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Cahill C, O’Connell F, Gogan KM, Cox DJ, Basdeo SA, O’Sullivan J, Gordon SV, Keane J, Phelan JJ. The Iron Chelator Desferrioxamine Increases the Efficacy of Bedaquiline in Primary Human Macrophages Infected with BCG. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062938. [PMID: 33805837 PMCID: PMC8001338 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 50 years, patients with drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis have undergone long, arduous, and complex treatment processes with several antimicrobials. With the prevalence of drug-resistant strains on the rise and new therapies for tuberculosis urgently required, we assessed whether manipulating iron levels in macrophages infected with mycobacteria offered some insight into improving current antimicrobials that are used to treat drug-resistant tuberculosis. We investigated if the iron chelator, desferrioxamine, can support the function of human macrophages treated with an array of second-line antimicrobials, including moxifloxacin, bedaquiline, amikacin, clofazimine, linezolid and cycloserine. Primary human monocyte-derived macrophages were infected with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), which is pyrazinamide-resistant, and concomitantly treated for 5 days with desferrioxamine in combination with each one of the second-line tuberculosis antimicrobials. Our data indicate that desferrioxamine used as an adjunctive treatment to bedaquiline significantly reduced the bacterial load in human macrophages infected with BCG. Our findings also reveal a link between enhanced bactericidal activity and increases in specific cytokines, as the addition of desferrioxamine increased levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-1β in BCG-infected human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) treated with bedaquiline. These results provide insight, and an in vitro proof-of-concept, that iron chelators may prove an effective adjunctive therapy in combination with current tuberculosis antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Cahill
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (K.M.G.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Fiona O’Connell
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (F.O.); (J.O.)
| | - Karl M. Gogan
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (K.M.G.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Donal J. Cox
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (K.M.G.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Sharee A. Basdeo
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (K.M.G.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Jacintha O’Sullivan
- Department of Surgery, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (F.O.); (J.O.)
| | - Stephen V. Gordon
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, 4 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Joseph Keane
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (K.M.G.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (J.K.)
| | - James J. Phelan
- TB Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St James’s Hospital, 8 Dublin, Ireland; (C.C.); (K.M.G.); (D.J.C.); (S.A.B.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-18963265
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Oliveira MC, Coutinho LB, Almeida MPO, Briceño MP, Araujo ECB, Silva NM. The Availability of Iron Is Involved in the Murine Experimental Toxoplasma gondii Infection Outcome. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040560. [PMID: 32295126 PMCID: PMC7232304 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an important constituent of our environment, being necessary for both mammalian and pathogenic protozoa survival. Iron-containing proteins exert a wide range of biological processes such as biodegradation and biosynthesis, as well as immune function, fetal development, and physical and mental well-being. This work aimed to investigate the effect of iron deprivation in Toxoplasma gondii infection outcome. C57BL/6 mice were orally infected with T. gondii and treated with an iron chelator, deferoxamine, or supplemented with iron (ferrous sulfate), and the parasitism as well as immunological and histological parameters were analyzed. It was observed that the infection increased iron accumulation in the organs, as well as systemically, and deferoxamine treatment diminished the iron content in serum samples and intestine. The deferoxamine treatment decreased the parasitism and inflammatory alterations in the small intestine and lung. Additionally, they partially preserved the Paneth cells and decreased the intestinal dysbiosis. The ferrous sulfate supplementation, despite not significantly increasing the parasite load in the organs, increased the inflammatory alterations in the liver. Together, our results suggest that iron chelation, which is commonly used to treat iron overload, could be a promising medicine to control T. gondii proliferation, mainly in the small intestine, and consequently inflammation caused by infection.
