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Krishnan A, Bhasker AI, Singh MK, Rodriguez CI, Castro-Pérez E, Altameemi S, Lares M, Khan H, Ndiaye M, Ahmad N, Schieke SM, Setaluri V. EPAC Regulates Melanoma Growth by Stimulating mTORC1 Signaling and Loss of EPAC Signaling Dependence Correlates with Melanoma Progression. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1548-1560. [PMID: 35834616 PMCID: PMC9532357 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-22-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) belong to a family of RAP guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RAPGEF). EPAC1/2 (RAPGEF3/4) activates RAP1 and the alternative cAMP signaling pathway. We previously showed that the differential growth response of primary and metastatic melanoma cells to cAMP is mediated by EPAC. However, the mechanisms responsible for this differential response to EPAC signaling are not understood. In this study, we show that pharmacologic inhibition or siRNA-mediated knockdown of EPAC selectively inhibits the growth and survival of primary melanoma cells by downregulation of cell-cycle proteins and inhibiting the cell-cycle progression independent of ERK1/2 phosphorylation. EPAC inhibition results in upregulation of AKT phosphorylation but a downregulation of mTORC1 activity and its downstream effectors. We also show that EPAC regulates both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, and production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, preferentially in primary melanoma cells. Employing a series of genetically matched primary and lymph node metastatic (LNM) melanoma cells, and distant organ metastatic melanoma cells, we show that the LNM and metastatic melanoma cells become progressively less responsive and refractory to EPAC inhibition suggesting loss of dependency on EPAC signaling correlates with melanoma progression. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset showed that lower RAPGEF3, RAPGEF4 mRNA expression in primary tumor is a predictor of better disease-free survival of patients diagnosed with primary melanoma suggesting that EPAC signaling facilitates tumor progression and EPAC is a useful prognostic marker. These data highlight EPAC signaling as a potential target for prevention of melanoma progression. IMPLICATIONS This study establishes loss of dependency on EPAC-mTORC1 signaling as hallmark of primary melanoma evolution and targeting this escape mechanism is a promising strategy for metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Krishnan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Aishwarya I. Bhasker
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Mithalesh K. Singh
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Carlos. I. Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Edgardo Castro-Pérez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Sarah Altameemi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Marcos Lares
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Hamidullah Khan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Mary Ndiaye
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, 53705
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Stefan M. Schieke
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, 53705
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705
| | - Vijayasaradhi Setaluri
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, 53705
- William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI, 53705
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2
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The Role of Neuropeptide-Stimulated cAMP-EPACs Signalling in Cancer Cells. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27010311. [PMID: 35011543 PMCID: PMC8746471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are autocrine and paracrine signalling factors and mainly bind to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to trigger intracellular secondary messenger release including adenosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), thus modulating cancer progress in different kind of tumours. As one of the downstream effectors of cAMP, exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs) play dual roles in cancer proliferation and metastasis. More evidence about the relationship between neuropeptides and EPAC pathways have been proposed for their potential role in cancer development; hence, this review focuses on the role of neuropeptide/GPCR system modulation of cAMP/EPACs pathways in cancers. The correlated downstream pathways between neuropeptides and EPACs in cancer cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis is discussed to glimmer the direction of future research.
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3
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Zhong J, Shan W, Zuo Z. Norepinephrine inhibits migration and invasion of human glioblastoma cell cultures possibly via MMP-11 inhibition. Brain Res 2021; 1756:147280. [PMID: 33515535 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Growing evidence has shown that the stress hormones affect tumor progression. Patients with surgery to remove tumor often have increased norepinephrine during the perioperative period. However, the effect of norepinephrine on the progression of glioblastoma has not yet studied. Therefore, the present study aimed at investigating the effects of norepinephrine on the migration and invasion of the human glioblastoma U87 and U251 cell lines and the mechanism for the effects. METHODS The U87 and U251 cells were treated with 0, 0.1, 1, 5, 10 or 50 μM norepinephrine. A scratch wound healing assay and a transwell invasion assay were used to investigate cell migration and invasion, respectively. The Human Tumor Metastasis RT2 Profiler PCR Array was used to detect the expression of 84 genes known to be involved in metastasis. RESULTS Following norepinephrine treatment, the ability of the U87 and U251 cells to migrate and invade was significantly decreased. Human Tumor Metastasis RT2 Profiler PCR Array assay showed that matrix metallopeptidase-11 (MMP-11) was decreased following norepinephrine treatment. The β-adrenergic receptor blocker (AR) propranolol blunted the suppressive effect of norepinephrine on the migration and invasion of U251 cells but did not have such an effect on the invasion of U87 cells. MMP-11 silencing inhibited the migration and invasion of U87 and U251 cells. The Cancer Genome Atlas data showed that patients with higher expression of MMP-11 in the glioblastoma tissues had poorer prognosis. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that norepinephrine inhibits the migration and invasion of human glioblastoma cells. This effect may be mediated by the decrease of MMP-11. β-AR may be a regulatory factor for this effect in U251 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiran Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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4
