1
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Aikawa A, Kozako T, Kato N, Ohsugi T, Honda SI. Anti-tumor activity of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside with AMPK-independent cell death in human adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176180. [PMID: 37956732 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive T cell leukemia/lymphoma caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1). Acadesine or 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) is an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activator that was recently shown to have tumor suppressive effects on B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, but not ATL. This study evaluated the cytotoxic effects of AICAR on ATL-related cell lines and its anti-tumor activity. Here, we demonstrated that AICAR induced cell death via apoptosis and the mitochondrial membrane depolarization of ATL-related cell lines (S1T, MT-1, and MT-2) but not non-HTLV-1-infected Jurkat cells. However, AICAR did not increase the phosphorylation levels of AMPKα. In addition, AICAR increased the expression of the death receptors (DR) DR4 and DR5, and necroptosis-related proteins including phosphorylated receptor-interacting protein family members and the mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein. Interestingly, HTLV-1 Tax, an HTLV-1-encoded oncogenic factor, did not affect AICAR-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, AICAR inhibited the growth of human ATL tumor xenografts in NOD/SCID/gamma mice in vivo. Together, these results suggest that AICAR induces AMPK-independent cell death in ATL-related cell lines and has anti-tumor activity, indicating that it might be a therapeutic agent for ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Aikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Kozako
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Naho Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Takeo Ohsugi
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichiro Honda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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2
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Nakajima S, Okuma K. Mouse Models for HTLV-1 Infection and Adult T Cell Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11737. [PMID: 37511495 PMCID: PMC10380921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive hematologic disease caused by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Various animal models of HTLV-1 infection/ATL have been established to elucidate the pathogenesis of ATL and develop appropriate treatments. For analyses employing murine models, transgenic and immunodeficient mice are used because of the low infectivity of HTLV-1 in mice. Each mouse model has different characteristics that must be considered before use for different HTLV-1 research purposes. HTLV-1 Tax and HBZ transgenic mice spontaneously develop tumors, and the roles of both Tax and HBZ in cell transformation and tumor growth have been established. Severely immunodeficient mice were able to be engrafted with ATL cell lines and have been used in preclinical studies of candidate molecules for the treatment of ATL. HTLV-1-infected humanized mice with an established human immune system are a suitable model to characterize cells in the early stages of HTLV-1 infection. This review outlines the characteristics of mouse models of HTLV-1 infection/ATL and describes progress made in elucidating the pathogenesis of ATL and developing related therapies using these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Nakajima
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazu Okuma
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata 573-1010, Osaka, Japan
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3
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Kato N, Kozako T, Ohsugi T, Uchida Y, Yoshimitsu M, Ishitsuka K, Aikawa A, Honda SI. CDK9 Inhibitor Induces Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Suppression of Tumor Growth in Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:1269-1276. [PMID: 37661406 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a hematopoietic malignancy with a poor prognosis that develops in approximately 5% of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) carriers. Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), together with Cyclin T, forms a transcription elongation factor, positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb). P-TEFb promotes transcriptional elongation by phosphorylating the second serine (Ser2) of the seven amino acid repeat sequence in the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II). CDK9 inhibitors suppress cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and breast cancer but there are no reports on autophagy of CDK9 inhibitors. Here, we investigated the effect of LY2857785, a novel CDK9 selective inhibitor, on cell death in ATL-related cell lines in vitro, freshly isolated cells from ATL patients ex vivo, and on ATL tumor xenografts in NOD/SCID mice in vivo. LY2857785 significantly reduced cell viability and induced apoptosis, as shown by annexin V-positive cells, cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and cleaved caspase-3, and suppressed the levels of anti-apoptotic protein myeloid cell leukemia-1 (MCL-1). LY2857785 decreased RNAP II Ser2 phosphorylation and downstream c-Myc protein levels. Interestingly, LY2857785 also increased microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3)-II binding to autophagosome membranes. Furthermore, LY2857785 decreased the viability of freshly isolated ATL cells and induced apoptosis. Finally, LY2857785 significantly decreased the growth of ATL tumor xenografts. These results suggest that LY2857785 induces cell death of ATL cells by MCL-1-dependent apoptosis and autophagy and has anti-tumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Tomohiro Kozako
