Promoter polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase-1 and risk of cervical cancer in Korean women

Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Genotypes With Bladder Cancer Risk

AIM

There is very little literature reporting the association of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) with personal susceptibility to bladder cancer. In the current study, we carried out the first examination of the contribution of MMP1 rs1799750 to bladder cancer risk in Taiwanese.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 375 bladder cancer cases and 375 healthy controls were genotyped for MMP1 rs1799750 via polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology and this was evaluated for association with clinicopathological factors.

RESULTS

The frequencies of MMP1 rs1799750 2G/2G, 1G/2G, and 1G/1G genotypes were 35.7%, 44.8% and 19.5% in the group with bladder cancer and 32.5%, 46.4%, and 21.1% in the healthy control group (p for trend=0.6362). The odds ratios (ORs) for bladder cancer risk after adjusting for age and gender for those carrying 1G/2G and 1G/1G genotypes at MMP1 rs1799750 were 0.88 (95% CI=0.62-1.24, p=0.4357) and 0.83 (95% CI=0.61-1.26, p=0.3990), respectively, compared with the wild-type 2G/2G genotype. In allelic frequency analysis, the adjusted OR for those carrying the 1G allele at MMP1 rs1799750 was 0.87 (95% CI=0.71-1.23, p=0.3479) compared to those people carrying a 2G allele.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicated that the genotypes at MMP1 rs1799750 appear to play little role in determining personal susceptibility to bladder cancer for Taiwanese.

A Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 Polymorphism, MMP1-1607 (1G>2G), Is Associated with Increased Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis Including 21,327 Patients

Although the matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP1) polymorphism MMP1-1607 (1G>2G) has been associated with susceptibility to various cancers, these findings are controversial. Therefore, we conducted this meta-analysis to explore the association between MMP1-1607 (1G>2G) and cancer risk. A systematic search of literature through PubMed, Embase, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Google Scholar yielded 77 articles with 21,327 cancer patients and 23,245 controls. The association between the MMP1-1607 (1G>2G) polymorphism and cancer risks was detected in an allele model (2G vs. 1G, overall risk [OR]: 1.174, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.107-1.244), a dominant model (2G2G/1G2G vs. 1G1G OR, OR: 1.192, 95% CI: 1.090-1.303), and a recessive model (2G2G vs. 1G2G/1G1G, OR: 1.231, 95% CI: 1.141-1.329). In subgroup analysis, these associations were detected in both Asians and Caucasians. After stratification by cancer types, associations were found in lung, colorectal, nervous system, renal, bladder, and nasopharyngeal cancers. This meta-analysis revealed that MMP1-1607 (1G>2G) polymorphism was significantly associated with elevated risk of cancers.

The polymorphism MMP1 -1607 (1G>2G) is associated with a significantly increased risk of cancers from a meta-analysis

Growing evidences show that matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1) plays important roles in tumorigenesis and cancer metastasis. MMP1 -1607 1G>2G is a single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of MMP1 and affects MMP1 production. Analysis of previous studies on the association of -1607 1G>2G polymorphism with different cancer types remained to be illustrated. To further assess the effect of -1607 1G>2G polymorphism on cancer risk, we performed this meta-analyses, up to September 8, 2014, of 10,640 cases and 10,915 controls from 42 published case-control designed studies. Statistical analyses were performed using STATA 11.0 software. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of associations. ORs with 95% CIs for the polymorphism MMP1 -1607 1G>2G and cancer were estimated using fixed and random effects models when appropriate. Significantly increased risks were found in overall under the models of 2G vs.1G, 2G2G vs. 1G1G, 2G2G/1G2G vs. 1G1G, and 2G2G vs. 2G1G/1G1G. Significantly elevated risks were observed in colorectal adenoma under the models of 2G vs. 1G, 2G2G vs. 1G1G, 2G2G/1G2G vs. 1G1G, and 2G2G vs. 2G1G/1G1G and lung cancer and head and neck cancer under the models of 2G vs. 1G. We found that significantly elevated risks were observed in Asian population and hospital-based studies in most comparison models tested. Thus, this meta-analysis indicates that the polymorphism MMP1 -1607 1G>2G is significantly associated with a significantly increased risk of cancers and may provide evidence-based medical certificate to study the cancer susceptibility.

