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Boyle J, Ward MH, Cerhan JR, Rothman N, Wheeler DC. Assessing and attenuating the impact of selection bias on spatial cluster detection studies. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2024; 49:100659. [PMID: 38876558 PMCID: PMC11180222 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2024.100659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Spatial cluster analyses are commonly used in epidemiologic studies of case-control data to detect whether certain areas in a study region have an excess of disease risk. Case-control studies are susceptible to potential biases including selection bias, which can result from non-participation of eligible subjects in the study. However, there has been no systematic evaluation of the effects of non-participation on the findings of spatial cluster analyses. In this paper, we perform a simulation study assessing the effect of non-participation on spatial cluster analysis using the local spatial scan statistic under a variety of scenarios that vary the location and rates of study non-participation and the presence and intensity of a zone of elevated risk for disease for simulated case-control studies. We find that geographic areas of lower participation among controls than cases can greatly inflate false-positive rates for identification of artificial spatial clusters. Additionally, we find that even modest non-participation outside of a true zone of elevated risk can decrease spatial power to identify the true zone. We propose a spatial algorithm to correct for potentially spatially structured non-participation that compares the spatial distributions of the observed sample and underlying population. We demonstrate its ability to markedly decrease false positive rates in the absence of elevated risk and resist decreasing spatial sensitivity to detect true zones of elevated risk. We apply our method to a case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Our findings suggest that greater attention should be paid to the potential effects of non-participation in spatial cluster studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Boyle
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Mary H Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - James R Cerhan
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nathaniel Rothman
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - David C Wheeler
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Wheeler DC, Boyle J, Carli M, Ward MH, Metayer C. Neighborhood Deprivation, Indoor Chemical Concentrations, and Spatial Risk for Childhood Leukemia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3582. [PMID: 36834278 PMCID: PMC9968201 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is the most common childhood cancer in industrialized countries, and the increasing incidence trends in the US suggest that environmental exposures play a role in its etiology. Neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) has been found to be associated with many health outcomes, including childhood leukemia. In this paper, we used a Bayesian index model approach to estimate a neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) in the analysis of childhood leukemia in a population-based case-control study (diagnosed 1999 to 2006) in northern and central California, with direct indoor measurements of many chemicals for 277 cases and 306 controls <8 years of age. We considered spatial random effects in the Bayesian index model approach to identify any areas of significantly elevated risk not explained by neighborhood deprivation or individual covariates, and assessed if groups of indoor chemicals would explain any elevated spatial risk areas. Due to not all eligible cases and controls participating in the study, we conducted a simulation study to add non-participants to evaluate the impact of potential selection bias when estimating NDI effects and spatial risk. The results in the crude model showed an odds ratio (OR) of 1.06 and 95% credible interval (CI) of (0.98, 1.15) for a one unit increase in the NDI, but the association became slightly inverse when adjusting for individual level covariates in the observed data (OR = 0.97 and 95% CI: 0.87, 1.07), as well as when using simulated data (average OR = 0.98 and 95% CI: 0.91, 1.05). We found a significant spatial risk of childhood leukemia after adjusting for NDI and individual-level covariates in two counties, but the area of elevated risk was partly explained by selection bias in simulation studies that included more participating controls in areas of lower SES. The area of elevated risk was explained when including chemicals measured inside the home, and insecticides and herbicides had greater effects for the risk area than the overall study. In summary, the consideration of exposures and variables at different levels from multiple sources, as well as potential selection bias, are important for explaining the observed spatial areas of elevated risk and effect estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Wheeler
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, One Capitol Square, 830 East Main Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Joseph Boyle
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, One Capitol Square, 830 East Main Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Matt Carli
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, One Capitol Square, 830 East Main Street, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Mary H. Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
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Magnetic Fields and Cancer: Epidemiology, Cellular Biology, and Theranostics. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031339. [PMID: 35163262 PMCID: PMC8835851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are exposed to a complex mix of man-made electric and magnetic fields (MFs) at many different frequencies, at home and at work. Epidemiological studies indicate that there is a positive relationship between residential/domestic and occupational exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and some types of cancer, although some other studies indicate no relationship. In this review, after an introduction on the MF definition and a description of natural/anthropogenic sources, the epidemiology of residential/domestic and occupational exposure to MFs and cancer is reviewed, with reference to leukemia, brain, and breast cancer. The in vivo and in vitro effects of MFs on cancer are reviewed considering both human and animal cells, with particular reference to the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). MF application on cancer diagnostic and therapy (theranostic) are also reviewed by describing the use of different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications for the detection of several cancers. Finally, the use of magnetic nanoparticles is described in terms of treatment of cancer by nanomedical applications for the precise delivery of anticancer drugs, nanosurgery by magnetomechanic methods, and selective killing of cancer cells by magnetic hyperthermia. The supplementary tables provide quantitative data and methodologies in epidemiological and cell biology studies. Although scientists do not generally agree that there is a cause-effect relationship between exposure to MF and cancer, MFs might not be the direct cause of cancer but may contribute to produce ROS and generate oxidative stress, which could trigger or enhance the expression of oncogenes.
