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Jing R, Zhou X, Zhao J, Wei Y, Zuo B, You A, Rao Q, Gao X, Yang R, Chen L, Lu Z, Zhou Q, Zhang N, Yin H. Fluorescent peptide highlights micronodules in murine hepatocellular carcinoma models and humans in vitro. Hepatology 2018; 68:1391-1411. [PMID: 29405333 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Early detection and clear delineation of microscopic lesions during surgery are critical to the prognosis and survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a devastating malignancy without effective treatments except for resection. Tools to specifically identify and differentiate micronodules from normal tissue in HCC patients can have a positive impact on survival. Here, we discovered a peptide that preferentially binds to HCC cells through phage display. Significant accumulation of the fluorescence-labeled peptide in tumor from ectopic and orthotopic HCC mice was observed within 2 hours of systemic injection. Contrast between tumor and surrounding liver is up to 6.5-fold, and useful contrast lasts for 30 hours. Micronodules (0.03 cm in diameter) in liver and lung can clearly be distinguished from normal tissue with this fluorescence-labeled peptide in orthotopic HCC mice and HCC patients. Compared to indocyanine green, a Food and Drug Administration-approved imaging contrast agent, an up to 8.7-fold higher differentiation ratio of tumor to fibrosis is achieved with this fluorescence-labeled peptide. Importantly, this peptide enables up to 10-fold differentiation between HCC and peritumoral tissue in human tissues and the complete removal of tumor in HCC mice with surgical navigation. No abnormalities in behavior or activity are observed after systemic treatment, indicating the absence of overt toxicity. The peptide is metabolized with a half-life of approximately 4 hours in serum. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that micronodules can be specifically differentiated with high sensitivity from surrounding tissue with this molecule, opening clinical possibilities for early detection and precise surgery of HCC. (Hepatology 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renwei Jing
- Department of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yushuang Wei
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biopharmaceuticals, National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingfeng Zuo
- Department of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Abin You
- Department of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Quan Rao
- Department of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xianjun Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biopharmaceuticals, National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Genetics and Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qibing Zhou
- Department of Nanomedicine and Biopharmaceuticals, National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - HaiFang Yin
- Department of Cell Biology and Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Liu W, Zhang Z, Lin G, Luo D, Chen H, Yang H, Liang J, Liu Y, Xie J, Su Z, Cao H. Tetrahydrocurcumin is more effective than curcumin in inducing the apoptosis of H22 cells via regulation of a mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in ascites tumor-bearing mice. Food Funct 2018; 8:3120-3129. [PMID: 28766664 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00484b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin (CUR), a widely used food additive, is derived mainly from Curcuma species that has been applied traditionally for the treatment of various diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its poor systemic bioavailability hampers its clinical application, which may be related to its wide metabolism. Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC) is a major metabolite of CUR and has been reported to have multiple biologic activities. We investigated, for the first time, the efficacy and associated mechanism of action of THC and CUR in a H22 ascites tumor-bearing model in mice. THC evoked a significant dose-dependent promotion of survival and was significantly more effective than CUR in inhibiting tumor growth, including increased body weight, abdominal circumference, ascites volume, and the viability of cancer cells. Experiments on essential immune organs indicated that THC had a more favorable margin of safety than the reference drug cyclophosphamide. THC induced the apoptosis of H22 cells obviously by increasing the level of p53 and decreasing the level of murine double minute 2. THC also decreased the expression of Bcl-2 significantly and increased the expression of Bcl2-associated X, resulting in the release of cytochrome C. THC significantly activated and induced cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-9 to induce the apoptosis of H22 cells. Taken together, these results indicate that THC was more effective than CUR in inhibiting the apoptosis of H22-induced ascites tumor cells and achieved it via regulation of a mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. THC might be a bioactive anti-tumor form of CUR and represented a potentially effective agent for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihai Liu
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, 510520, People's Republic of China
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3
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Liu Y, Xia X, Wang Y, Li X, Zhou G, Liang H, Feng G, Zheng C. Screening and identification of a specific peptide for targeting hypoxic hepatoma cells. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:246-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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4
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Chen Y, Liu ZH, Xia J, Li XP, Li KQ, Xiong W, Li J, Chen DL. 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of KG-1a cells through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:137-46. [PMID: 27121661 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that total saponins of Panax ginseng (TSPG) and other ginsenoside monomers inhibit the proliferation of leukemia cells. However, the effect has not been compared among them. Cell viability was determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and ultra-structural characteristics were observed under transmission electron microscopy. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry (FCM). Real-time fluorescence quantitative‑PCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to measure the expression of β-catenin, TCF4, cyclin D1 and NF-κBp65. β-catenin/TCF4 target gene transcription were observed by ChIP-PCR assay. We found that 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 [(S)Rh2] inhibited the proliferation of KG-1a cells more efficiently than the other monomers. Moreover, (S)Rh2 arrested KG-1a cells in the G0/G1 phase and induced apoptosis. In addition, the levels of β-catenin, TCF4, cyclin D1 mRNA and protein were decreased. The ChIP-PCR showed that (S)Rh2 downregulated the transcription of β-catenin/TCF4 target genes, such as cyclin D1 and c-myc. These results indicated that (S)Rh2 induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, demonstrating its potential as a chemotherapeutic agent for leukemia therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Xia
