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Kohno K, Yamada W, Ishitsuka A, Sekine M, Virgona N, Ota M, Yano T. Tocotrienol-rich fraction from annatto ameliorates expression of lysyl oxidase in human osteoblastic MG-63 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 84:526-535. [PMID: 31743080 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1693252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is required for the formation of bone collagen cross-links. Inactivation of the LOX gene in osteoblasts by DNA methylation and JAK signaling has been reported to cause loss of cross-links and an increased risk of fractures. Tocotrienols (T3s) have proven benefits on bone strength, but their potential effects on LOX remain largely unknown. Thus, the present study investigates the in vitro effects of T3s on LOX expression in human osteoblastic MG-63 cells. Results indicated that Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction (TRF), the δ-T3 rich oil extracted from Annatto was the most effective and significantly increased LOX expression. TRF treatment decreased de-novo methyltransferases (DNMTs), DNMT3A and DNMT3B levels. In addition, TRF significantly inhibited JAK2 activation and decreased expression of Fli1, a transcription factor of DNMTs. We conclude that TRF induced an increase in LOX expression via inhibition of de-novo methylation and reduction of Fli1 expression by the inactivation of JAK2.Abbreviations: CpG: cytosine-guanine dinucleotide; DNMT: DNA methyltransferase; Fli1: friend leukemia virus integration 1; JAK: janus kinase; LOX: lysyl oxidase; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; STAT: signal transducers and activators of transcription; T3s: tocotrienols; TPs: tocopherols; TRF: Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kakeru Kohno
- Graduate School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Wakana Yamada
- Research Institute for Life Innovation, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Aya Ishitsuka
- Research Institute for Life Innovation, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Miki Sekine
- Research Institute for Life Innovation, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Nantiga Virgona
- Research Institute for Life Innovation, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masako Ota
- Graduate School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan.,Research Institute for Life Innovation, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yano
- Graduate School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan.,Research Institute for Life Innovation, Toyo University, Itakura, Gunma, Japan
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Kumari S, Panda TK, Pradhan T. Lysyl Oxidase: Its Diversity in Health and Diseases. Indian J Clin Biochem 2017; 32:134-141. [PMID: 28428687 PMCID: PMC5382067 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-016-0576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of extracellular matrix (ECM) and connective tissues is largely dependent on the collagen and elastin structure. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) plays a critical role in the formation and repair of the ECM by oxidizing lysine residues in elastin and collagen, thereby initiating the formation of covalent cross linkages which stabilize these fibrous proteins. Due to its multiple functions both extracellularly and intracellularly, lysyl oxidase is involved in several processes in the tumorigenic pathway, in many different cancer types and stages. Alteration in LOX activity is implicated in many diseases and disorders including inflammation and inflammatory diseases, fibrosis of distinct organs and fibrotic disorders, cancer promotion and progression. There are only sparse reports of mutations or epigenetic alterations in the LOX gene. This review provides the recent clinical developments in the molecular mechanisms and pathologic process, pointing out LOX as a potential therapeutic target in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, India
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Schütze F, Röhrig F, Vorlová S, Gätzner S, Kuhn A, Ergün S, Henke E. Inhibition of Lysyl Oxidases Improves Drug Diffusion and Increases Efficacy of Cytotoxic Treatment in 3D Tumor Models. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17576. [PMID: 26620400 PMCID: PMC4665164 DOI: 10.1038/srep17576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors are characterized by a rigid, highly cross-linked extracellular matrix (ECM), which impedes homogeneous drug distribution and potentially protects malignant cells from exposure to therapeutics. Lysyl oxidases are major contributors to tissue stiffness and the elevated expression of these enzymes observed in most cancers might influence drug distribution and efficacy. We examined the effect of lysyl oxidases on drug distribution and efficacy in 3D in vitro assay systems. In our experiments elevated lysyl oxidase activity was responsible for reduced drug diffusion under hypoxic conditions and consequently impaired cytotoxicity of various chemotherapeutics. This effect was only observed in 3D settings but not in 2D-cell culture, confirming that lysyl oxidases affect drug efficacy by modification of the ECM and do not confer a direct desensitizing effect. Both drug diffusion and efficacy were strongly enhanced by inhibition of lysyl oxidases. The results from the in vitro experiments correlated with tumor drug distribution in vivo, and predicted response to therapeutics in murine tumor models. Our results demonstrate that lysyl oxidase activity modulates the physical barrier function of ECM for small molecule drugs influencing their therapeutic efficacy. Targeting this process has the potential to significantly enhance therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Schütze
