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Wang F, Roh YS. Mitochondrial connection to ginsenosides. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:1031-1045. [PMID: 33113096 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria play an essential role in energy synthesis and supply, thereby maintaining cellular function, survival, and energy homeostasis via mitochondria-mediated pathways, including apoptosis and mitophagy. Ginsenosides are responsible for most immunological and pharmacological activities of ginseng, a highly beneficial herb with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective properties. Studies have shown that ginsenosides assist in regulating mitochondrial energy metabolism, oxidative stress, biosynthesis, apoptosis, mitophagy, and the status of membrane channels, establishing mitochondria as one of their most important targets. This article reviews the regulatory effects of ginsenosides on the mitochondria and highlights their beneficial role in treating mitochondrial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, South Korea
| | - Yoon Seok Roh
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, South Korea.
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Fecker R, Buda V, Alexa E, Avram S, Pavel IZ, Muntean D, Cocan I, Watz C, Minda D, Dehelean CA, Soica C, Danciu C. Phytochemical and Biological Screening of Oenothera Biennis L. Hydroalcoholic Extract. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060818. [PMID: 32466573 PMCID: PMC7356052 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oenothera biennis L. (OB), also commonly known as evening primrose, belongs to the Onagraceae family and has the best studied biological activity of all the members in the family. In therapy, the most frequently used type of extracts are from the aerial part, which are the fatty oils obtained from the seeds and have a wide range of medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition and biological activity of OB hydroalcoholic extract and to provide directions for the antimicrobial effect, antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic potential against A375 melanoma cell line, and anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory capacity. The main polyphenols and flavonoids identified were gallic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin and rosmarinic acid. The total phenolic content was 631.496 µgGAE/mL of extract and the antioxidant activity was 7258.67 μmolTrolox/g of extract. The tested extract had a mild bacteriostatic effect on the tested bacterial strains. It was bactericidal only against Candida spp. and S. aureus. In the set of experimental conditions, the OB extract only manifested significant antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity against the A375 human melanoma cell line at the highest tested concentration, namely 60 μg/mL. The migration potential of A375 cells was hampered by the OB extract in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, at the highest tested concentration, the OB extract altered the mitochondrial function in vitro, while reducing the angiogenic reaction, hindering compact tumor formation in the chorioallantoic membrane assay. Moreover, the OB extract elicited an anti-inflammatory effect on the experimental animal model of ear inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Fecker
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (R.F.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (D.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Valentina Buda
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (D.M.); Tel.: +4-0755-100-408 (V.B.)
| | - Ersilia Alexa
- Department of Food Control, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timişoara, Calea Aradului No. 119, 300641 Timişoara, Romania; (E.A.); (I.C.)
| | - Stefana Avram
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (R.F.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (D.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Ioana Zinuca Pavel
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (R.F.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (D.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Delia Muntean
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania
- Correspondence: (V.B.); (D.M.); Tel.: +4-0755-100-408 (V.B.)
| | - Ileana Cocan
- Department of Food Control, Banat’s University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine “King Michael I of Romania” from Timişoara, Calea Aradului No. 119, 300641 Timişoara, Romania; (E.A.); (I.C.)
| | - Claudia Watz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Daliana Minda
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (R.F.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (D.M.); (C.D.)
| | - Cristina Adriana Dehelean
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Codruta Soica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania;
| | - Corina Danciu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babeş”, Eftimie Murgu Square, No. 2, 300041 Timişoara, Romania; (R.F.); (S.A.); (I.Z.P.); (D.M.); (C.D.)