- Department of Human Anatomy, Chongqing Medical and Health School, Chongqing 408000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Peng Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Ke-Qiong Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Di-Long Chen
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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5
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6
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Nguyen KTH, Adamkiewicz MA, Hebert LE, Zygiel EM, Boyle HR, Martone CM, Meléndez-Ríos CB, Noren KA, Noren CJ, Hall MF. Identification and characterization of mutant clones with enhanced propagation rates from phage-displayed peptide libraries. Anal Biochem 2014; 462:35-43. [PMID: 24952360 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A target-unrelated peptide (TUP) can arise in phage display selection experiments as a result of a propagation advantage exhibited by the phage clone displaying the peptide. We previously characterized HAIYPRH, from the M13-based Ph.D.-7 phage display library, as a propagation-related TUP resulting from a G→A mutation in the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of gene II. This mutant was shown to propagate in Escherichia coli at a dramatically faster rate than phage bearing the wild-type Shine-Dalgarno sequence. We now report 27 additional fast-propagating clones displaying 24 different peptides and carrying 14 unique mutations. Most of these mutations are found either in or upstream of the gene II Shine-Dalgarno sequence, but still within the mRNA transcript of gene II. All 27 clones propagate at significantly higher rates than normal library phage, most within experimental error of wild-type M13 propagation, suggesting that mutations arise to compensate for the reduced virulence caused by the insertion of a lacZα cassette proximal to the replication origin of the phage used to construct the library. We also describe an efficient and convenient assay to diagnose propagation-related TUPS among peptide sequences selected by phage display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieu T H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Stonehill College, 320 Washington Street, Easton, MA 02357, USA
| | - Marta A Adamkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Stonehill College, 320 Washington Street, Easton, MA 02357, USA
| | - Lauren E Hebert
- Department of Chemistry, Stonehill College, 320 Washington Street, Easton, MA 02357, USA
| | - Emily M Zygiel
- Department of Chemistry, Stonehill College, 320 Washington Street, Easton, MA 02357, USA
| | - Holly R Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, Stonehill College, 320 Washington Street, Easton, MA 02357, USA
| | - Christina M Martone
- Department of Chemistry, Stonehill College, 320 Washington Street, Easton, MA 02357, USA
| | - Carola B Meléndez-Ríos
- Department of Chemistry, Stonehill College, 320 Washington Street, Easton, MA 02357, USA
| | - Karen A Noren
- New England Biolabs, Inc., 240 County Road, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA
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7
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D'Onofrio N, Caraglia M, Grimaldi A, Marfella R, Servillo L, Paolisso G, Balestrieri ML. Vascular-homing peptides for targeted drug delivery and molecular imaging: meeting the clinical challenges. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:1-12. [PMID: 24704283 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The vasculature of each organ expresses distinct molecular signatures critically influenced by the pathological status. The heterogeneous profile of the vascular beds has been successfully unveiled by the in vivo phage display, a high-throughput tool for mapping normal, diseased, and tumor vasculature. Specific challenges of this growing field are targeted therapies against cancer and cardiovascular diseases, as well as novel bioimaging diagnostic tools. Tumor vasculature-homing peptides have been extensively evaluated in several preclinical and clinical studies both as targeted-therapy and diagnosis. To date, results from several Phase I and II trials have been reported and many other trials are currently ongoing or recruiting patients. In this review, advances in the identification of novel peptide ligands and their corresponding receptors on tumor endothelium through the in vivo phage display technology are discussed. Emphasis is given to recent findings in the clinical setting of vascular-homing peptides selected by in vivo phage display for the treatment of advanced malignancies and their altered vascular beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia D'Onofrio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, via L. de Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, via L. de Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Grimaldi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, via L. de Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele Marfella
- Department of Geriatrics and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples, Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Servillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, via L. de Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Paolisso
- Department of Geriatrics and Metabolic Diseases, Second University of Naples, Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Balestrieri
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, via L. de Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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8
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Bábíčková J, Tóthová Ľ, Boor P, Celec P. In vivo phage display--a discovery tool in molecular biomedicine. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1247-59. [PMID: 23623852 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In vivo phage display is a high-throughput method for identifying target ligands specific for different vascular beds. Targeting is possible due to the heterogeneous expression of receptors and other antigens in a particular vascular bed. Such expression is additionally influenced by the physiological or pathological status of the vasculature. In vivo phage display represents a technique that is usable in both, vascular mapping and targeted drug development. In this review, several important methodological aspects of in vivo phage display experiments are discussed. These include choosing an appropriate phage library, an appropriate animal model and the route of phage library administration. In addition, peptides or antibodies identified by in vivo phage display homing to specific types of vascular beds, including the altered vasculature present in several types of diseases are summarized. Still, confirmation in independent experiments and reproduction of identified sequences are needed for enhancing the clinical applicability of in vivo phage display research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janka Bábíčková