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Universität Würzburg Koellikerstrasse 6, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Florian Röhrig
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Universität Würzburg Koellikerstrasse 6, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Sandra Vorlová
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Sabine Gätzner
- Institute of Tissue Engineering, Universität Würzburg Roentgenring 11, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Anja Kuhn
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Universität Würzburg Koellikerstrasse 6, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Universität Würzburg Koellikerstrasse 6, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Erik Henke
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology II, Universität Würzburg Koellikerstrasse 6, Würzburg, 97070, Germany.,Graduate School for Life Science, Universität Würzburg Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
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Borges S, Döppler HR, Storz P. A combination treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and suramin decreases invasiveness of breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 144:79-91. [PMID: 24510012 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2857-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of patients with invasive breast cancer remains a major issue because of the acquisition of drug resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Here we propose a new therapeutic strategy by combining DNA methyltransferase inhibitors (DMTIs) with suramin. Cytotoxic effects of suramin or combination treatment with DMTIs were determined in highly invasive breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231, BT-20 and HCC1954, or control cells. In addition, effects on cell invasion were determined in 3-dimensional cell culture assays. DMTI-mediated upregulation of Protein Kinase D1 (PKD1) expression was shown by Western blotting. Effects of suramin on PKD1 activity was determined in vitro and in cells. The importance of PKD1 in mediating the effects of such combination treatment in cell invasion was demonstrated using 3D cell culture assays. A proof of principal animal experiment was performed showing that PKD1 is critical for breast cancer growth. We show that when used in combination, suramin and DMTIs impair the invasive phenotype of breast cancer cells. We show that PKD1, a kinase that previously has been described as a suppressor of tumor cell invasion, is an interface for both FDA-approved drugs, since the additive effects observed are due to DMTI-mediated re-expression and suramin-induced activation of PKD1. Our data reveal a mechanism of how a combination treatment with non-toxic doses of suramin and DMTIs may be of therapeutic benefit for patients with aggressive, multi-drug resistant breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahra Borges
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Griffin Building, Room 306, 4,500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
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XU XIN, WANG BIN, XU YANLING. Expression of lysyl oxidase in human osteosarcoma and its clinical significance: A tumor suppressive role of LOX in human osteosarcoma cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1578-86. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Liu Y, Lv B, He Z, Zhou Y, Han C, Shi G, Gao R, Wang C, Yang L, Song H, Yuan W. Lysyl oxidase polymorphisms and susceptibility to osteosarcoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41610. [PMID: 22911823 PMCID: PMC3402457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the knowledge of many genetic alterations present in osteosarcoma, the complexity of this disease precludes placing its biology into a simple conceptual framework. Lysyl oxidase (LOX) catalyzes the cross-linking of elastin and collagen, which is essential for the structural integrity and function of bone tissue. In the current study, we performed genomic sequencing on all seven exons--including the intron-exon splice sites, and the putative promoter region of LOX gene--followed by luciferase reporter assay to analyze the function of newly identified polymorphisms. Associations between LOX polymorphisms and osteosarcoma were then evaluated. Our sequencing data revealed three polymorphisms (-22G/C, 225C/G, and 473G/A) in the exons and promoter region of LOX. The -22G/C polymorphism lies in the downstream core promoter element (DPE) region and caused a decrease in promoter activity of LOX. The prevalence of the -22C allele and 473A allele were significantly increased in osteosarcoma patients compared to controls (odds ratio [OR] = 3.88, 95% confidence interval [CI]= 1.94-7.78, p = 4.18×10(-5), and OR = 1.38, 95%CI = 1.07-1.78, p = 0.013; p 0.0167 was considered significant after Bonferroni correction). Analyzing haplotype showed that the frequency of CCG haplotype (-22, 225, 473) was significantly higher in osteosarcoma cases than in healthy controls after Bonferroni correction (p = 4.46×10(-4)). These results indicate that the -22G/C polymorphism may affect the expression of LOX, and that -22G/C and 473G/A polymorphisms may be new risk factors for osteosarcoma. These findings reveal a potential new pathway by which genetic polymorphisms may affect human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bitao Lv
