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Nechifor MT, Niculiţe CM, Urs AO, Regalia T, Mocanu M, Popescu A, Manda G, Dinu D, Leabu M. UVA irradiation of dysplastic keratinocytes: oxidative damage versus antioxidant defense. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:16718-36. [PMID: 23222638 PMCID: PMC3546716 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131216718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UVA affects epidermal cell physiology in a complex manner, but the harmful effects have been studied mainly in terms of DNA damage, mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. We investigated UVA effects on membrane integrity and antioxidant defense of dysplastic keratinocytes after one and two hours of irradiation, both immediately after exposure, and 24 h post-irradiation. To determine the UVA oxidative stress on cell membrane, lipid peroxidation was correlated with changes in fatty acid levels. Membrane permeability and integrity were assessed by propidium iodide staining and lactate dehydrogenase release. The effects on keratinocyte antioxidant protection were investigated in terms of catalase activity and expression. Lipid peroxidation increased in an exposure time-dependent manner. UVA exposure decreased the level of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which gradually returned to its initial value. Lactate dehydrogenase release showed a dramatic loss in membrane integrity after 2 h minimum of exposure. The cell ability to restore membrane permeability was noted at 24 h post-irradiation (for one hour exposure). Catalase activity decreased in an exposure time-dependent manner. UVA-irradiated dysplastic keratinocytes developed mechanisms leading to cell protection and survival, following a non-lethal exposure. The surviving cells gained an increased resistance to apoptosis, suggesting that their pre-malignant status harbors an abnormal ability to control their fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina T. Nechifor
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 050095, Romania; E-Mails: (M.T.N.); (D.D.)
| | - Cristina M. Niculiţe
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; E-Mails: (C.M.N.); (A.O.U.); (T.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Andreea O. Urs
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; E-Mails: (C.M.N.); (A.O.U.); (T.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Teodor Regalia
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; E-Mails: (C.M.N.); (A.O.U.); (T.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (G.M.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050096, Romania
| | - Mihaela Mocanu
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; E-Mails: (C.M.N.); (A.O.U.); (T.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Alexandra Popescu
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; E-Mails: (C.M.N.); (A.O.U.); (T.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Gina Manda
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; E-Mails: (C.M.N.); (A.O.U.); (T.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Diana Dinu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest 050095, Romania; E-Mails: (M.T.N.); (D.D.)
| | - Mircea Leabu
- “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest 050096, Romania; E-Mails: (C.M.N.); (A.O.U.); (T.R.); (M.M.); (A.P.); (G.M.)
- “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050096, Romania
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Millot M, Di Meo F, Tomasi S, Boustie J, Trouillas P. Photoprotective capacities of lichen metabolites: A joint theoretical and experimental study. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2012; 111:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lee YK, Cha HJ, Hong M, Yoon Y, Lee H, An S. Role of NF-κB–p53 crosstalk in ultraviolet A-induced cell death and G1 arrest in human dermal fibroblasts. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 304:73-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-011-1176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Lin J, Yang Q, Wilder PT, Carrier F, Weber DJ. The calcium-binding protein S100B down-regulates p53 and apoptosis in malignant melanoma. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:27487-27498. [PMID: 20587415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The S100B-p53 protein complex was discovered in C8146A malignant melanoma, but the consequences of this interaction required further study. When S100B expression was inhibited in C8146As by siRNA (siRNA(S100B)), wt p53 mRNA levels were unchanged, but p53 protein, phosphorylated p53, and p53 gene products (i.e. p21 and PIDD) were increased. siRNA(S100B) transfections also restored p53-dependent apoptosis in C8146As as judged by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, DNA ladder formation, caspase 3 and 8 activation, and aggregation of the Fas death receptor (+UV); whereas, siRNA(S100B) had no effect in SK-MEL-28 cells containing elevated S100B and inactive p53 (p53R145L mutant). siRNA(S100B)-mediated apoptosis was independent of the mitochondria, because no changes were observed in mitochondrial membrane potential, cytochrome c release, caspase 9 activation, or ratios of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins (BAX, Bcl-2, and Bcl-X(L)). As expected, cells lacking S100B (LOX-IM VI) were not affected by siRNA(S100B), and introduction of S100B reduced their UV-induced apoptosis activity by 7-fold, further demonstrating that S100B inhibits apoptosis activities in p53-containing cells. In other wild-type p53 cells (i.e. C8146A, UACC-2571, and UACC-62), S100B was found to contribute to cell survival after UV treatment, and for C8146As, the decrease in survival after siRNA(S100B) transfection (+UV) could be reversed by the p53 inhibitor, pifithrin-alpha. In summary, reducing S100B expression with siRNA was sufficient to activate p53, its transcriptional activation activities, and p53-dependent apoptosis pathway(s) in melanoma involving the Fas death receptor and perhaps PIDD. Thus, a well known marker for malignant melanoma, S100B, likely contributes to cancer progression by down-regulating the tumor suppressor protein, p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201
| | - Qingyuan Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201
| | - Paul T Wilder
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - France Carrier
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
| | - David J Weber
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Maryland 21201; Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21201.