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Takeo Ohsugi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University
| | - Yuichiro Uchida
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
| | - Makoto Yoshimitsu
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kagoshima University Hospital
| | - Kenji Ishitsuka
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University
- Department of Hematology and Rheumatology, Kagoshima University Hospital
| | - Akiyoshi Aikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | - Shin-Ichiro Honda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
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4
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Kozako T, Kato N, Ohsugi T, Uchida Y, Yoshimitsu M, Ishitsuka K, Higaki Y, Sato H, Aikawa A, Honda S. SRT1720 induces SIRT1‐independent cell death in adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma. FEBS J 2022; 289:3477-3488. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.16353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kozako
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Fukuoka University Japan
| | - Naho Kato
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Fukuoka University Japan
| | - Takeo Ohsugi
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science School of Veterinary Medicine Rakuno Gakuen University Hokkaido Japan
| | - Yu‐ichiro Uchida
- Division of Hematology and Immunology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima University Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshimitsu
- Division of Hematology and Immunology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima University Japan
- Department of Hematology and Immunology Kagoshima University Hospital Japan
| | - Kenji Ishitsuka
- Division of Hematology and Immunology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Kagoshima University Japan
- Department of Hematology and Immunology Kagoshima University Hospital Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science Fukuoka University Japan
| | - Haruna Sato
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Fukuoka University Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Aikawa
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Fukuoka University Japan
| | - Shin‐ichiro Honda
- Department of Biochemistry Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Fukuoka University Japan
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5
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Umezawa K, Breborowicz A, Gantsev S. Anticancer Activity of Novel NF-kappa B Inhibitor DHMEQ by Intraperitoneal Administration. Oncol Res 2020; 28:541-550. [PMID: 32576339 PMCID: PMC7751220 DOI: 10.3727/096504020x15929100013698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been great advances in the therapy of cancer and leukemia. However, there are still many neoplastic diseases that are difficult to treat. For example, it is often difficult to find effective therapies for aggressive cancer and leukemia. An NF-κB inhibitor named dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ) was discovered in 2000. This compound was designed based on the structure of epoxyquinomicin isolated from a microorganism. It was shown to be a specific inhibitor that directly binds to and inactivates NF-κB components. Until now, DHMEQ has been used by many scientists in the world to suppress animal models of cancer and inflammation. Especially, it was shown to suppress difficult cancer models, such as hormone-insensitive breast cancer and prostate cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, and multiple myeloma. No toxicity has been reported so far. DHMEQ was administered via the intraperitoneal (IP) route in most of the animal experiments because of its simplicity. In the course of developmental studies, it was found that IP administration never increased the blood concentration of DHMEQ because of the instability of DHMEQ in the blood. It is suggested that inflammatory cells in the peritoneal cavity would be important for cancer progression, and that IP administration, itself, is important for the effectiveness and safety of DHMEQ. In the present review, we describe mechanism of action, its in vivo anticancer activity, and future clinical use of DHMEQ IP therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Umezawa
- Department of Molecular Target Medicine, Aichi Medical UniversityNagakuteJapan
| | - Andrzej Breborowicz
- Department of Pathophysiology, Poznan University of Medical SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Shamil Gantsev
- Scientific Research Institute of Oncology, Bashkortostan State Medical UniversityUfaRussia
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6