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Jo H, Oh JH, Park DW, Lee C, Min CK. Oleanolic acid 3-acetate, a minor element of ginsenosides, induces apoptotic cell death in ovarian carcinoma and endometrial carcinoma cells via the involvement of a reactive oxygen species-independent mitochondrial pathway. J Ginseng Res 2018; 44:96-104. [PMID: 32095097 PMCID: PMC7033343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Oleanolic acid, a minor element of ginsenosides, and its derivatives have been shown to have cytotoxicity against some tumor cells. The impact of cytotoxic effect of oleanolic acid 3-acetate on ovarian cancer SKOV3 cells and endometrial cancer HEC-1A cells were examined both in vivo and in vitro to explore the underlying mechanisms. Methods Cytotoxic effects of oleanolic acid 3-acetate were assessed by cell viability, phosphatidylserine exposure on the cell surface, mitochondrial release of cytochrome C, nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor, depolarization of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm), and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In vivo inhibition of tumor growth was also assessed with xenografts in immunocompromised mice. Results Oleanolic acid 3-acetate exhibited potent cytotoxicity toward SKOV3 and HEC-1A cells by decreasing cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner. Importantly, oleanolic acid 3-acetate effectively suppressed the growth of SKOV3 cell tumor xenografts in immunocompromised mice. Furthermore, oleanolic acid 3-acetate induced apoptotic cell death as revealed by loss of ΔΨm, release of cytochrome c, and nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor with a concomitant activation of many proapoptotic cellular components including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, Bcl-2, and caspases-8, caspase-3, and caspase-7. Oleanolic acid 3-acetate, however, caused a decrease in ROS production, suggesting the involvement of an ROS-independent pathway in oleanolic acid 3-acetate–induced apoptosis in SKOV3 and HEC-1A cells. Conclusion These findings support the notion that oleanolic acid 3-acetate could be used as a potent anticancer supplementary agent against ovarian and endometrial cancer. Oleanolic acid 3-acetate exerts its proapoptotic effects through a rather unique molecular mechanism that involves an unconventional ROS-independent but mitochondria-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hantae Jo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyun Oh
- Oncology Business Unit, MSD-Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Park
- Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Cheil General Hospital & Women's Healthcare Center, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Changho Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Churl K Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Qin QP, Liu YC, Wang HL, Qin JL, Cheng FJ, Tang SF, Liang H. Synthesis and antitumor mechanisms of a copper(ii) complex of anthracene-9-imidazoline hydrazone (9-AIH). Metallomics 2015; 7:1124-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00027k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A copper(ii) complex of anthracene-9-imidazoline hydrazone induced cell apoptosis by suppressing mutant p53 expression and activating caspase cascade pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Pin Qin
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Cheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Jiao-Lan Qin
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Jie Cheng
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Shang-Feng Tang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004, P. R. China
| | - Hong Liang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources
- School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Guangxi Normal University
- Guilin 541004, P. R. China
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Evening primrose oil and celecoxib inhibited pathological angiogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in adjuvant-induced arthritis: novel role of angiopoietin-1. Inflammopharmacology 2014; 22:305-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-014-0200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Zeng G, Ju Y, Shen H, Zhou N, Huang L. Immunopontentiating activities of the purified polysaccharide from evening primrose in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 52:280-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Sakao K, Fujii M, Hou DX. Acetyl derivate of quercetin increases the sensitivity of human leukemia cells toward apoptosis. Biofactors 2009; 35:399-405. [PMID: 19565472 DOI: 10.1002/biof.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The hydroxyl groups of flavonoids are important for their bioactive functions and also prone to oxidation to quinones. To block the potential oxidation of quercetin, and generate a stronger bioactive compound, we synthesized acetyl and methyl derivatives of quercetin, 3,7,3',4'-O-tetraacetylquercetin (4Ac-Q) and 3,7,3',4'-O-tetramethylquercetin (4Me-Q), which substituted the hydroxyl groups of quercetin with acetyl or methyl groups at the 3,7,3',4' positions of quercetin, and then evaluated the ability to cause cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis in HL-60 cells. The results revealed that 4Ac-Q and quercetin, but not 4Me-Q, significantly inhibit cell proliferation by caspase-mediated apoptosis when characterized by DNA fragmentation, activation of caspase-3 and PARP cleavage while 4Me-Q lost this ability. Interestingly, 4Ac-Q revealed stronger apoptotic activity than parent quercetin via a ROS-independent pathway. These findings provide a valuable strategy to increase the sensitivity of human leukemia HL-60 cells toward apoptosis by modifying quercetin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozue Sakao