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Zeng Z, Richardson J, Verduzco D, Mitchell DL, Patton EE. Zebrafish have a competent p53-dependent nucleotide excision repair pathway to resolve ultraviolet B-induced DNA damage in the skin. Zebrafish 2009; 6:405-15. [PMID: 20047468 PMCID: PMC2804931 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2009.0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light is a primary environmental risk factor for melanoma, a deadly form of skin cancer derived from the pigmented cells called melanocytes. UVB irradiation causes DNA damage, mainly in the form of pyrimidine dimers (cis-syn cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine (6-4) pyrimidone photoproducts), and organisms have developed complex multiprotein repair processes to cope with the DNA damage. Zebrafish is becoming an important model system to study the effects of UV light in animals, in part because the embryos are easily treated with UV irradiation, and the DNA damage repair pathways appear to be conserved in zebrafish and mammals. We are interested in exploring the effects of UV irradiation in young adult zebrafish, so that we can apply them to the study of gene-environment interactions in models of skin cancer. Using the Xiphophorus UV melanoma model as a starting point, we have developed a UV irradiation treatment chamber, and established UV treatment conditions at different ages of development. By translating the Xiphophorus UV treatment methodology to the zebrafish system, we show that the adult zebrafish skin is competent for nucleotide excision DNA damage repair, and that like in mammalian cells, UV treatment promotes phosphorylation of H2AX and a p53-dependent response. These studies provide the groundwork for exploring the role of UV light in melanoma development in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zeng
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Richardson
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Verduzco
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - David L. Mitchell
- Science Park/Research Division, Department of Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas
| | - E. Elizabeth Patton
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, MRC Human Genetics Unit, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Ridley AJ, Whiteside JR, McMillan TJ, Allinson SL. Cellular and sub-cellular responses to UVA in relation to carcinogenesis. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 85:177-95. [PMID: 19296341 DOI: 10.1080/09553000902740150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE UVA radiation (315-400 nm) contributes to skin aging and carcinogenesis. The aim of this review is to consider the mechanisms that underlie UVA-induced cellular damage, how this damage may be prevented or repaired and the signal transduction processes that are elicited in response to it. RESULTS Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is well-established as the causative factor in skin cancer. Until recently, most work on the mechanisms that underlie skin carcinogenesis focused on shorter wavelength UVB radiation (280-315 nm), however in recent years there has been increased interest in the contribution made by UVA. UVA is able to cause a range of damage to cellular biomolecules including lipid peroxidation, oxidized protein and DNA damage, such as 8-oxoguanine and cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Such damage is strongly implicated in both cell death and malignant transformation and cells have a number of mechanisms in place to mitigate the effects of UVA exposure, including antioxidants, DNA repair, and stress signalling pathways. CONCLUSIONS The past decade has seen a surge of interest in the biological effects of UVA exposure as its significance to the process of photo-carcinogenesis has become increasingly evident. However, unpicking the unique complexity of the cellular response to UVA, which is only now becoming apparent, will be a major challenge for the field of photobiology in the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ridley
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, UK.
