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Tanaka J, Kuwajima H, Yuki R, Nakayama Y. Simvastatin activates the spindle assembly checkpoint and causes abnormal cell division by modifying small GTPases. Cell Signal 2024; 119:111172. [PMID: 38604342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Simvastatin is an inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, which is a rate-limiting enzyme of the cholesterol synthesis pathway. It has been used clinically as a lipid-lowering agent to reduce low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. In addition, antitumor activity has been demonstrated. Although simvastatin attenuates the prenylation of small GTPases, its effects on cell division in which small GTPases play an important role, have not been examined as a mechanism underlying its cytostatic effects. In this study, we determined its effect on cell division. Cell cycle synchronization experiments revealed a delay in mitotic progression in simvastatin-treated cells at concentrations lower than the IC50. Time-lapse imaging analysis indicated that the duration of mitosis, especially from mitotic entry to anaphase onset, was prolonged. In addition, simvastatin increased the number of cells exhibiting misoriented anaphase/telophase and bleb formation. Inhibition of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) kinase Mps1 canceled the mitotic delay. Additionally, the number of cells exhibiting kinetochore localization of BubR1, an essential component of SAC, was increased, suggesting an involvement of SAC in the mitotic delay. Enhancement of F-actin formation and cell rounding at mitotic entry indicates that cortical actin dynamics were affected by simvastatin. The cholesterol removal agent methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) accelerated mitotic progression differently from simvastatin, suggesting that cholesterol loss from the plasma membrane is not involved in the mitotic delay. Of note, the small GTPase RhoA, which is a critical factor for cortical actin dynamics, exhibited upregulated expression. In addition, Rap1 was likely not geranylgeranylated. Our results demonstrate that simvastatin affects actin dynamics by modifying small GTPases, thereby activating the spindle assembly checkpoint and causing abnormal cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junna Tanaka
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kuwajima
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Ryuzaburo Yuki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan.
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Xia W, Li H, Li Y, Li M, Fan J, Sun W, Li N, Li R, Shao K, Peng X. In Vivo Coinstantaneous Identification of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Circulating Tumor Cells by Dual-Targeting Magnetic-Fluorescent Nanobeads. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:634-641. [PMID: 33264027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been considered as a potential biomarker for evaluation of cancer metastasis and prognosis, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the isolation and detection of rare CTCs in HCC patients face enormous challenges due to omittance and nonspecific binding. We previously designed a small molecular NIR fluoresent agent, named MLP, which had high affinity with a tumor cell-overexpressed enzyme, aminopeptidase N (APN). Based on that, in this work we introduced a novel strategy via coassembling the antiepithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibody and MLPinto theFe3O4 magnetic nanobeads (MB-MLP-EpCAM) to isolate and identify HCC-CTCs coinstantaneously. MB-MLP-EpCAM significantly improved the CTC-capture efficiency (>85%) without sacrificing cell viability (>90%). Most importantly, the advantages of precise dual-targetability, high resolution of fluorescence imaging, and prominent selectivity make our nanoplatform have great potential to achieve in vivo real-time identification and monitoring of CTCs clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Haidong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Yueqing Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Miao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Jiangli Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Wen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Ruojie Li
- Interventional Therapy Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Kun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, P.R. China
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Conry RM, Rodriguez MG, Pressey JG. Zoledronic acid in metastatic osteosarcoma: encouraging progression free survival in four consecutive patients. Clin Sarcoma Res 2016; 6:6. [PMID: 27127605 PMCID: PMC4848872 DOI: 10.1186/s13569-016-0046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Zoledronic acid (ZA) is a third-generation bisphosphonate in widespread clinical use to reduce pain and skeletal events in patients from a variety of malignancies with bone metastases. Pre-clinical studies indicate that ZA inhibits osteosarcoma through direct anti-proliferative effects, immune activation and anti-angiogenic activity. Methods The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antitumor efficacy of ZA at standard dose until progression in patients with stage IV osteosarcoma lacking a standard of care treatment option proven to influence survival. Researchers retrospectively reviewed medical records of all patients at our institution with high-grade osteosarcoma presumed to be incurable due to metastases progressive after primary combination chemotherapy who received single agent ZA in an effort to delay progression. Results In our four-patient cohort following initiation of ZA, the median progression-free survival was 19 months, and median overall survival was 56+ months. Two of four patients have remained progression-free since starting ZA. The other two initially progressed after 18–20 months on ZA followed by metastasectomy of lung or dural metastases and further stability for over a year following resumption of ZA. After a 20-month progression-free interval on ZA alone, one patient had partial response following addition of pazopanib to ZA that likely contributed to long term disease control. The four patients experienced no significant toxicities despite protracted dosing of ZA for up to 5 years, and none have required chemotherapy since beginning ZA. Conclusions Single agent ZA was associated with encouraging progression-free survival in four consecutive patients with metastatic osteosarcoma. Prospective trials of single agent ZA are warranted as protracted maintenance therapy in surgically incurable osteosarcoma relapsed or refractory to first line combination chemotherapy with radiographically measurable metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Conry