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Wehbe N, Slika H, Mesmar J, Nasser SA, Pintus G, Baydoun S, Badran A, Kobeissy F, Eid AH, Baydoun E. The Role of Epac in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186489. [PMID: 32899451 PMCID: PMC7555121 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer continues to be a prime contributor to global mortality. Despite tremendous research efforts and major advances in cancer therapy, much remains to be learned about the underlying molecular mechanisms of this debilitating disease. A better understanding of the key signaling events driving the malignant phenotype of cancer cells may help identify new pharmaco-targets. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) modulates a plethora of biological processes, including those that are characteristic of malignant cells. Over the years, most cAMP-mediated actions were attributed to the activity of its effector protein kinase A (PKA). However, studies have revealed an important role for the exchange protein activated by cAMP (Epac) as another effector mediating the actions of cAMP. In cancer, Epac appears to have a dual role in regulating cellular processes that are essential for carcinogenesis. In addition, the development of Epac modulators offered new routes to further explore the role of this cAMP effector and its downstream pathways in cancer. In this review, the potentials of Epac as an attractive target in the fight against cancer are depicted. Additionally, the role of Epac in cancer progression, namely its effect on cancer cell proliferation, migration/metastasis, and apoptosis, with the possible interaction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in these phenomena, is discussed with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Wehbe
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon; (N.W.); (J.M.)
| | - Hasan Slika
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Joelle Mesmar
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon; (N.W.); (J.M.)
| | - Suzanne A. Nasser
- Department of Pharmacology, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 11-5020 Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 27272 Sharjah, UAE;
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Serine Baydoun
- Department of Radiology, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Adnan Badran
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Petra, P.O. Box 961343, Amman 11196, Jordan;
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon;
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
- Correspondence: (A.H.E.); (E.B.); Tel.: +961-1-350-000 (ext. 4891) (A.H.E. & E.B.)
| | - Elias Baydoun
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236 Beirut, Lebanon; (N.W.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: (A.H.E.); (E.B.); Tel.: +961-1-350-000 (ext. 4891) (A.H.E. & E.B.)
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5
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Shao H, Mohamed H, Boulton S, Huang J, Wang P, Chen H, Zhou J, Luchowska-Stańska U, Jentsch NG, Armstrong AL, Magolan J, Yarwood S, Melacini G. Mechanism of Action of an EPAC1-Selective Competitive Partial Agonist. J Med Chem 2020; 63:4762-4775. [PMID: 32297742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC) is a promising drug target for a wide disease range, from neurodegeneration and infections to cancer and cardiovascular conditions. A novel partial agonist of the EPAC isoform 1 (EPAC1), I942, was recently discovered, but its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Here, we utilize NMR spectroscopy to map the I942-EPAC1 interactions at atomic resolution and propose a mechanism for I942 partial agonism. We found that I942 interacts with the phosphate binding cassette (PBC) and base binding region (BBR) of EPAC1, similar to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). These results not only reveal the molecular basis for the I942 vs cAMP mimicry and competition, but also suggest that the partial agonism of I942 arises from its ability to stabilize an inhibition-incompetent activation intermediate distinct from both active and inactive EPAC1 states. The mechanism of action of I942 may facilitate drug design for EPAC-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Urszula Luchowska-Stańska
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Stephen Yarwood
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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6
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Crosson T, Roversi K, Balood M, Othman R, Ahmadi M, Wang JC, Seadi Pereira PJ, Tabatabaei M, Couture R, Eichwald T, Latini A, Prediger RD, Rangachari M, Seehus CR, Foster SL, Talbot S. Profiling of how nociceptor neurons detect danger - new and old foes. J Intern Med 2019; 286:268-289. [PMID: 31282104 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The host evolves redundant mechanisms to preserve physiological processing and homeostasis. These functions range from sensing internal and external threats, creating a memory of the insult and generating reflexes, which aim to resolve inflammation. Impairment in such functioning leads to chronic inflammatory diseases. By interacting through a common language of ligands and receptors, the immune and sensory nervous systems work in concert to accomplish such protective functions. Whilst this bidirectional communication helps to protect from danger, it can contribute to disease pathophysiology. Thus, the somatosensory nervous system is anatomically positioned within primary and secondary lymphoid tissues and mucosa to modulate immunity directly. Upstream of this interplay, neurons detect danger, which prompts the release of neuropeptides initiating (i) defensive reflexes (ranging from withdrawal response to coughing) and (ii) chemotaxis, adhesion and local infiltration of immune cells. The resulting outcome of such neuro-immune interplay is still ill-defined, but consensual findings start to emerge and support neuropeptides not only as blockers of TH 1-mediated immunity but also as drivers of TH 2 immune responses. However, the modalities detected by nociceptors revealed broader than mechanical pressure and temperature sensing and include signals as various as cytokines and pathogens to immunoglobulins and even microRNAs. Along these lines, we aggregated various dorsal root ganglion sensory neuron expression profiling datasets supporting such wide-ranging sensing capabilities to help identifying new danger detection modalities of these cells. Thus, revealing unexpected aspects of nociceptor neuron biology might prompt the identification of novel drivers of immunity, means to resolve inflammation and strategies to safeguard homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Crosson