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Aikawa A, Kozako T, Uchida Y, Yoshimitsu M, Ishitsuka K, Ohsugi T, Honda SI. Cell death induced by dorsomorphin in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is AMPK-independent. FEBS J 2020; 287:4005-4015. [PMID: 32027454 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an aggressive T-cell neoplasm with poor prognosis that develops after chronic infection with human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Although AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a critical cellular energy sensor, it has recently become clear that AMPK can act as a tumor regulator. Here, we assessed the expression of AMPK in primary ATL cells and the effects of dorsomorphin, an AMPK inhibitor, on primary ATL cells and HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines. AMPK expression in acute and chronic ATL patients was significantly higher than in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers and healthy donors. Dorsomorphin induced apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from ATL patients. Dorsomorphin also induced dose- and time-dependent apoptosis in HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines. Dorsomorphin increased the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and induced ataxia telangiectasia-mutated Ser1981 phosphorylation and p53 accumulation. These results indicated that dorsomorphin induces apoptosis via ROS-mediated DNA damage in HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines. Furthermore, dorsomorphin suppressed the growth of human ATL tumor xenografts in NOD/SCID mice. Together, these data suggest that AMPK could be a candidate therapeutic target for ATL and that dorsomorphin could be a therapeutic agent for ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Aikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kozako
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Uchida
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshimitsu
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan.,Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kagoshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishitsuka
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Japan.,Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kagoshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Takeo Ohsugi
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Honda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Japan
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7
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Kozako T, Aikawa A, Ohsugi T, Uchida YI, Kato N, Sato K, Ishitsuka K, Yoshimitsu M, Honda SI. High expression of NAMPT in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and anti-tumor activity of a NAMPT inhibitor. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 865:172738. [PMID: 31614144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is a malignancy of mature T lymphocytes induced by human T-cell leukemia virus-1 and has a poor outcome. New molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of ATL are needed urgently. We previously reported high expression of Sirtuin 1, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone/protein deacetylase, in primary acute-type ATL cells. NAD+ biosynthesis via nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) modulates Sirtuin 1 activity. Here, we examined the expression and effects of inhibiting NAMPT, a rate-limiting enzyme in NAD+ biosynthesis, in ATL cells. We found that peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with acute-type ATL expressed significantly higher levels of NAMPT protein than cells from healthy subjects. FK866, a NAMPT inhibitor, induced apoptosis of freshly isolated ATL cells ex vivo and HTLV-1-infected T-cell lines in vitro, which was accompanied by activation of caspases, DNA fragmentation, and disruption of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. However, a pan-caspase inhibitor failed to prevent this FK866-induced cell death, while FK866 increased the caspase-independent cell death mediator endonuclease G. Intriguingly, FK866 also activated autophagy, as demonstrated by increases in protein levels of autophagosome marker LC3-II. Thus, FK866 simultaneously activated apoptosis and autophagy. Finally, FK866 treatment markedly decreased the growth of human ATL tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice. We showed that NAMPT is highly expressed in primary ATL cells ex vivo, and that FK866 induces autophagy and caspase-dependent and -independent cell death pathways in vitro and has an anti-tumor activity in vivo. These results suggest a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Kozako
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Akiyoshi Aikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeo Ohsugi
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Rakuno Gakuen University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yu-Ichiro Uchida
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Naho Kato
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Sato
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenji Ishitsuka
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Makoto Yoshimitsu
- Division of Hematology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan; Department of Hematology and Immunology, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Honda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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8
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Anti-cancer activity of the cell membrane-permeable phytic acid prodrug. Bioorg Chem 2019; 92:103240. [PMID: 31525525 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Phytic acid (IP6) is an ingredient in cereals and legumes, and limited amounts of this compound are considered to enter the cell and exert anti-cancer effects. These effects have been seen by studying cells treated with around 1-5 mM IP6. However, such a large amount of IP6 chelates metals and changes the pH in cell culture medium. To overcome this problem, we synthesized a prodrug of IP6 (Pro-IP6) and elucidated generation of IP6 from Pro-IP6 in cells. Cellular experiments using Pro-IP6 demonstrated selective anti-cancer effects including apoptosis and inhibition of Akt activation. Furthermore, an in vivo study using mice with adult T-cell leukemia also showed that Pro-IP6 reduced the size of the cancer. Taken together, Pro-IP6 is a useful biological tool and may lead to development of new anti-cancer drugs.