- Division of Hematology Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2145 Bonner Way, Birmingham, AL 35243 USA
| | - Michael G Rodriguez
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th St South, Birmingham, AL 35249 USA
| | - Joseph G Pressey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 7th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233 USA ; Cancer & Blood Disorders Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA
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Pabst AM, Krüger M, Ziebart T, Jacobs C, Walter C. Isoprenoid geranylgeraniol: the influence on cell characteristics of endothelial progenitor cells after bisphosphonate therapy in vitro. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 19:1625-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-014-1394-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Iguchi K. [Effect of bisphosphonates on anticancer activity in prostate cancer cells]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2014; 132:1025-30. [PMID: 23023419 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.132.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are widely used to treat for osteoporosis and have recently been suggested to be effective in preventing tumor metastasis to the bone. One of the mechanisms underlying metastasis inhibition by bisphosphonates has been explained on the basis of the direct effects of these drugs on cancer cells in the bone microenvironment. Here we have focused on the effect of bisphosphonates on anticancer activity in prostate cancer cells because these cancer cells frequently metastasize to the bone. We found that nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates induced apoptosis and inhibited invasion in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Bisphosphonate pretreatment was found to enhance cell death induced by anticancer drugs. The expression of the apoptosis- or invasion- related factors, bcl-2, protein kinase C (PKC), aminopeptidase-N (AP-N), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) decreased on treatment with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. The molecular mechanisms underlying the decrease in bcl-2, AP-N, and uPA expression involved suppression of protein prenylation through inhibition of the mevalonate pathway. These findings have implications with respect to understanding the mechanisms underlying the suppressive effect of bisphosphonates on bone metastasis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Iguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan.
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Hahnenkamp A, Schäfers M, Bremer C, Höltke C. Design and synthesis of small-molecule fluorescent photoprobes targeted to aminopeptdase N (APN/CD13) for optical imaging of angiogenesis. Bioconjug Chem 2013; 24:1027-38. [PMID: 23642127 DOI: 10.1021/bc400074w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We report here the synthesis of a nonpeptide, small-molecule fluorescent imaging agent with high affinity to aminopeptidase N (APN/CD13), a key player in a variety of pathophysiological angiogenic processes. On the basis of a recently described lead structure, we synthesized three putative precursor compounds by introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacers comprising amino groups for dye labeling. Different attachment sites resulted in substantial differences in target affinity, cell toxicity, and target imaging performance. In comparison to bestatin, a natural inhibitor of many aminopeptidases, two of our compounds (22, 23) exhibit comparable inhibition potency, while a third (21) does not show any inhibiting effect. Cell binding assays with APN-positive BT-549 and APN-negative BT-20 cells and the final fluorescent probes Cy 5.5-21 and Cy 5.5-23 confirm these findings. The favorable characteristics of Cy 5.5-23 will now be proven in in vivo experiments with murine models of high APN expression and may serve as a tool to better understand APN pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Hahnenkamp
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1/A16, University Hospital Muenster, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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Chang J, Wang W, Zhang H, Hu Y, Yin Z. Bisphosphonates regulate cell proliferation, apoptosis and pro-osteoclastic expression in MG-63 human osteosarcoma cells. Oncol Lett 2012; 4:299-304. [PMID: 22844373 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are well established in the management of cancer-induced skeletal complications. Recent studies suggest that nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs) promote the apoptosis of cancer cells as well as osteoclasts in bone metastatic sites. To investigate whether N-BPs exhibit a direct antitumor effect on osteoclasts, the current study investigated the effects of zoledronic acid (ZOL) on MG-63 cells in vitro. MG-63 cells were treated with ZOL. The inhibitory effect of ZOL on the growth of MG-63 cells was measured by MTT assay. ZOL-induced apoptosis of the MG-63 cells was examined by Hoechst 33258 staining, electron microscopy, Annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide staining. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting analysis were employed to assess the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). The MTT assay showed that ZOL induced a distinct dose- and time-dependent reduction of cell viability with an IC(50) value of 52.37±1.0 μM for 72 h. Flow cytometric analysis further revealed that the cell apoptosis was induced by arrest of the cell cycle in the G(1) phase. RT-PCR and western blot analysis demonstrated that ZOL upregulated OPG expression. These results suggest that ZOL has direct effects on osteosarcoma cell growth and apoptosis. Increased OPG expression is an indirect effect, possibly via changes in the local microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