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - K Roversi
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Departamento de Farmacologia Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - M Balood
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - R Othman
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M Ahmadi
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - J-C Wang
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - M Tabatabaei
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - R Couture
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - T Eichwald
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - A Latini
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - R D Prediger
- Departamento de Farmacologia Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - M Rangachari
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - C R Seehus
- FM Kirby Neurobiology Center, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S L Foster
- Depression Clinical Research Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Talbot
- From the, Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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7
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Robichaux WG, Cheng X. Intracellular cAMP Sensor EPAC: Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Therapeutics Development. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:919-1053. [PMID: 29537337 PMCID: PMC6050347 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factors (cAMP-GEFs). Although EPAC proteins are fairly new additions to the growing list of cAMP effectors, and relatively "young" in the cAMP discovery timeline, the significance of an EPAC presence in different cell systems is extraordinary. The study of EPACs has considerably expanded the diversity and adaptive nature of cAMP signaling associated with numerous physiological and pathophysiological responses. This review comprehensively covers EPAC protein functions at the molecular, cellular, physiological, and pathophysiological levels; and in turn, the applications of employing EPAC-based biosensors as detection tools for dissecting cAMP signaling and the implications for targeting EPAC proteins for therapeutic development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Robichaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center , Houston, Texas
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8
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Insights into exchange factor directly activated by cAMP (EPAC) as potential target for cancer treatment. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 447:77-92. [PMID: 29417338 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer remains a global health problem and approximately 1.7 million new cancer cases are diagnosed every year worldwide. Although diverse molecules are currently being explored as targets for cancer therapy the tumor treatment and therapy is highly tricky. Secondary messengers are important for hormone-mediated signaling pathway. Cyclic AMP (cAMP), a secondary messenger responsible for various physiological processes regulates cell metabolism by activating Protein kinase A (PKA) and by targeting exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC). EPAC is present in two isoforms EPAC1 and EPAC2, which exhibit different tissue distribution and is involved in GDP/GTP exchange along with activating Rap1- and Rap2-mediated signaling pathways. EPAC is also known for its dual role in cancer as pro- and anti-proliferative in addition to metastasis. Results after perturbing EPAC activity suggests its involvement in cancer cell migration, proliferation, and cytoskeleton remodeling which makes it a potential therapeutic target for cancer treatments.
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9
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Wang P, Liu Z, Chen H, Ye N, Cheng X, Zhou J. Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs): Emerging therapeutic targets. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1633-1639. [PMID: 28283242 PMCID: PMC5397994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs) are critical cAMP-dependent signaling pathway mediators. The discovery of EPAC proteins has significantly facilitated understanding on cAMP-dependent signaling pathway and efforts along this line open new avenues for developing novel therapeutics for cancer, diabetes, heart failure, inflammation, infections, neurological disorders and other human diseases. Over the past decade, important progress has been made in the identification of EPAC agonists, antagonists and their biological and pharmacological applications. In this review, we briefly summarize recently reported novel functions of EPACs and the discovery of their small molecule modulators. The challenges and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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10
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Sun DP, Fang CL, Chen HK, Wen KS, Hseu YC, Hung ST, Uen YH, Lin KY. EPAC1 overexpression is a prognostic marker and its inhibition shows promising therapeutic potential for gastric cancer. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:1953-1960. [PMID: 28260059 PMCID: PMC5367365 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
cAMP signaling controls a variety of cellular functions. In addition to the well-known signal transducer cAMP-dependent protein kinase, a more recently discovered transducer is the exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC). EPAC responses are mediated by small G proteins, which regulate biologic functions such as cell adhesion, migration and proliferation. Recently, the clinical importance of EPAC1 has received increased attention. This study investigated the correlations between the expression of EPAC1 and various clinicopathologic parameters as well as the survival of the patients with gastric cancer (GC). The patient cohort in this study consisted of 141 cases of GC that presented from 1999 through 2011; documented clinicopathologic parameters and clinical outcomes were available for all cases. Immunoblotting, immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR were used to examine EPAC1 expression in gastric cells and tissues. siRNA technology was used to study the effect of EPAC1 knockdown on cell proliferation and invasion. An increase in EPAC1 expression was found in GC cells and tissues. The overexpression of EPAC1 was associated with the depth of invasion (P=0.0021), stage (P=0.0429), and vascular invasion (P=0.0049) and was correlated with poor disease-free survival (P=0.0029) and overall survival (P=0.0024). A univariate Cox regression analysis showed that the overexpression of EPAC1 was a prognostic marker for GC (P=0.038). Furthermore, cell studies indicated that the knockdown of EPAC1 in GC cells suppressed cell proliferation and invasion. The overexpression of EPAC1 can be used as a marker to predict the outcome of patients with GC, and EPAC1 represents a potential therapeutic modality for treating GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Ping Sun