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Greene CJ, Sharma NJ, Fiorica PN, Forrester E, Smith GJ, Gross KW, Kauffman EC. Suppressive effects of iron chelation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and their dependency on VHL inactivation. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:295-309. [PMID: 30553971 PMCID: PMC10038186 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing data implicate iron accumulation in tumorigenesis of the kidney, particularly the clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) subtype. The von Hippel Lindau (VHL)/hypoxia inducible factor-α (HIF-α) axis is uniquely dysregulated in ccRCC and is a major regulator and regulatory target of iron metabolism, yet the role of iron in ccRCC tumorigenesis and its potential interplay with VHL inactivation remains unclear. We investigated whether ccRCC iron accumulation occurs due to increased cell dependency on iron for growth and survival as a result of VHL inactivation. Free iron levels were compared between four VHL-mutant ccRCC cell lines (786-0, A704, 769-P, RCC4) and two benign renal tubule epithelial cell lines (RPTEC, HRCEp) using the Phen Green SK fluorescent iron stain. Intracellular iron deprivation was achieved using two clinical iron chelator drugs, deferasirox (DFX) and deferoxamine (DFO), and chelator effects were measured on cell line growth, cell cycle phase, apoptosis, HIF-1α and HIF-2α protein levels and HIF-α transcriptional activity based on expression of target genes CA9, OCT4/POU5F1 and PDGFβ/PDGFB. Similar assays were performed in VHL-mutant ccRCC cells with and without ectopic wild-type VHL expression. Baseline free iron levels were significantly higher in ccRCC cell lines than benign renal cell lines. DFX depleted cellular free iron more rapidly than DFO and led to greater growth suppression of ccRCC cell lines (>90% at ~30-150 µM) than benign renal cell lines (~10-50% at up to 250 µM). Similar growth responses were observed using DFO, with the exception that a prolonged treatment duration was necessary to deplete cellular iron adequately for differential growth suppression of the less susceptible A704 ccRCC cell line relative to benign renal cell lines. Apoptosis and G1-phase cell cycle arrest were identified as potential mechanisms of chelator growth suppression based on their induction in ccRCC cell lines but not benign renal cell lines. Iron chelation in ccRCC cells but not benign renal cells suppressed HIF-1α and HIF-2α protein levels and transcriptional activity, and the degree and timing of HIF-2α suppression correlated with the onset of apoptosis. Restoration of wild-type VHL function in ccRCC cells was sufficient to prevent chelator-induced apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest, indicating that ccRCC susceptibility to iron deprivation is VHL inactivation-dependent. In conclusion, ccRCC cells are characterized by high free iron levels and a cancer-specific dependency on iron for HIF-α overexpression, cell cycle progression and apoptotic escape. This iron dependency is introduced by VHL inactivation, revealing a novel interplay between VHL/HIF-α dysregulation and ccRCC iron metabolism. Future study is warranted to determine if iron deprivation using chelator drugs provides an effective therapeutic strategy for targeting HIF-2α and suppressing tumor progression in ccRCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Greene
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Nitika J Sharma
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Peter N Fiorica
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Emily Forrester
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Gary J Smith
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Kenneth W Gross
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States
| | - Eric C Kauffman
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States; Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14263, United States; Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, United States.