Matrix metalloproteinase and its drug targets therapy in solid and hematological malignancies: an overview

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) comprises a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases that degrade various components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and basement membrane. MMPs are involved in solid and hematological malignancy through modification of cell growth, activation of cancer cells and modulation of immune functions. Several polymorphisms of different MMPs such as MMP-1 (-1607 1G/2G), MMP-2 (-1306 C/T), MMP-3 (-1171 5A/6A) & MMP-9 (-1562 C/T) and their expression levels have been well documented in different types of solid cancer. These polymorphic variations were found to be associated with angiogenesis, cancer progression, invasion and metastasis. There is paucity of data available in the field of hematological malignancies. Hence the field of matrix biology of hematological malignancies is an area of active exploration. A number of MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) have been developed for the cancer treatment. The most extensively studied classes of MMP inhibitors include Batimastat, Marismastat, Salimatat, Prinomastat and Tanomastat. However, their efficacy and action have not been confirmed and more data is required. The application of one or more selective targeted MMPIs in combination with conventional anti-leukemic treatment may represent a positive approach in combat against hematopoietic malignancies. Balance of MMPs and TIMPs is altered in different malignancies and biochemical pathways. These alternations will add another dimension in the matrix biology of both solid tumor and leukemia. MMP and TIMP singly and in combination are increasingly being recognized as an important player in basic cellular biology. Exploration and exploitation of MMP and TIMP balance in various malignant and nonmalignant lesions is going to be one of the most interesting facets of future use of this system for human health care.

Polymorphisms in the promoter regions of matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3 and cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 50 case-control studies

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1 and MMP3 are enzymes that degrade the extracellular matrix and have been implicated to play an important role in cancer development. Many studies have been carried out on the association between polymorphisms of MMP1 -1607 1G>2G and MMP3 -1171 5A>6A and cancer risk. However, results from these studies remain inconclusive. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of >38 000 subjects to better assess the purported associations. For MMP1, -1607 2G/2G genotype carriers were found to have an increased risk of colorectal cancer [2G/2G versus 2G/1G + 1G/1G, odds ratio (OR) = 1.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.26-1.74), P(heterogeneity) = 0.066, I(2) = 49.3%], head and neck cancer [2G/2G versus 2G/1G + 1G/1G, OR = 1.61, 95% CI (1.26-2.07), P(heterogeneity) = 0.002, I(2) = 64.7%] and renal cancer [2G/2G versus 2G/1G + 1G/1G, OR = 1.82, 95% CI (1.38-2.39), P(heterogeneity) = 0.589, I(2) = 0.0%] risk. For MMP3, no association was found between -1171 5A>6A polymorphism and cancer risk in the overall group [6A versus 5A, OR = 1.00, 95% CI (0.95-1.05), P(heterogeneity) = 0.124, I(2) = 24.9%] and individual cancer subgroups, but stratified analysis by smoking status showed that this polymorphism had different effects on smokers and non-smokers under recessive genetic model. In summary, our study suggests that MMP1 -1607 2G may be associated with an increased cancer risk for certain types of cancers, MMP3 -1171 5A>6A may not be a major risk factor for cancer, but it may be modified by certain environmental factors. Future studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to further evaluate these associations in more detail.

Haplotype analysis of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 gene associated with advanced-stage endometriosis

OBJECTIVE

To investigate whether the -1562C>T, R279Q, P574R, and R668Q polymorphisms of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) gene are related to endometriosis.

DESIGN

Case-control study.

SETTING

University-based hospital in Korea.

PATIENT(S)

Patients with endometriosis stage III/IV (n = 225) who underwent pelvic surgery and controls (n = 198) with no endometriosis in a Korean population.

INTERVENTION(S)

Peripheral blood samples were collected by venipuncture.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Frequencies of genotypes and haplotypes were compared with the risk of endometriosis including -1562C>T, R279Q, P574R, and R668Q polymorphisms of MMP-9.

RESULT(S)

In the two-locus haplotype analyses using the four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), an increase in the distribution of the R279Q/P574R (2678G>A/4859C>G) (AC haplotype: odds ratio [OR] = 3.180, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.956-5.170; GG haplotype: OR = 4.374, 95% CI = 2.376-8.053) and -1562C>T/R668Q (-1562C>T/5546G>A) (CA haplotype: OR = 3.280, 95% CI = 1.406-7.653) haplotypes was significantly associated with endometriosis. By contrast, the risk of endometriosis was not associated with the individual SNPs studied.

CONCLUSION(S)

These findings suggest that haplotype analysis was more informative than SNP analysis. The haplotypes in the MMP-9 gene may correlate with the progression of endometriosis, and further study of these variations might improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Matrix metalloproteinase-1 promoter polymorphism and epithelial ovarian cancer: does ethnicity matter?