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimin He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Fengxian Branch of the Shanghai No.6 People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujia Zhou
- School of Occupational Therapy, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carrie Han
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guodong Shi
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ce Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haihan Song
- Emergency Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Department of Spine Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Varga F, Karlic H, Thaler R, Klaushofer K. Functional aspects of cytidine-guanosine dinucleotides and their locations in genes. Biomol Concepts 2011; 2:391-405. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractOriginally, the finding of a particular distribution of cytidine-guanosine dinucleotides (CpGs) in genomic DNA was considered to be an interesting structural feature of eukaryotic genome organization. Despite a global depletion of CpGs, genes are frequently associated with CpG clusters called CpG islands (CGIs). CGIs are prevalently unmethylated but often found methylated in pathologic situations. On the other hand, CpGs outside of CGIs are generally methylated and are found mainly in the heterochromatic fraction of the genome. Hypomethylation of those CpGs is associated with genomic instability in malignancy. Additionally, CpG-rich and CpG-poor regions, as well as CpG-shores, are defined. Usually, the methylation status inversely correlates with gene expression. Methylation of CpGs, as well as demethylation and generation of hydroxmethyl-cytosines, is strictly regulated during development and differentiation. This review deals with the relevance of the organizational features of CpGs and their relation to each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Varga
- 1Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Center Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Heidrun Karlic
- 2Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Leukemia Research and Hematology, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, A-1140 Vienna, Austria and Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster Oncology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Thaler
- 1Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Center Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Klaushofer
- 1Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Osteology at the Hanusch Hospital of WGKK and AUVA Trauma Center Meidling, 1st Medical Department, Hanusch Hospital, Heinrich Collin Str. 30, A-1140 Vienna, Austria
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Lysyl oxidase: a potential target for cancer therapy. Inflammopharmacology 2010; 19:117-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-010-0073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Li J, Gu X, Ma Y, Calicchio ML, Kong D, Teng YD, Yu L, Crain AM, Vartanian TK, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Libermann TA, Snyder EY, Sidman RL. Nna1 mediates Purkinje cell dendritic development via lysyl oxidase propeptide and NF-κB signaling. Neuron 2010; 68:45-60. [PMID: 20920790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The molecular pathways controlling cerebellar Purkinje cell dendrite formation and maturation are poorly understood. The Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mutant mouse is characterized by mutations in Nna1, a gene discovered in an axonal regenerative context, but whose actual function in development and disease is unknown. We found abnormal development of Purkinje cell dendrites in postnatal pcd(Sid) mice and linked this deficit to a deletion mutation in exon 7 of Nna1. With single cell gene profiling and virus-based gene transfer, we analyzed a molecular pathway downstream to Nna1 underlying abnormal Purkinje cell dendritogenesis in pcd(Sid) mice. We discovered that mutant Nna1 dramatically increases intranuclear localization of lysyl oxidase propeptide, which interferes with NF-κB RelA signaling and microtubule-associated protein regulation of microtubule stability, leading to underdevelopment of Purkinje cell dendrites. These findings provide insight into Nna1's role in neuronal development and why its absence renders Purkinje cells more vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxue Li
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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