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Wang G, Shen G, Yin T. In vitro assessment of deferoxamine on mesenchymal stromal cells from tumor and bone marrow. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 49:58-64. [PMID: 27915123 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Deferoxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, is commonly used to remove excess iron from the body. DFO has also been demonstrated to have anti-tumor effect. However, there is no available report on the effect of deferoxamine on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). In this study, we first isolated tumor-associated MSCs (TAMSCs) from EG-7 tumors, which were positive for CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 and CD105. Ex vivo cultured stem cells derived from tumor and bone marrow compartment were exposed to DFO. We demonstrated that DFO had growth-arresting and apoptosis-inducing effect on TAMSCs and bone marrow MSCs (BMMSCs). DFO also influenced the expression pattern of adhesion molecule VCAM-1 on both TAMSCs and BMMSCs. Notwithstanding its widespread use, our results here warrants caution in the application of DFO, and also highlights the need for careful evaluation of the bone marrow compartment in patients receiving DFO treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Guobo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Tao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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Vazana-Barad L, Granot G, Mor-Tzuntz R, Levi I, Dreyling M, Nathan I, Shpilberg O. Mechanism of the antitumoral activity of deferasirox, an iron chelation agent, on mantle cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:851-9. [PMID: 23020673 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.734614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) characterized by the t(11;14)(q13;q32) translocation, resulting in cyclin D1 overexpression, is one of the most challenging lymphomas to treat. Iron chelators, such as deferasirox, have previously been shown to exhibit anti-proliferative properties; however, their effect on MCL cells has never been investigated. We showed that deferasirox exhibited antitumoral activity against the MCL cell lines HBL-2, Granta-519 and Jeko-1, with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of 7.99 ± 2.46 μM, 8.93 ± 2.25 μM and 31.86 ± 7.26 μM, respectively. Deferasirox induced apoptosis mediated through caspase-3 activation and decreased cyclin D1 protein levels resulting from increased proteasomal degradation. We also demonstrated down-regulation of phosphor-RB (Ser780) expression, which resulted in increasing levels of the E2F/RB complex and G(1)/S arrest. Finally, we showed that deferasirox activity was dependent on its iron chelating ability. The present data indicate that deferasirox, by down-regulating cyclin D1 and inhibiting its related signals, may constitute a promising adjuvant therapeutic molecule in the strategy for MCL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Vazana-Barad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Manosroi J, Boonpisuttinant K, Manosroi W, Manosroi A. Anti-proliferative activities on HeLa cancer cell line of Thai medicinal plant recipes selected from MANOSROI II database. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 142:422-431. [PMID: 22626926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Thai/Lanna medicinal plant recipe database "MANOSROI II" contained the medicinal plant recipes of all regions in Thailand for the treatment of various diseases including anti-cancer medicinal plant recipes. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate anti-proliferative activity on HeLa cell lines of medicinal plant recipes selected from the Thai/Lanna medicinal plant recipe database "MANOSROI II". MATERIALS AND METHODS The forty aqueous extracts of Thai/Lanna medicinal plant recipes selected from the Thai/Lanna medicinal plant recipe database "MANOSROI II" were investigated for anti-proliferative activity on HeLa cell line by SRB assay. The apoptosis induction by caspase-3 activity and MMP-2 inhibition activity by zymography on HeLa cell line of the three selected aqueous extracts, which gave the highest anti-proliferative activity were determined. Phytochemicals and anti-oxidative activities including free radical scavenging activity, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and metal chelating inhibition activities were also investigated. RESULT Sixty percentages of the medicinal plant recipes selected from "MANOSROI II" database showed anti-proliferative activity on HeLa cell line. The recipes of N031(Albizia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr, Cassia fistula L., and Dargea volubilis Benth.ex Hook. etc.), N039 (Nymphoides indica L., Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.), and Polyalthia debilis Finet et Gagnep etc.) and N040 (Nymphoides indica L. Kuntze, Sida rhombifolia L., and Xylinbaria minutiflora Pierre. etc.) gave higher anti-proliferative activity than the standard anti-cancer drug, cisplatin of 1.25, 1.29 and 30.18 times, respectively. The positive relationship between the anti-proliferative activity and the MMP-2 