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Jiang Z, Zhao S, Huang W, Chen L, Liu YH. Embedded flexible and transparent double-layer nickel-mesh for high shielding efficiency. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:26531-26542. [PMID: 32906925 DOI: 10.1364/oe.401543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An efficient approach to obtain high shielding effectiveness (SE) in transparent shielding in an optical window field is proposed and demonstrated by fabricating an embedded double-layer metallic mesh (DLMM) comprised of randomly structured Ni meshes on both sides of a flexible substrate, employing a facile and low-cost double-sided nanoimprinting method. The unique nonperiodic random structure contributes to uniform diffraction and eliminates the Moiré fringe generated by double-layer periodic meshes, ensuring high imaging quality for optical applications. The designed DLMM films simultaneously achieve strong shielding in the X-band and high transmittance in the visible spectrum, demonstrating a high transmittance of 88.7% at the 550-nm wavelength and a SE of 46.9 dB at a frequency of 8.2 GHz. An ultra-high SE of 80 dB is achieved at 64.2% transmittance, which reveals the highest reported SE over a metallic mesh for transparent shielding, indicating the high potential for this transparent electromagnetic interference shielding material for practical optical applications.
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Wallace AD, Francis SS, Ma X, McKean-Cowdin R, Selvin S, Whitehead TP, Barcellos LF, Kang AY, Morimoto L, Moore TB, Wiemels JL, Metayer C. Allergies and Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Case-Control Study and Meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 27:1142-1150. [PMID: 30068517 PMCID: PMC6628274 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Allergic disease is suspected to play a role in the development of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Studies conducted over the last several decades have yielded mixed results.Methods: We examined the association between allergy, a common immune-mediated disorder, and ALL in the California Childhood Leukemia Study (CCLS), a case-control study of 977 children diagnosed with ALL and 1,037 matched controls (1995-2015). History of allergies in the first year of life was obtained from interviews, mainly reported by mothers. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate ORs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), controlling for birth order, daycare attendance, and mode of delivery. In addition, we conducted meta-analyses with data from the CCLS and 12 published studies and employed a new method to estimate between-study heterogeneity (R_b).Results: Overall, no associations were observed between childhood ALL risk and specific allergy phenotypes or any allergy, as a group. However, having any allergy was associated with an increased risk of ALL among the youngest study participants. In the meta-analysis random-effects models, reduced odds of ALL were associated with hay fever (metaOR = 0.65; 95% CI, 0.47-0.90); however, restricting the analysis to studies that used medical records for assessment of allergy or recently published studies led to null or attenuated results.Conclusions: Overall, our findings do not support a clear association between allergy and childhood ALL.Impact: The degree to which epidemiologic studies can inform the relationship between allergies and risk of childhood ALL is limited by R_b. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(10); 1142-50. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia D Wallace
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California.