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia; Division of Nephrology, RWTH University, Aachen, Germany
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9
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Reis CF, Carneiro AP, Vieira CU, Fujimura PT, Morari EC, Silva SJD, Goulart LR, Ward LS. An antibody-like peptide that recognizes malignancy among thyroid nodules. Cancer Lett 2013; 335:306-13. [PMID: 23462224 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for biomarkers to identify malignant thyroid nodules from indeterminate follicular lesions. We have used a subtractive proteomic strategy to identify novel biomarkers by selecting ligands to goiter tissue from a 12-mer random peptide phage-displayed library using the BRASIL method (Biopanning and Rapid Analysis of Selective Interactive Ligands). After three rounds of selection, two highly reactive clones to the papillary thyroid tumor cell line NPA were further evaluated, and their specific binding to tumor proteins was confirmed using phage-ELISA. The antibody-like peptide CaT12 was tumor-specific, which was further tested by immunohistochemistry against TMAs (tissue microarrays) comprised of 775 human benign and malignant tissues, including 232 thyroid nodular lesions: 15 normal thyroid tissues, 53 nodular goiters (NG), 54 follicular adenomas (FA); 69 papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC); and 41 follicular carcinomas (FC). CaT12 was able to identify PTC among thyroid nodular lesions with 91.2% sensitivity and 85.1% specificity, despite its non-specificity for thyroid tissues. Additionally, the CaT12 peptide helped characterize follicular lesions distinguishing the follicular variant of PTC (FVPTC) from FA with 91.9% accuracy; FVPTC from NG with 83.1% accuracy; FVPTC from the classic PTC with 57.7% accuracy; and FVPTC from FC with 88.7% accuracy. In conclusion, our strategy to select differentially expressed ligands to thyroid tissue was highly effective and resulted in a useful antibody-like biomarker that recognizes malignancy among thyroid nodules and may help distinguish follicular patterned lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Fernandes Reis
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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10
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Park HM, Kim SJ, Kim JS, Kang HS. Reactive oxygen species mediated ginsenoside Rg3- and Rh2-induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells through mitochondrial signaling pathways. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:2736-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Wei L, Lu N, Dai Q, Rong J, Chen Y, Li Z, You Q, Guo Q. Different apoptotic effects of wogonin via induction of H2O2 generation and Ca2+ overload in malignant hepatoma and normal hepatic cells. J Cell Biochem 2010; 111:1629-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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12
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Isolation of osteosarcoma-associated human antibodies from a combinatorial Fab phage display library. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:157531. [PMID: 20037728 PMCID: PMC2796230 DOI: 10.1155/2009/157531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma, a
highly malignant disease, is the most common
primary bone tumor and is frequently found in
children and adolescents. In order to isolate
antibodies against osteosarcoma antigens, a
combinatorial osteosarcoma Fab library displayed
on the surface of phages was used. After three
rounds of selection on the surface of tumor
cells, several osteosarcoma-reactive Fabs were
detected. From these Fabs, five were better
characterized, and despite having differences in
their VH (heavy chain variable domain) and
Vκ (kappa chain variable domain) regions, they all bound to a protein with the same molecular mass. Further analysis by cell ELISA and immunocytochemistry suggested that the Fabs recognize a membrane-associated tumor antigen expressed in higher amounts in neoplasic cells than in normal tissue. These results suggest that the human Fabs selected in this work are a valuable tool for the study of this neoplasia.
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Trepel M, Pasqualini R, Arap W. Chapter 4 Screening Phage‐Display Peptide Libraries for Vascular Targeted Peptides. Methods Enzymol 2008; 445:83-106. [DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(08)03004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Yang Y, Yang L, You QD, Nie FF, Gu HY, Zhao L, Wang XT, Guo QL. Differential apoptotic induction of gambogic acid, a novel anticancer natural product, on hepatoma cells and normal hepatocytes. Cancer Lett 2007; 256:259-66. [PMID: 17693016 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA) is the major active ingredient of gamboge, a brownish resin exuded from Garcinia hanburryi tree in Southeast Asia. In this study, we compared the different apoptotic induction of GA on human normal embryonic hepatic L02 cells and human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells by detecting growth inhibition, observing morphological changes, and the expressions of the relative apoptotic proteins (Bax, Bcl-2 and caspase-3). The results indicated that GA could selectively induce apoptosis of SMMC-7721 cells, while had relatively less effect on L02 cells. To illustrate the distinct selective antitumor mechanism of GA, we further study its distribution in cultured cells and in tumor-bearing mice. The results indicated that SMMC-7721 cells have higher GA binding activity than L02 cells. The retention time of GA in grafted tumor was longer than in liver, renal and other organs. Collectively, the selective anticancer activity of GA could be due to its significant apoptotic inducing effects as well as its higher distribution and longer retention time in tumor cells compared to the normal cells. So GA might be a kind of highly effective anticancer drug candidate with low toxicity to normal tissue.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Blotting, Western
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Shape/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Hepatocytes/drug effects
- Hepatocytes/metabolism
- Hepatocytes/pathology
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Xanthones/pharmacokinetics
- Xanthones/pharmacology
- Xanthones/therapeutic use
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- bcl-2-Associated X Protein/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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