inhibition activity and metal chelating inhibition activity was observed, but no relationship between the anti-proliferative activity and apoptosis induction, free radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity. Phytochemicals found in these extracts were alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and xanthones, but not anthraquinones and carotenoids. The recipe N040 exhibited the highest anti-proliferative and MMP-2 inhibition on HeLa cancer cell line at 30 and threefolds of cisplatin, respectively (p<0.05), while recipe N031 gave the highest caspase-3 activity (1.29-folds over the control) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated that recipe N040 selected from MANOSROI II database appeared to be a good candidate with high potential for the further development as an anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiradej Manosroi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
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Shiraki T, Miura Y, Sawada T, Okada T, Sakuraoka Y, Muto T, Kubota K. Glycated albumin suppresses glucose-induced insulin secretion by impairing glucose metabolism in rat pancreatic β-cells. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011; 8:20. [PMID: 21470398 PMCID: PMC3079599 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-8-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glycated albumin (GA) is an Amadori product used as a marker of hyperglycemia. In this study, we investigated the effect of GA on insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells. Methods Islets were collected from male Wistar rats by collagenase digestion. Insulin secretion in the presence of non-glycated human albumin (HA) and GA was measured under three different glucose concentrations, 3 mM (G3), 7 mM (G7), and 15 mM (G15), with various stimulators. Insulin secretion was measured with antagonists of inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS), and the expression of iNOS-mRNA was investigated by real-time PCR. Results Insulin secretion in the presence of HA and GA was 20.9 ± 3.9 and 21.6 ± 5.5 μU/3 islets/h for G3 (P = 0.920), and 154 ± 9.3 and 126.1 ± 7.3 μU/3 islets/h (P = 0.046), for G15, respectively. High extracellular potassium and 10 mM tolbutamide abrogated the inhibition of insulin secretion by GA. Glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, methylpyruvate, GLP-1, and forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, did not abrogate the inhibition. Real-time PCR showed that GA did not induce iNOS-mRNA expression. Furthermore, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase, aminoguanidine, and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester did not abrogate the inhibition of insulin secretion. Conclusion GA suppresses glucose-induced insulin secretion from rat pancreatic β-cells through impairment of intracellular glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Shiraki
- Second Department of Surgery, Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine, Kitakobayashi 880, Mibu, Shimotsuga, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan.
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Sakuraoka Y, Sawada T, Okada T, Shiraki T, Miura Y, Hiraishi K, Ohsawa T, Adachi M, Takino JI, Takeuchi M, Kubota K. MK615 decreases RAGE expression and inhibits TAGE-induced proliferation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:5334-41. [PMID: 21072897 PMCID: PMC2980683 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i42.5334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the proliferative effect of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and the role of their cellular receptor (RAGE) on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells, and the inhibitory effects of MK615, an extract from Japanese apricot, against AGEs were also evaluated.
METHODS: Two HCC cell lines, HuH7 and HepG2, were used. Expression of RAGE was investigated by polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and flow cytemetry (FACS). The effect of MK615 on RAGE expression was also evaluated by FACS. The proliferative effects of a control (unglycated bovine serum albumin), glucose-derived AGEs (Glc-AGE), and glyceraldehyde-derived AGEs (Glycer-AGE), and the anti-proliferative effect of MK615 against AGEs, were evaluated using MTT assays.
RESULTS: Expression of RAGE was confirmed at both the mRNA and protein levels in both HuH7 and HepG2. FACS revealed that the level of RAGE expression was higher in HuH7 than in HepG2. Treatment with 0.1 μg/mL MK615 decreased the expression level of RAGE from 24.3% to 3.7% in HuH7 and from 6.2% to 4.8% in HepG2. The growth indices for the control, Glc-AGE, and Glycer-AGE were 1.06 ± 0.08, 0.99 ± 0.04, and 1.38 ± 0.05, respectively, in HuH7 (P = 0.037), and were 1.03 ± 0.04, 1.04 ± 0.03, and 1.07 ± 0.05, respectively, in HepG2 (P > 0.05). When the cells were cultured simultaneously with Glycer-AGE and MK615, MK615 abrogated the proliferative effect of Glycer-AGE in HuH7.
CONCLUSION: Only Glycer-AGE has a proliferative effect on HuH7, which expresses a higher level of RAGE. MK615 suppresses the proliferative effect of Glycer-AGE on HuH7 by decreasing the expression of RAGE.