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9
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Ohsugi T, Tanaka S, Iwasaki K, Nagano Y, Kozako T, Matsuda K, Hirose T, Takehana K. A novel mouse model of adult T-cell leukemia cell invasion into the spinal cord. Animal Model Exp Med 2019; 2:64-67. [PMID: 31016289 PMCID: PMC6431123 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a mature T-cell malignancy caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type I infection, and 10%-25% of patients show central nervous system (CNS) involvement. CNS involvement significantly reduces survival and there are no effective treatments for CNS involvement. Therefore, an appropriate animal model is required to evaluate the inhibitory effects of novel drugs on the progression of ATL with CNS involvement. Here, we established a mouse model of ATL with CNS involvement using NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ mice inoculated with ATL cells intramuscularly in the postauricular region, and these mice showed paraparesis. Of the 10 mice inoculated with ATL cells intramuscularly (I.M.) at 5 weeks of age, 8 (80%) showed paraparesis, whereas none of the 10 mice inoculated with ATL cells subcutaneously (S.C.) showed paraparesis. In the I.M. group, PCR detected HTLV-1-specific genes in the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae; however, in the S.C. group, the vertebrae were negative for HTLV-1 genes. Histological analysis revealed a particularly high incidence of tumors, characterized by accumulation of the injected cells, in the thoracic vertebrae of mice in the I.M. group. Tumor cell infiltration was relatively high in the bone marrow. Spinal cord compression caused by invasion of the tumor mass outside the pia mater was observed in the thoracic vertebrae of the spinal cord. In conclusion, we have reported a mouse model of tumor growth with paraparesis that may be used to assess novel therapeutic agents for ATL with CNS involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Ohsugi
- Department of Laboratory Animal SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuHokkaidoJapan
| | - Shuhei Tanaka
- Department of Laboratory Animal SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuHokkaidoJapan
| | - Keigo Iwasaki
- Department of Laboratory Animal SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuHokkaidoJapan
| | - Yusuke Nagano
- Department of Laboratory Animal SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuHokkaidoJapan
| | - Tomohiro Kozako
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical SciencesDepartment of BiochemistryFukuoka UniversityFukuokaJapan
| | - Kazuya Matsuda
- Department of Veterinary PathologySchool of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuHokkaidoJapan
| | - Takuya Hirose
- Department of Veterinary MicroanatomySchool of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuHokkaidoJapan
| | - Kazushige Takehana
- Department of Veterinary MicroanatomySchool of Veterinary MedicineRakuno Gakuen UniversityEbetsuHokkaidoJapan
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10
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Moodad S, Akkouche A, Hleihel R, Darwiche N, El-Sabban M, Bazarbachi A, El Hajj H. Mouse Models That Enhanced Our Understanding of Adult T Cell Leukemia. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:558. [PMID: 29643841 PMCID: PMC5882783 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell Leukemia (ATL) is an aggressive lymphoproliferative malignancy secondary to infection by the human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) and is associated with a dismal prognosis. ATL leukemogenesis remains enigmatic. In the era of precision medicine in oncology, mouse models offer one of the most efficient in vivo tools for the understanding of the disease biology and developing novel targeted therapies. This review provides an up-to-date and comprehensive account of mouse models developed in the context of ATL and HTLV-I infection. Murine ATL models include transgenic animals for the viral proteins Tax and HBZ, knock-outs for key cellular regulators, xenografts and humanized immune-deficient mice. The first two groups provide a key understanding of the role of viral and host genes in the development of ATL, as well as their relationship with the immunopathogenic processes. The third group represents a valuable platform to test new targeted therapies against ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Moodad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdou Akkouche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rita Hleihel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Darwiche
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Marwan El-Sabban
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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11
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Pires BRB, Mencalha AL, Ferreira GM, de Souza WF, Morgado-Díaz JA, Maia AM, Corrêa S, Abdelhay ESFW. NF-kappaB Is Involved in the Regulation of EMT Genes in Breast Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169622. [PMID: 28107418 PMCID: PMC5249109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastatic process in breast cancer is related to the expression of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition transcription factors (EMT-TFs) SNAIL, SLUG, SIP1 and TWIST1. EMT-TFs and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation have been associated with aggressiveness and metastatic potential in carcinomas. Here, we sought to examine the role of NF-κB in the aggressive properties and regulation of EMT-TFs in human breast cancer cells. Blocking NF-κB/p65 activity by reducing its transcript and protein levels (through siRNA-strategy and dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin [DHMEQ] treatment) in the aggressive MDA-MB-231 and HCC-1954 cell lines resulted in decreased invasiveness and migration, a downregulation of SLUG, SIP1, TWIST1, MMP11 and N-cadherin transcripts and an upregulation of E-cadherin transcripts. No significant changes were observed in the less aggressive cell line MCF-7. Bioinformatics tools identified several NF-κB binding sites along the promoters of SNAIL, SLUG, SIP1 and TWIST1 genes. Through chromatin immunoprecipitation and luciferase reporter assays, the NF-κB/p65 binding on TWIST1, SLUG and SIP1 promoter regions was confirmed. Thus, we suggest that NF-κB directly regulates the transcription of EMT-TF genes in breast cancer. Our findings may contribute to a greater understanding of the metastatic process of this neoplasia and highlight NF-κB as a potential target for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno R. B. Pires
- Laboratório de Célula-Tronco, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Andre L. Mencalha