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Ziebart T, Koch F, Klein M, Guth J, Adler J, Pabst A, Al-Nawas B, Walter C. Geranylgeraniol – A new potential therapeutic approach to bisphosphonate associated osteonecrosis of the jaw. Oral Oncol 2011; 47:195-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 12/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Iguchi K, Tatsuda Y, Usui S, Hirano K. Pamidronate inhibits antiapoptotic bcl-2 expression through inhibition of the mevalonate pathway in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 641:35-40. [PMID: 20519142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are expected to be efficacious to prevent the growth of metastatic cancer in bone tissue. Bone metastases often occur in patients with various cancers, such as breast, lung and prostate cancer. Bcl-2 is a potent antiapoptotic protein and its expression is known to be closely related to its function. In this study, to investigate the effect of bisphosphonates on cancer cells, we focused on bcl-2 expression in bisphosphonate-treated prostate cancer cells. First, we observed that bcl-2 mRNA expression in PC-3 was significantly inhibited to 12% of the control level by treatment with 100 microM pamidronate for 12h. Inhibition was seen in cells treated with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, which have the ability to inhibit isoprenoid biosynthesis via the mevalonate pathway, but not in non-nitrogen-containing etidronate. Simultaneous treatment with geranylgeraniol, an intermediate of the mevalonate pathway, significantly blocked inhibition by pamidronate, and treatment with geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor GGTI-286 also suppressed bcl-2 mRNA expression. Furthermore, pamidronate inhibited the translocation of Rap1 protein to the membrane fraction, suggesting that a change in posttranslational modification of Rap1 occurred in treated cells. Finally, knockdown of Rap1 by siRNA resulted in the inhibition of bcl-2 expression. These results strongly indicate that bcl-2 reduction in bisphosphonate-treated PC-3 cells is dependent on inhibition of the mevalonate pathway. The inhibitory effect of bisphosphonates on bcl-2 expression shown in prostate cancer cell line should be tested in animal experiments and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Iguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 1-25-4 Daigaku-nishi, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
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Protein kinase C is inhibited by bisphosphonates in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 627:348-53. [PMID: 19903468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bisphosphonates are expected to be effective at preventing tumor metastasis to bone tissue. Since protein kinase C (PKC) plays a crucial role in cancer progression, we examined the effect of bisphosphonates on PKC expression to clarify the mechanism behind the inhibition of the bone metastasis of prostate cancer by bisphosphonates. We found that pamidronate inhibits PKC protein expression and PKC activity in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. PKC protein expression was markedly reduced by treatment with 100 microM of pamidronate. The inhibitory effect of PKC expression by pamidronate was specific for PKCalpha and PKCzeta. Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates are known to inhibit the mevalonate pathway, but the effect of pamidronate on PKC expression was not due to the inhibition of this pathway. Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) is one of the critical proteins in tumor metastasis and decreased in bisphosphonate-treated PC-3 cells. We also showed that uPA expression was suppressed by PKC inhibitors (calphostin C and staurosporine) and induced by a PKC activator (PMA) in PC-3 cells, suggesting that the inhibition of uPA by bisphosphonates is involved in PKC inhibition. This is the first finding that bisphosphonates suppress PKC expression in cancer cells. These results strongly suggest that one of the mechanisms behind the inhibitory effect of bisphosphonates on tumor bone metastasis is mediated by PKC inhibition.
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Buhaescu I, Izzedine H. Mevalonate pathway: a review of clinical and therapeutical implications. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:575-84. [PMID: 17467679 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2006] [Revised: 03/10/2007] [Accepted: 03/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mevalonate pathway is an important metabolic pathway which plays a key role in multiple cellular processes by synthesizing sterol isoprenoids, such as cholesterol, and non-sterol isoprenoids, such as dolichol, heme-A, isopentenyl tRNA and ubiquinone. While extensively studied in regard with cholesterol synthesis and its implications in cardiovascular diseases, in recent years the mevalonate pathway has become a challenging and, in the meantime, fascinating topic, when a large number of experimental and clinical studies suggested that inhibition of non-sterol isoprenoids might have valuable interest in human pathology. These molecules that are essential for cell growth and differentiation appear to be potential interesting therapeutic targets for many areas of ongoing research: oncology, autoimmune disorders, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer disease. Also, considerable progress has been made in the past decade in understanding the pathophysiology of two auto-inflammatory disorders resulting from an inherited deficiency of mevalonate kinase, the first committed enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. Here we present a brief description of the biochemistry of the mevalonate pathway, together with a review of the current knowledge of the clinical and therapeutical implications of this fascinating and complex metabolic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Buhaescu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital, Worcester Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA.
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