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Ohyashiki JH, Kobayashi C, Hamamura R, Okabe S, Tauchi T, Ohyashiki K. The oral iron chelator deferasirox represses signaling through the mTOR in myeloid leukemia cells by enhancing expression of REDD1. Cancer Sci 2009; 100:970-7. [PMID: 19298223 PMCID: PMC11158870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2009.01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of deferasirox in human myeloid leukemia cells, and to identify the molecular pathways responsible for antiproliferative effects on leukemia cells during chelation therapy, we performed gene expression profiling to focus on the pathway involved in the anticancer effect of deferasirox. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of deferasirox was 17-50 microM in three human myeloid cell lines (K562, U937, and HL60), while those in fresh leukemia cells obtained from four patients it varied from 88 to 172 microM. Gene expression profiling using Affymerix GeneChips (U133 Plus 2.0) revealed up-regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) encoding p21CIP, genes regulating interferon (i.e. IFIT1). Pathways related to iron metabolism and hypoxia such as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) and Regulated in development and DNA damage response (REDD1) were also prominent. Based on the results obtained from gene expression profiling, we particularly focused on the REDD1/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway in deferasirox-treated K562 cells, and found an enhanced expression of REDD1 and its down-stream protein, tuberin (TSC2). Notably, S6 ribosomal protein as well as phosphorylated S6, which is known to be a target of mTOR, was significantly repressed in deferasirox-treated K562 cells, and REDD1 small interfering RNA restored phosphorylation of S6. Although iron chelation may affect multiple signaling pathways related to cell survival, our data support the conclusion that REDD1 functions up-stream of tuberin to down-regulate the mTOR pathway in response to deferasirox. Deferasirox might not only have benefit for iron chelation but also may be an antiproliferative agent in some myeloid leukemias, especially patients who need both iron chelation and reduction of leukemia cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko H Ohyashiki
- Intractable Diseases Therapeutic Research Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-0023, Japan.
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Rogers AB, Theve EJ, Feng Y, Fry RC, Taghizadeh K, Clapp KM, Boussahmain C, Cormier KS, Fox JG. Hepatocellular carcinoma associated with liver-gender disruption in male mice. Cancer Res 2007; 67:11536-46. [PMID: 18089782 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a male-predominant cancer associated with chronic hepatitis. Like human viral hepatitis, murine Helicobacter hepaticus infection produces inflammation and HCC with a masculine bias. We used this model to identify potential mechanisms of male HCC predisposition. Male weanling A/JCr mice (n = 67) were gavaged with H. hepaticus or vehicle. At 1 year, mice were distributed into four groups: surgical castration, chemical castration, castration followed by dihydrotestosterone supplementation, or sexually intact controls. Responses to infection were compared with IFN-gamma challenge alone. At 21 months, there was no significant difference in hepatitis between groups. Neither castration nor androgen receptor agonism altered tumor incidence. Infected mice with severe, but not mild, disease exhibited a mosaic of alterations to sexually dimorphic genes and microsomal long-chain fatty acids. By microarray, tumorigenic hepatitis was strongly associated with liver-gender disruption, defined as the loss of a gender-identifying hepatic molecular signature. IFN-gamma alone produced similar changes, demonstrating a role for proinflammatory cytokines in this process. In conclusion, hepatocarcinogenesis in male mice with chronic hepatitis is maturationally imprinted and androgen-independent. Proinflammatory cytokines may promote HCC in a male-predominant fashion due to high sensitivity of the masculinized liver to loss of sex-specific transcriptional balance. Liver-gender disruption has pleiotropic implications for hepatic enzyme activity, lipid processing, nuclear receptor activation, apoptosis, and proliferation. We propose a multistep model linking chronic hepatitis to liver cancer through cytokine-mediated derangement of gender-specific cellular metabolism. This model introduces a novel mechanism of inflammation-associated carcinogenesis consistent with male-predominant HCC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlin B Rogers
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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