| | - Stephen S Francis
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Xiomei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steve Selvin
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Todd P Whitehead
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Lisa F Barcellos
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Alice Y Kang
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Libby Morimoto
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Theodore B Moore
- School of Medicine, Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Catherine Metayer
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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Amoon AT, Crespi CM, Ahlbom A, Bhatnagar M, Bray I, Bunch KJ, Clavel J, Feychting M, Hémon D, Johansen C, Kreis C, Malagoli C, Marquant F, Pedersen C, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Röösli M, Spycher BD, Sudan M, Swanson J, Tittarelli A, Tuck DM, Tynes T, Vergara X, Vinceti M, Wünsch-Filho V, Kheifets L. Proximity to overhead power lines and childhood leukaemia: an international pooled analysis. Br J Cancer 2018; 119:364-373. [PMID: 29808013 PMCID: PMC6068168 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-018-0097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although studies have consistently found an association between childhood leukaemia risk and magnetic fields, the associations between childhood leukaemia and distance to overhead power lines have been inconsistent. We pooled data from multiple studies to assess the association with distance and evaluate whether it is due to magnetic fields or other factors associated with distance from lines. METHODS We present a pooled analysis combining individual-level data (29,049 cases and 68,231 controls) from 11 record-based studies. RESULTS There was no material association between childhood leukaemia and distance to nearest overhead power line of any voltage. Among children living < 50 m from 200 + kV power lines, the adjusted odds ratio for childhood leukaemia was 1.33 (95% CI: 0.92-1.93). The odds ratio was higher among children diagnosed before age 5 years. There was no association with calculated magnetic fields. Odds ratios remained unchanged with adjustment for potential confounders. CONCLUSIONS In this first comprehensive pooled analysis of childhood leukaemia and distance to power lines, we found a small and imprecise risk for residences < 50 m of 200 + kV lines that was not explained by high magnetic fields. Reasons for the increased risk, found in this and many other studies, remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryana T Amoon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA
| | - Catherine M Crespi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA
| | - Anders Ahlbom
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Megha Bhatnagar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA
| | - Isabelle Bray
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of the West of England, Bristol, BS16 1QY, UK
| | - Kathryn J Bunch
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Jacqueline Clavel
- Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers, CRESS, INSERM, UMR 1153, Paris Descartes University, Villejuif, France.,National Registry of Childhood Cancers - Hematological Malignancies, Villejuif, France
| | - Maria Feychting
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Denis Hémon
- Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers, CRESS, INSERM, UMR 1153, Paris Descartes University, Villejuif, France
| | - Christoffer Johansen
- The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Oncology Clinic, Finsen Center, Rigshospitalet 5073, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Kreis
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Malagoli
- Research Center of Environmental (CREAGEN), Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabienne Marquant
- Epidemiology of Childhood and Adolescent Cancers, CRESS, INSERM, UMR 1153, Paris Descartes University, Villejuif, France
| | - Camilla Pedersen
- The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Raaschou-Nielsen
- The Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Martin Röösli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersgraben 1, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ben D Spycher
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Madhuri Sudan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA.,Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,College of Osteopathic Medicine of the Pacific, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, 91766-1854, USA
| | | | - Andrea Tittarelli
- Cancer Registry Unit, National Cancer Institute, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Deirdre M Tuck
- School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Tore Tynes
- Department of Occupational Health Surveillance, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ximena Vergara
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA.,Energy and Environment Sector, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Research Center of Environmental (CREAGEN), Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor Wünsch-Filho
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Leeka Kheifets
- Department of Epidemiology, University of California Los Angeles Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1772, USA.
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Whitehead TP, Metayer C, Wiemels JL, Singer AW, Miller MD. Childhood Leukemia and Primary Prevention. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2016; 46:317-352. [PMID: 27968954 PMCID: PMC5161115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cppeds.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leukemia is the most common pediatric cancer, affecting 3800 children per year in the United States. Its annual incidence has increased over the last decades, especially among Latinos. Although most children diagnosed with leukemia are now cured, many suffer long-term complications, and primary prevention efforts are urgently needed. The early onset of leukemia-usually before 5 years of age-and the presence at birth of "pre-leukemic" genetic signatures indicate that pre- and postnatal events are critical to the development of the disease. In contrast to most pediatric cancers, there is a growing body of literature-in the United States and internationally-that has implicated several environmental, infectious, and dietary risk factors in the etiology of childhood leukemia, mainly for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the most common subtype. For example, exposures to pesticides, tobacco smoke, solvents, and traffic emissions have consistently demonstrated positive associations with the risk of developing childhood leukemia. In contrast, intake of vitamins and folate supplementation during the preconception period or pregnancy, breastfeeding, and exposure to routine childhood infections have been shown to reduce the risk of childhood leukemia. Some children may be especially vulnerable to these risk factors, as demonstrated by a disproportionate burden of childhood leukemia in the Latino population of California. The evidence supporting the associations between childhood leukemia and its risk factors-including pooled analyses from around the world and systematic reviews-is strong; however, the dissemination of this knowledge to clinicians has been limited. To protect children's health, it is prudent to initiate programs designed to alter exposure to well-established leukemia risk factors rather than to suspend judgment until no uncertainty remains. Primary prevention programs for childhood leukemia would also result in the significant co-benefits of reductions in other adverse health outcomes that are common in children, such as detriments to neurocognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd P Whitehead
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA.