- Course of Biological Science and Technology, United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Kiss AK, Derwińska M, Dawidowska A, Naruszewicz M. Novel biological properties of Oenothera paradoxa defatted seed extracts: effects on metallopeptidase activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:7845-7852. [PMID: 18707116 DOI: 10.1021/jf801372h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, we used the in vitro metallopeptidase model for the identification of a potential novel activity of defatted evening primrose seed extracts. Prepared extracts of different polarity (aqueous, 60% ethanolic, isopropanolic, and 30% isopropanolic) at concentrations of 1.5-100 microg/mL exhibited a significant and dose dependent inhibition of three tested enzymes. The 50% inhibition of enzymes activity showed that aminopeptidase N (APN) was the enzyme affected to the greatest extent with IC50 at the level of 2.8 microg/mL and 2.9 microg/mL for aqueous and 30% isopropanolic extracts, respectively. The activity of neutral endopeptidase (NEP) was quite strongly inhibited by the extracts as well. The HPLC-DAD analysis and bioguided fractionation led to the identification of four active compounds: (-)-epicatechin gallate, proanthocyanidin B3, oenothein B, and penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose (PGG). Oenothein B has been shown previously to inhibit metallopeptidases. The three other compounds are known to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), but they have not been previously reported to inhibit the NEP and APN activity. PGG and procyanidins with different degrees of polymerization, as the dominating compounds in O. paradoxa seeds, seemed to play a role in the crude extract activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
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Wang XH, Jia DZ, Liang YJ, Yan SL, Ding Y, Chen LM, Shi Z, Zeng MS, Liu GF, Fu LW. Lgf-YL-9 induces apoptosis in human epidermoid carcinoma KB cells and multidrug resistant KBv200 cells via reactive oxygen species-independent mitochondrial pathway. Cancer Lett 2006; 249:256-70. [PMID: 17055640 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 09/02/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pyrazolon derivatives were reported to have cytotoxicity to some tumour cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Lgf-YL-9 on cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis in human epidermoid carcinoma drug-sensitive parental KB cells and multidrug resistant (MDR) KBv200 cells. Lgf-YL-9 exhibited potent cytotoxicity not only to KB cells but also to KBv200 cells, and the IC(50) were 3.81 and 3.45 microg/mL in KB cells and KBv200 cells, respectively. Importantly, Lgf-YL-9 effectively inhibited tumour growth of KB cell xenografts in nude mice. Lgf-YL-9-induced cell apoptosis was confirmed by chromatin condensation, DNA fragmentation, Annexin-V and propidium iodide (PI) double-staining assay and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Furthermore, Lgf-YL-9-mediated apoptosis in KB cells and KBv200 cells was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), the release of cytochrome c, and the activation of caspases-3, -7, and -9, but not by intercalating to DNA. Although Lgf-YL-9-induced apoptosis was associated with the decrease of DeltaPsi(m), reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction was interestingly observed in both cell lines. The data suggest that Lgf-YL-9 has similar cytotoxicity to drug-sensitive parental KB cells and MDR KBv200 cells. Lgf-YL-9-induced apoptosis is involved in a new ROS-independent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway, but not in intercalating to DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510060, PR China
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Pellegrina CD, Padovani G, Mainente F, Zoccatelli G, Bissoli G, Mosconi S, Veneri G, Peruffo A, Andrighetto G, Rizzi C, Chignola R. Anti-tumour potential of a gallic acid-containing phenolic fraction from Oenothera biennis. Cancer Lett 2005; 226:17-25. [PMID: 16004929 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2004] [Revised: 11/14/2004] [Accepted: 11/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A phenolic fraction purified form defatted seeds of Oenothera biennis promoted selective apoptosis of human and mouse bone marrow-derived cell lines following first-order kinetics through a caspase-dependent pathway. In non-leukemia tumour cell lines, such as human colon carcinoma CaCo(2) cells and mouse fibrosarcoma WEHI164 cells, this fraction inhibited (3)H-thymidine incorporation but not cell death or cell cycle arrest. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed low sensitivity to treatment. Single bolus injection of the phenolic fraction could delay the growth of established myeloma tumours in syngeneic animals. HPLC and mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the fraction contains gallic acid. However, the biological activity of the fraction differs from the activity of this phenol and hence it should be attributed to other co-purified molecules which remain still unidentified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Dalla Pellegrina
- Dipartimento Scientifico e Tecnologico, Facolta' di Scienze MM.FF.NN., Universita' di Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 15 CV-1, I-37134 Verona, Italia
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