and both doses of MLT significantly decreased the SCE frequency in the hypoxic cells (p < 0.001). In vivo, oral administration of 3 mg MLT significantly increased the frequency of SCE, yet a small increase of SCE by hypoxia was found. Oral administration of 1.5 mg MLT showed no DNA damage but it had an anti-genotoxic effect. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION MLT may prove useful for reducing the genotoxic effects of hypoxia in peripheral lymphocytes and suggest its possible role for ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dae-Kwang Kim
- e Department of Medical Genetics , College of Medicine, Keimyung University , Daegu , Republic of Korea , and.,f Hanvit Institute for Medical Genetics , Daegu , Republic of Korea
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Venderbosch S, van Vliet S, Craenmehr MHC, Simmer F, de Haan AFJ, Punt CJA, Koopman M, Nagtegaal ID. Mitochondrial microsatellite instability in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. Virchows Arch 2015; 466:495-502. [PMID: 25697538 PMCID: PMC4422840 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial microsatellite instability (mtMSI), a change in length in mtDNA microsatellite sequences between normal and tumor tissue, has been described as a frequent occurrence in colorectal cancer (CRC). We evaluated the prevalence and prognostic value of mtMSI and its relation to nuclear microsatellite instability (MSI) in patients with metastatic CRC (mCRC). At six loci (D310, D514, D16184, ND1, ND5, and COX1), the mitochondrial DNA sequence was analyzed in normal and tumor tissue, and the mtMSI status was determined. We evaluated the prevalence and outcome in terms of overall survival (OS) in 83 CRC patients with a MSI tumor (including 39 patients with Lynch syndrome) and in 99 mCRC patients with a microsatellite stable (MSS) tumor. A meta-analysis was performed to compare our findings with existing data. mtMSI at the D-loop region was found in 54.4 % (99 out of 182) of all patients. Prevalence of mtMSI was most pronounced at the D310 locus (50.5 %). Prevalence of mtMSI at the D-loop region was not different among patients with MSI compared to MSS tumors. There was no effect of mtMSI on prognosis in patients with MSI or MSS tumors. Prevalence of mtMSI was high in mCRC patients with both MSI and MSS tumors, but there was no correlation with prognosis. mtMSI was particularly present at the D310 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Venderbosch
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S. van Vliet
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M. H. C. Craenmehr
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F. Simmer
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A. F. J. de Haan
- Department for Health Evidence, Section Biostatistics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C. J. A. Punt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M. Koopman
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - I. D. Nagtegaal
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Luoto KR, Kumareswaran R, Bristow RG. Tumor hypoxia as a driving force in genetic instability. Genome Integr 2013; 4:5. [PMID: 24152759 PMCID: PMC4016142 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9414-4-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-regions of hypoxia exist within all tumors and the presence of intratumoral hypoxia has an adverse impact on patient prognosis. Tumor hypoxia can increase metastatic capacity and lead to resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Hypoxia also leads to altered transcription and translation of a number of DNA damage response and repair genes. This can lead to inhibition of recombination-mediated repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Hypoxia can also increase the rate of mutation. Therefore, tumor cell adaptation to the hypoxic microenvironment can drive genetic instability and malignant progression. In this review, we focus on hypoxia-mediated genetic instability in the context of aberrant DNA damage signaling and DNA repair. Additionally, we discuss potential therapeutic approaches to specifically target repair-deficient hypoxic tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa R Luoto
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (University Health Network), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ramya Kumareswaran
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (University Health Network), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (University Health Network), 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G2M9, Canada
| | - Robert G Bristow
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (University Health Network), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (University Health Network), 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G2M9, Canada
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Ding G, Liu HD, Liang HX, Ni RF, Ding ZY, Ni GY, Hua HW, Xu WG. HIF1-regulated ATRIP expression is required for hypoxia induced ATR activation. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:930-5. [PMID: 23454212 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The ATR-ATRIP protein kinase complex plays a crucial role in the cellular response to replication stress and DNA damage. Recent studies found that ATR could be activated in response to hypoxia and be involved in hypoxia-induced genetic instability in cancer cells. However, the underlying mechanisms for ATR activation in response to hypoxic stress are still not fully understood. We reported that ATRIP is a direct target of HIF-1. Silencing the expression of HIF-1α in cancer cells by RNA interference abolished hypoxia-induced ATRIP expression. Silencing the expression of ATRIP by RNA interference abolished hypoxia induced ATR activation and CHK1 phosphorylation in cancer cells. Taken together, these data shed novel insights on the mechanism of hypoxia-induced activation of the ATR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ding
- Department of Oncology, Chongming Branch of Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR China.
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Kumareswaran R, Ludkovski O, Meng A, Sykes J, Pintilie M, Bristow RG. Chronic hypoxia compromises repair of DNA double-strand breaks to drive genetic instability. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:189-99. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.092262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic cells have been linked to genetic instability and tumor progression. However, little is known about the exact relationship between DNA repair and genetic instability in hypoxic cells. We therefore tested whether the sensing and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DNA-dsbs) is altered in irradiated cells kept under continual oxic, hypoxic or anoxic conditions. Synchronized G0–G1 human fibroblasts were irradiated (0–10 Gy) after initial gassing with 0% O2 (anoxia), 0.2% O2 (hypoxia) or 21% O2 (oxia) for 16 hours. The response of phosphorylated histone H2AX (γ-H2AX), phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated [ATM(Ser1981)], and the p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1) was quantified by intranuclear DNA repair foci and western blotting. At 24 hours following DNA damage, residual γ-H2AX, ATM(Ser1981) and 53BP1 foci were observed in hypoxic cells. This increase in residual DNA-dsbs under hypoxic conditions was confirmed using neutral comet assays. Clonogenic survival was also reduced in chronically hypoxic cells, which is consistent with the observation of elevated G1-associated residual DNA-dsbs. We also observed an increase in the frequency of chromosomal aberrations in chronically hypoxic cells. We conclude that DNA repair under continued hypoxia leads to decreased repair of G1-associated DNA-dsbs, resulting in increased chromosomal instability. Our findings suggest that aberrant DNA-dsb repair under hypoxia is a potential factor in hypoxia-mediated genetic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Kumareswaran
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network)
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
| | - Olga Ludkovski
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network)
| | - Alice Meng
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network)
| | - Jenna Sykes
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network)
| | - Melania Pintilie
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network)
| | - Robert G. Bristow
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Hospital (University Health Network)
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 2M9
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Koi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, Texas 75246, USA.
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Lee JH, Ryu TY, Cho CH, Kim DK. Different Characteristics of Mitochondrial Microsatellite Instability Between Uterine Leiomyomas and Leiomyosarcomas. Pathol Oncol Res 2010; 17:201-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-010-9297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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