| | - Catherine Metayer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Joseph L Wiemels
- Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | - Amanda W Singer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Mark D Miller
- Center for Integrative Research on Childhood Leukemia and the Environment, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Western States Pediatric Environmental Health Specialty Unit, University of California, San Francisco, CA
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Golbach LA, Portelli LA, Savelkoul HFJ, Terwel SR, Kuster N, de Vries RBM, Verburg-van Kemenade BML. Calcium homeostasis and low-frequency magnetic and electric field exposure: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro studies. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 92-93:695-706. [PMID: 26872872 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Low frequency magnetic field (LF MF) exposure is recurrently suggested to have the ability to induce health effects in society. Therefore, in vitro model systems are used to investigate biological effects of exposure. LF MF induced changes of the cellular calcium homeostasis are frequently hypothesised to be the possible target, but this hypothesis is both substantiated and rejected by numerous studies in literature. Despite the large amount of data, no systematic analysis of in vitro studies has been conducted to address the strength of evidence for an association between LF MF exposure and calcium homeostasis. Our systematic review, with inclusion of 42 studies, showed evidence for an association of LF MF with internal calcium concentrations and calcium oscillation patterns. The oscillation frequency increased, while the amplitude and the percentage of oscillating cells remained constant. The intracellular calcium concentration increased (SMD 0.351, 95% CI 0.126, 0.576). Subgroup analysis revealed heterogeneous effects associated with the exposure frequency, magnetic flux density and duration. Moreover, we found support for the presence of MF-sensitive cell types. Nevertheless, some of the included studies may introduce a great risk of bias as a result of uncontrolled or not reported exposure conditions, temperature ranges and ambient fields. In addition, mathematical calculations of the parasitic induced electric fields (IEFs) disclosed their association with increased intracellular calcium. Our results demonstrate that LF MF might influence the calcium homeostasis in cells in vitro, but the risk of bias and high heterogeneity (I(2)>75%) weakens the analyses. Therefore any potential clinical implications await further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke A Golbach
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, P.O.Box 338, 6700AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas A Portelli
- The Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zeughausstrasse 43, CH-8004 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, P.O.Box 338, 6700AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie R Terwel
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, P.O.Box 338, 6700AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Kuster
- The Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society (IT'IS), Zeughausstrasse 43, CH-8004 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, Swiss Federal Technical Institute (ETHZ), Gloriastrasse 35, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rob B M de Vries
- SYRCLE, Central Animal Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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Maes A, Anthonissen R, Wambacq S, Simons K, Verschaeve L. The Cytome Assay as a Tool to Investigate the Possible Association Between Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Fields and an Increased Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:741-9. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Maes
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Toxicology Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Roel Anthonissen
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Toxicology Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sheleen Wambacq
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Toxicology Unit, Brussels, Belgium
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Koen Simons
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Health and Environment Unit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Verschaeve
- Scientific Institute of Public Health (WIV-ISP), Toxicology Unit, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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10
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Salvan A, Ranucci A, Lagorio S, Magnani C. Childhood leukemia and 50 Hz magnetic fields: findings from the Italian SETIL case-control study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:2184-204. [PMID: 25689995 PMCID: PMC4344719 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120202184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on an Italian case-control study on childhood leukemia and exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MF). Eligible for inclusion were 745 leukemia cases, aged 0–10 years at diagnosis in 1998–2001, and 1475 sex- and age-matched population controls. Parents of 683 cases and 1044 controls (92% vs. 71%) were interviewed. ELF-MF measurements (24–48 h), in the child’s bedroom of the dwelling inhabited one year before diagnosis, were available for 412 cases and 587 controls included in the main conditional regression analyses. The magnetic field induction was 0.04 μT on average (geometric mean), with 0.6% of cases and 1.6% of controls exposed to >0.3 μT. The impact of changes in the statistical model, exposure metric, and data-set restriction criteria was explored via sensitivity analyses. No exposure-disease association was observed in analyses based on continuous exposure, while analyses based on categorical variables were characterized by incoherent exposure-outcome relationships. In conclusion, our results may be affected by several sources of bias and they are noninformative at exposure levels >0.3 μT. Nonetheless, the study may contribute to future meta- or pooled analyses. Furthermore, exposure levels among population controls are useful to estimate attributable risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Salvan
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science "Antonio Ruberti", IASI-CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Ranucci
- Medical Statistics & Cancer Epidemiology Unit-Department of Translational Medicine, CPO Piemonte and University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
| | - Susanna Lagorio
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Surveillance and Health Promotion-National Institute of Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Corrado Magnani
- Medical Statistics & Cancer Epidemiology Unit-Department of Translational Medicine, CPO Piemonte and University of Eastern Piedmont, Via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy.
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