- Departamento de Biofísica e Biometria, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gerson M. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Célula-Tronco, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Waldemir F. de Souza
- Grupo de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José A. Morgado-Díaz
- Grupo de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Amanda M. Maia
- Laboratório de Célula-Tronco, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Stephany Corrêa
- Laboratório de Célula-Tronco, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eliana S. F. W. Abdelhay
- Laboratório de Célula-Tronco, Instituto Nacional de Câncer José Alencar Gomes da Silva, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Abstract
Infection with human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) causes adult T cell leukemia (ATL) in a minority of infected individuals after long periods of viral persistence. The various stages of HTLV-I infection and leukemia development are studied by using several different animal models: (1) the rabbit (and mouse) model of persistent HTLV-I infection, (2) transgenic mice to model tumorigenesis by HTLV-I specific protein expression, (3) ATL cell transfers into immune-deficient mice, and (4) infection of humanized mice with HTLV-I. After infection, virus replicates without clinical disease in rabbits and to a lesser extent in mice. Transgenic expression of both the transactivator protein (Tax) and the HTLV-I bZIP factor (HBZ) protein have provided insight into factors important in leukemia/lymphoma development. To investigate factors relating to tumor spread and tissue invasion, a number of immune-deficient mice based on the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) or non-obese diabetic/SCID background have been used. Inoculation of adult T cell leukemia cell (lines) leads to lymphoma with osteolytic bone lesions and to a lesser degree to leukemia development. These mice have been used extensively for the testing of anticancer drugs and virotherapy. A recent development is the use of so-called humanized mice, which, upon transfer of CD34(+)human umbilical cord stem cells, generate human lymphocytes. Infection with HTLV-I leads to leukemia/lymphoma development, thus providing an opportunity to investigate disease development with the aid of molecularly cloned viruses. However, further improvements of this mouse model, particularly in respect to the development of adaptive immune responses, are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Niewiesk
- Stefan Niewiesk, DVM, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Veterinary Biosciences in the College of Veterinary Medicine at the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio
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Ohsugi T, Ishida T, Shimasaki T, Okada S, Umezawa K. p53 dysfunction precedes the activation of nuclear factor-κB during disease progression in mice expressing Tax, a human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 oncoprotein. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2129-36. [PMID: 23633516 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic (Tg) mice expressing Tax, a human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) oncoprotein, develop mature T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. The leukemic cells in Tg mice expressing Tax show p53 dysfunction and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, similar to that seen in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) cells from patients infected with HTLV-1. However, it is unclear when these effects occur in HTLV-1 carriers during the development of ATLL. Here, we examined p53 function and NF-κB activity before the onset of leukemia in Tax-expressing Tg (Tax-Tg) mice between 4 and 25 months of age. At 4-10 months of age, 71% of mice showed p53 inactivation, without evidence for NF-κB activation, even though tax expression was consistent from 4 to 25 months of age. The decline in p53 function resulted from decreased p53 accumulation after DNA damage. From 11 months of age onward, 75% of mice showed p53 dysfunction and 37.5% showed constitutive NF-κB activation with the components of p50 and RelB. An NF-κB inhibitor, dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), reduced NF-κB activity (i.e. p50/RelB) but did not restore p53 function. In vivo, treatment with DHMEQ until 24 months of age prevented the onset of T-cell leukemia in Tax-Tg mice. These results suggest that the Tax-induced decline in p53 function, which is independent of NF-κB activation in the early stage, might be the first stage in the onset of ATLL. NF-κB activity is involved in the later stages of ATLL onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Ohsugi
- Division of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, 2-2-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Combined effect of dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin and gemcitabine in a mouse model of liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 30:381-92. [PMID: 23111540 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9544-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) has been implicated in metastasis of pancreatic cancer. We investigated the effects of the novel NF-κB inhibitor dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ) on the inhibition of liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer in a mouse model of clinical liver metastasis. Nude mice were xenografted by intra-portal-vein injection with the human pancreatic adenocarcinomas cell line AsPC-1 via small laparotomy. Mice were treated with DHMEQ and gemcitabine (GEM), alone or in combination. The combination of GEM + DHMEQ showed a stronger antitumor effect than either monotherapy. Apoptosis induction in the metastatic foci was greatest in the DHMEQ + GEM group. Significant reductions in the numbers of neovessels were also seen in the DHMEQ and/or GEM groups. Cell growth inhibition assays revealed no synergistic effect of combination therapy, although each monotherapy had an individual cytotoxic effect. Combination therapy produced the greatest inhibition of tumor cell invasiveness in chemoinvasion assay. In addition, combination therapy significantly down-regulated the expression level of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 mRNA in AsPC-1 cells. DHMEQ also markedly down-regulated interleukin-8 and MMP-9, while GEM caused moderate down-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in metastatic foci, demonstrated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. These results demonstrate that DHMEQ can exert anti-tumor effects by inhibiting angiogenesis and tumor cell invasion, and by inducing apoptosis. Combination therapy with DHMEQ and GEM also showed potential efficacy. DHMEQ is a promising drug for the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer.