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Abstract
p53 has been referred to as the 'guardian of the genome' because of its role in protecting the cell from DNA damage. p53 performs its duties by regulating cell-cycle progression and DNA repair and, in cases of irreparable DNA damage, by executing programmed cell death. Mitochondria are an important target of transcription-dependent and -independent actions of p53 to carry out the apoptotic function. However, increasing evidence suggests that p53 activity is regulated by mitochondria. Cellular insults that alter mitochondrial function can have important consequences on p53 activity. In light of these new findings, the following review focuses on p53/mitochondria connections, in particular how reactive oxygen species generated at mitochondria regulate p53 activity. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which mitochondria regulate p53 may have an impact on our understanding of the development and progression of many diseases, especially cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron K Holley
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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Sandrini JZ, Trindade GS, Nery LEM, Marins LF. Time-course Expression of DNA Repair-related Genes in Hepatocytes of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) After UV-B Exposure. Photochem Photobiol 2009; 85:220-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2008.00422.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
The incidence of melanoma is increasing at one of the highest rates of any form of cancer in the United States, with the current lifetime risk being one in 68. At present, there are limited systemic therapies to treat advanced stages of melanoma, and the key to improved survival remains early detection. Recent discoveries have allowed for a clearer picture of the molecular events leading to melanoma development and progression. Since identifying prevalent activating mutations of the BRAF kinase in melanomas, there has been a flood of additional molecular studies to further clarify the role of this pathway and others in melanomagenesis. In particular, recent genetic studies have demonstrated specific genotype-phenotype correlations that provide the first major insights into the molecular subclassification of melanoma and the heterogeneous nature of this malignancy. In this article, we review the most up-to-date molecular discoveries in melanoma biology and provide a framework for understanding their significance in melanoma development and progression. We also provide details on the development of novel therapies based on these recent molecular discoveries and insight into current and planned clinical trials. It is expected that these latest studies in melanoma will help define the critical molecular events involved in disease onset and progression and allow us to move rapidly toward a true molecular classification. We eagerly anticipate rationally designed melanoma therapies based on such a classification scheme and the associated improvements in patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie A Fecher
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, USA
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Anna B, Blazej Z, Jacqueline G, Andrew CJ, Jeffrey R, Andrzej S. Mechanism of UV-related carcinogenesis and its contribution to nevi/melanoma. EXPERT REVIEW OF DERMATOLOGY 2007; 2:451-469. [PMID: 18846265 PMCID: PMC2564815 DOI: 10.1586/17469872.2.4.451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma consists 4-5 % of all skin cancers, but it contributes to 71-80 % of skin cancers deaths. UV light affects cell and tissue homeostasis due to its damaging effects on DNA integrity and modification of expression of a plethora of genes. DNA repair systems protect cells from UV-induced lesions. Several animal models of melanoma have been developed (Xiphophorus, Opossum Monodelphis domestica, mouse models and human skin engrafts into other animals). This review discusses possible links between UV and genes significantly related to melanoma but does not discuss melanoma genetics. These include oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, genes related to melanocyte-keratinocyte and melanocyte-matrix interaction, growth factors and their receptors, CRH, ACTH, α-MSH, glucocorticoids, ID1, NF-kappaB and vitamin D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brozyna Anna
- Department of Medical Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland, Tel: (4856)611-4776, Fax: (4856)611-4772, E-mail:
| | - Zbytek Blazej
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, Tel: (901)448-6300, Fax: (901)448-6979, E-mail:
| | - Granese Jacqueline
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 930 Madison Ave, Memphis, TN 38163, Tel: (901)448-6300, Fax: (901)448-6979, E-mail:
| | - Carlson J. Andrew
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical Center, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, Tel: (518)262-8099, Fax: (518)262-8092, E-mail:
| | - Ross Jeffrey
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY, 47 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY, Tel: (518)262-5461 fax: (518)262-8092, E-mail:
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Arden N, Betenbaugh MJ. Regulating apoptosis in mammalian cell cultures. Cytotechnology 2006; 50:77-92. [PMID: 19003072 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-006-9008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell culture technology has become a widely accepted method used to derive therapeutic and diagnostic protein products. Mammalian cells adapted to grow in bioreactors now play an integral role in the development of these biologicals. A major limiting factor determining the output efficiency of mammalian cell cultures however, is apoptosis or programmed cell death. Methods to delay apoptosis and increase the longevity of cell cultures can lead to more economical processes. Researchers have shown that both genetic and chemical strategies to block apoptotic signals can increase cell culture productivity. Here, we discuss various strategies which have been implemented to improve cellular viabilities and productivities in batch cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilou Arden
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
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