AIM

To estimate the relationship between matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 promoter -1607 bp polymorphism and the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) in Korean women and to clarify the ethnic difference in genotype distribution of this polymorphism.

METHODS

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of MMP-1 promoter -1607 region in 133 EOC patients and 332 cancer-free patients were investigated. Then the associations of this polymorphism with EOC or its clinicopathological parameters were analyzed. In addition, genotype distributions of this polymorphism in Korean women were compared with those of other races by extracting data from the previously published literature.

RESULTS

We found no relationship between MMP-1 promoter -1607 bp polymorphism and epithelial ovarian cancer in a Korean population. Furthermore, we found ethnicity-dependent differences in genotype distributions and allele frequencies by comparison with previous articles on this topic. We report significant ethnic differences in the genotype distributions and allele frequencies of the MMP-1 promoter -1607 bp polymorphism.

CONCLUSION

Our results indicate that MMP-1-1607 bp polymorphism shows ethnic diversity, and that the hypothesis that this polymorphism is associated with epithelial ovarian cancer is not supported by this study in a Korean population. Moreover, this finding concurs with results obtained in white Americans and Europeans.

CTLA-4 gene and susceptibility to human papillomavirus-16-associated cervical squamous cell carcinoma in Taiwanese women

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered to be a necessary but not sufficient cause for cervical cancer. The host immunogenetic background plays an important role in the persistence of HPV infection and subsequent development of cervical cancer. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is a molecule expressed mainly on activated T cells and is important in the down-regulation of T-cell activation. The aim of this study was to determine if polymorphisms of the CTLA-4 gene are associated with HPV-induced cervical cancer in Taiwanese women. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to genotype -318 C/T, +49 A/G and CT60 A/G polymorphisms in 144 women with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) and 378 ethnicity-matched healthy control women. The presence and genotypes of HPV in CSCC were determined by E6-, E7-based nested polymerase chain reaction. The frequency of C/T genotype of -318 C/T polymorphism was significantly higher in patients with HPV-16-positive CSCC compared with controls (odds ratio = 1.99, 95% confidence interval = 1.16-3.42, P(c) = 0.03). No significant associations were found for +49 A/G and CT60 A/G polymorphisms. Analysis of haplotypes, computationally inferred from genotype data, also revealed no significant differences in distribution among all subjects with CSCC, those with HPV-16-positive CSCC and controls. Our results suggest that the -318 C/T variant in the promoter region of the CTLA-4 gene is associated with HPV-16-associated CSCC in Taiwanese women.

Functional polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinase-9 are associated with risk of occurrence and metastasis of lung cancer

PURPOSE

Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) plays critical roles in cancer development and aggression. Nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the functional domain of the MMP-9 gene may influence substrate and inhibitor binding and contribute to cancer predisposition and aggression.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

To test our hypothesis that common nonsynonymous SNPs, R279Q, P574R, and R668Q, in MMP-9 are associated with lung cancer development and metastasis, we conducted a case-control study of 744 patients with incident lung cancer and 747 cancer-free controls in Southeast China. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI).

RESULTS

We found that compared with the 279QQ genotype, the 279RR genotype was associated with significant elevated risk of lung cancer with metastasis (adjusted OR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.03-3.08), whereas the 574PR heterozygote and 574PP homozygote had 1.46-fold (95% CI, 0.94-2.26) and 1.69-fold elevated risk (95% CI, 1.10-2.60), respectively, compared with the 574RR genotype. When we examined the combined effect of R279Q and P574R and used the 279R and 574P as the risk alleles, a significantly increased risk of lung cancer was associated with both the genotypes containing "1 to 2 risk alleles" (adjusted OR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.30-3.59) and containing ">2 risk alleles" (adjusted OR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.48-4.03), and it was more pronounced in 290 lung cancer cases with metastasis [adjusted OR, 2.30 (95% CI, 1.09-4.85) for the 1 to 2 risk alleles subgroup and adjusted OR, 2.82 (95% CI, 1.35-5.88) for the >2 risk alleles subgroup], compared with those without any risk alleles. However, no overall significant associations were observed between R668Q and lung cancer risk in this study population.

CONCLUSION

These findings indicate that the potentially functional polymorphisms, MMP-9 P574R and R279Q, may confer the biomarker in the occurrence and metastasis of primary lung cancer. Further functional studies including these two genetic variants are warranted to confirm our findings.

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