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Hajj HE, Nasr R, Kfoury Y, Dassouki Z, Nasser R, Kchour G, Hermine O, de Thé H, Bazarbachi A. Animal models on HTLV-1 and related viruses: what did we learn? Front Microbiol 2012; 3:333. [PMID: 23049525 PMCID: PMC3448133 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are associated with a wide variety of diseases, including immunological, neurological disorders, and different forms of cancer. Among retroviruses, Oncovirinae regroup according to their genetic structure and sequence, several related viruses such as human T-cell lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2), simian T cell lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2 (STLV-1 and STLV-2), and bovine leukemia virus (BLV). As in many diseases, animal models provide a useful tool for the studies of pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. In the current review, an overview on different animal models used in the study of these viruses will be provided. A specific attention will be given to the HTLV-1 virus which is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) but also of a number of inflammatory diseases regrouping the HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), infective dermatitis and some lung inflammatory diseases. Among these models, rabbits, monkeys but also rats provide an excellent in vivo tool for early HTLV-1 viral infection and transmission as well as the induced host immune response against the virus. But ideally, mice remain the most efficient method of studying human afflictions. Genetically altered mice including both transgenic and knockout mice, offer important models to test the role of specific viral and host genes in the development of HTLV-1-associated leukemia. The development of different strains of immunodeficient mice strains (SCID, NOD, and NOG SCID mice) provide a useful and rapid tool of humanized and xenografted mice models, to test new drugs and targeted therapy against HTLV-1-associated leukemia, to identify leukemia stem cells candidates but also to study the innate immunity mediated by the virus. All together, these animal models have revolutionized the biology of retroviruses, their manipulation of host genes and more importantly the potential ways to either prevent their infection or to treat their associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiba El Hajj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
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Yamagishi M, Watanabe T. Molecular hallmarks of adult T cell leukemia. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:334. [PMID: 23060864 PMCID: PMC3444139 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular hallmarks of adult T cell leukemia (ATL) comprise outstanding deregulations of signaling pathways that control the cell cycle, resistance to apoptosis, and proliferation of leukemic cells, all of which have been identified by early excellent studies. Nevertheless, we are now confronted the therapeutic difficulties of ATL that is a most aggressive T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Using next-generation strategies, emerging molecular characteristics such as specific surface markers and an additional catalog of signals affecting the fate of leukemic cells have been added to the molecular hallmarks that constitute an organizing principle for rationalizing the complexities of ATL. Although human T cell leukemia virus type 1 is undoubtedly involved in ATL leukemogenesis, most leukemic cells do not express the viral protein Tax. Instead, cellular gene expression changes dominate homeostasis disorders of infected cells and characteristics of ATL. In this review, we summarize the state of the art of ATL molecular pathology, which supports the biological properties of leukemic cells. In addition, we discuss the recent discovery of two molecular hallmarks of potential generality; an abnormal microRNA pattern and epigenetic reprogramming, which strongly involve the imbalance of the molecular network of lymphocytes. Global analyses of ATL have revealed the functional impact of crosstalk between multifunctional pathways. Clinical and biological studies on signaling inhibitory agents have also revealed novel oncogenic drivers that can be targeted in future. ATL cells, by deregulation of such pathways and their interconnections, may become masters of their own destinies. Recognizing and understanding of the widespread molecular applicability of these concepts will increasingly affect the development of novel strategies for treating ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Yamagishi
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Umezawa K. Possible role of peritoneal NF-κB in peripheral inflammation and cancer: Lessons from the inhibitor DHMEQ. Biomed Pharmacother 2011; 65:252-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Lee CW, Chang MC, Chang YF, Hsieh RK, Lin J, Chen KS. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in Taiwan: an analysis of 17 patients and review of the literature. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2011; 6:161-4. [PMID: 20887496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-7563.2010.01320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM We reviewed our experience with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), describing the clinical manifestations and outcome in order to facilitate case recognition in the future. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the charts of 17 patients with ATL diagnosed from January 1996 to September 2009 at Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. RESULTS The overall survival of the whole study group was 138 days. The medial survival of the 10 patients who received chemotherapy is 204 days. The other six patients who did not receive any chemotherapy had a median survival of 28 days. The co-infection rate with HTLV-1 and HBV or HCV is 47% and 35% respectively. CONCLUSION ATL in Taiwan is a rare malignant T-cell lymphoma with a very poor prognosis. Our series raised the interesting possibility of an association with chronic hepatitis B or C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Lee
- Division of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Zimmerman B, Niewiesk S, Lairmore MD. Mouse models of human T lymphotropic virus type-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:677-89. [PMID: 20442421 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810370009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus discovered, is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and a number of lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory conditions including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Development of animal models to study the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated diseases has been problematic. Mechanisms of early infection and cell-to-cell transmission can be studied in rabbits and nonhuman primates, but lesion development and reagents are limited in these species. The mouse provides a cost-effective, highly reproducible model in which to study factors related to lymphoma development and the preclinical efficacy of potential therapies against ATL. The ability to manipulate transgenic mice has provided important insight into viral genes responsible for lymphocyte transformation. Expansion of various strains of immunodeficient mice has accelerated the testing of drugs and targeted therapy against ATL. This review compares various mouse models to illustrate recent advances in the understanding of HTLV-1-associated ATL development and how improvements in these models are critical to the future development of targeted therapies against this aggressive T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zimmerman
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Goss Laboratory, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1093, USA
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Kodaira K, Kikuchi E, Kosugi M, Horiguchi Y, Matsumoto K, Kanai K, Suzuki E, Miyajima A, Nakagawa K, Tachibana M, Umezawa K, Oya M. Potent cytotoxic effect of a novel nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitor dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin on human bladder cancer cells producing various cytokines. Urology 2010; 75:805-12. [PMID: 20156648 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the potential therapeutic effects of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitor dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ). KU-19-19 cells, originally derived from a patient with invasive bladder cancer who exhibited marked leukocytosis, produce multiple cytokines. This model of clinically advanced bladder cancer, in which NF-kappaB is constitutively activated, was used in this study. METHODS Expression of p65 protein in fractionated KU-19-19 cells was determined by Western blotting analysis. DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB was detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The cytotoxic effects and induction of apoptosis by DHMEQ were analyzed, and cytokines in the supernatant of KU-19-19 cells cultured with or without DHMEQ were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Athymic nude mice bearing KU-19-19 subcutaneous tumors were subjected to intraperitoneal administration of 2 mg/kg/d DHMEQ for 3 weeks. Tumor growth was monitored and microvessel density, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and the apoptotic index of tumors were evaluated by tissue immunohistochemistry. RESULTS NF-kappaB was constitutively activated in KU-19-19 cells. DHMEQ reversibly inhibited the DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB by blocking its nuclear translocation. Both cell viability and production of cytokines were significantly and dose-dependently suppressed by DHMEQ, and significant apoptosis was also induced. In in vivo studies, the mean tumor volume in mice treated with DHMEQ was significantly smaller than in controls. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumors revealed marked reduction in microvessel density, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and induction of apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Blockade of NF-kappaB function by DHMEQ may be a useful new molecular targeting treatment for highly aggressive bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichiro Kodaira
- Department of Urology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Van Duyne R, Pedati C, Guendel I, Carpio L, Kehn-Hall K, Saifuddin M, Kashanchi F. The utilization of humanized mouse models for the study of human retroviral infections. Retrovirology 2009; 6:76. [PMID: 19674458 PMCID: PMC2743631 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of novel techniques and systems to study human infectious diseases in both an in vitro and in vivo settings is always in high demand. Ideally, small animal models are the most efficient method of studying human afflictions. This is especially evident in the study of the human retroviruses, HIV-1 and HTLV-1, in that current simian animal models, though robust, are often expensive and difficult to maintain. Over the past two decades, the construction of humanized animal models through the transplantation and engraftment of human tissues or progenitor cells into immunocompromised mouse strains has allowed for the development of a reconstituted human tissue scaffold in a small animal system. The utilization of small animal models for retroviral studies required expansion of the early CB-17 scid/scid mouse resulting in animals demonstrating improved engraftment efficiency and infectivity. The implantation of uneducated human immune cells and associated tissue provided the basis for the SCID-hu Thy/Liv and hu-PBL-SCID models. Engraftment efficiency of these tissues was further improved through the integration of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mutation leading to the creation of NODSCID, NOD/Shi-scid IL2rγ-/-, and NOD/SCID β2-microglobulinnull animals. Further efforts at minimizing the response of the innate murine immune system produced the Rag2-/-γc-/- model which marked an important advancement in the use of human CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells. Together, these animal models have revolutionized the investigation of retroviral infections in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Van Duyne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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Shen HM, Tergaonkar V. NFkappaB signaling in carcinogenesis and as a potential molecular target for cancer therapy. Apoptosis 2009; 14:348-63. [PMID: 19212815 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-009-0315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that deregulation of the NFkappaB signaling cascade is a common underlying feature of many human ailments including cancers. The past two decades of intensive research on NFkappaB has identified the basic mechanisms that govern the functioning of this pathway but uncovering the details of why this pathway works differently in different cellular contexts or how it interacts with other signaling pathways remains a challenge. A thorough understanding of these processes is needed to design better and more efficient therapeutic approaches to treat complex diseases like cancer. In this review, we summarize the literature documenting the involvement of NFkappaB in cancer, and then focus on the approaches that are being undertaken to develop NFkappaB inhibitors towards treatment of human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Community, Occupational and Family Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore.
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Meng Z, Mitsutake N, Nakashima M, Starenki D, Matsuse M, Takakura S, Namba H, Saenko V, Umezawa K, Ohtsuru A, Yamashita S. Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin, a novel nuclear Factor-kappaB inhibitor, enhances antitumor activity of taxanes in anaplastic thyroid cancer cells. Endocrinology 2008; 149:5357-65. [PMID: 18653704 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB), as an antiapoptotic factor, crucially affects the outcomes of cancer treatments, being one of the major culprits of resistance to chemotherapy. In this study, we investigated whether dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin (DHMEQ), a novel NF-kappaB inhibitor, can enhance antitumor activities of taxanes in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cells. Taxanes induced NF-kappaB activation in ATC cells, which could compromise the therapeutic effect of the drugs. However, DHMEQ, by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB, completely suppressed the DNA binding capacities of NF-kappaB and lowered the levels of nuclear NF-kappaB protein. Compared with single treatment (either taxane or DHMEQ), the combined treatment strongly potentiated apoptosis, confirmed by cell survival assay; Western blotting for poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, caspase 3, X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis, and survivin; and flow cytometry for annexin V. Furthermore, we also demonstrate for the first time that the combined treatment showed significantly greater inhibitory effect on tumor growth in a nude mice xenograft model. These findings suggest that taxanes are able to induce NF-kappaB activation in ATC cells, which could attenuate antitumor activities of the drugs, but inhibition of NF-kappaB by DHMEQ creates a chemosensitive environment and greatly enhances apoptosis in taxanes-treated ATC cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, DHMEQ may emerge as an attractive therapeutic strategy to enhance the response to taxanes in ATCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Meng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, Japan
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Ohsugi T, Koito A. Current topics in prevention of human T-cell leukemia virus type i infection: NF-kappa B inhibitors and APOBEC3. Int Rev Immunol 2008; 27:225-53. [PMID: 18574738 DOI: 10.1080/08830180801939272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) is the first human retrovirus and causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Constitutive activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) in the leukemic cells is essential for their growth and survival. Thus, NF-kappa B inhibitors have been attracting attention as a potential strategy to treat ATL. Recently, the field of retrovirus research has been stimulated by the discovery of an innate host defense factor, APOBEC3, against the retroviruses. HTLV-I is relatively resistant to the antiviral effects of APOBEC3. To clarify the resistance of HTLV-I against APOBEC3 might contribute to the design of effective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Ohsugi
- Division of Microbiology and Genetics, Center for Animal Resources and Development, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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