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Lang Fang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Han-Kun Chen
- Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuo-Shan Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - You-Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Ting Hung
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yih-Huei Uen
- The Superintendent's Office, Chi Mei Hospital Chiali, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kai-Yuan Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C
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11
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Hefner J, Csef H. The Clinical Relevance of Beta Blockers in Ovarian Carcinoma: A Systematic Review. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2016; 76:1050-1056. [PMID: 27761025 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-115016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The last ten years have seen hardly any improvement in the prognosis of ovarian carcinoma. There is a great need for new treatment strategies, and a recent retrospective study showing a survival advantage with the use of beta blockers met with a very positive response. This systematic review summarizes the current state of knowledge and research on the topic: A database analysis identified six clinical studies showing inconsistent results with respect to the administration of beta blockers and disease course. The 13 preclinical studies identified showed almost without exception both that catecholamines had detrimental effects on tumour progression, and that these effects could be influenced by pharmacological blockade. Overall the available evidence does not justify the use of beta blockers in clinical practice for ovarian carcinoma at the present time. This article also outlines details of research design required for further studies needed on the subject. Preclinical research findings are however very impressive: They not only form an important basis for the development of future clinical studies but also, through revealing new pathomechanisms, they already make an important contribution towards the development of new treatment strategies for ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hefner
- Arbeitsbereich Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - H Csef
- Arbeitsbereich Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Amunjela JN, Tucker SJ. POPDC proteins as potential novel therapeutic targets in cancer. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1920-1927. [PMID: 27458118 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Popeye domain-containing (POPDC) proteins are a novel class of cAMP-binding molecules that affect cancer cell behaviour and correlate with poor clinical outcomes. They are encoded by the POPDC genes POPDC1, POPDC2, and POPDC3. The deletion of POPDC genes and the suppression of POPDC proteins correlate with enhanced cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, drug resistance, and poor patient survival in various human cancers. Overexpression of POPDC proteins inhibits cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro. POPDC proteins present promising anticancer therapeutic targets and here we review their roles in promoting cancer progression and highlight their potential as anticancer therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna N Amunjela
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Steven J Tucker
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK.
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Correlation of Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor Expression in Tumor-Free Surgical Margin and at the Invasive Front of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2016; 2016:3531274. [PMID: 27042179 PMCID: PMC4793135 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3531274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background. The beta-2 adrenergic receptor is expressed by neoplastic cells and is correlated with a wide spectrum of tumor cell mechanisms including proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, migration, and metastasis. Objectives. The present study aimed to analyze the expression of the beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) in tumor-free surgical margins of oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and at the invasive front. Sixty-two patients diagnosed with OSCC, confirmed by biopsy, were selected for the study. The clinicopathological data and clinical follow-up were obtained from medical records and their association with β2-AR expression was verified by the chi-square test or Fischer's exact test. To verify the correlation of β2-AR expression in tumor-free surgical margins and at the invasive front of OSCCs, Pearson's correlation coefficient test was applied. Results. The expression of β2-AR presented a statistically significant correlation between the tumor-free surgical margins and the invasive front of OSCC (r = 0.383; p = 0.002). The immunohistochemical distribution of β2-AR at the invasive front of OSCC was also statistically significant associated with alcohol (p = 0.038), simultaneous alcohol and tobacco consumption (p = 0.010), and T stage (p = 0.014). Conclusions. The correlation of β2-AR expression in OSCC and tumor-free surgical margins suggests a role of this receptor in tumor progression and its expression in normal oral epithelium seems to be constitutive.
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Deutsch D, Deen S, Entschladen F, Coveney C, Rees R, Zänker KS, Powe DG. Alpha1B adrenoceptor expression is a marker of reduced survival and increased tumor recurrence in patients with endometrioid ovarian cancer. World J Obstet Gynecol 2016; 5:118-126. [DOI: 10.5317/wjog.v5.i1.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression patterns of different adrenoceptor isoforms in ovarian cancer and their association with survival and tumor recurrence.
METHODS: The protein expression levels of α1B, α2C and β2 adrenoceptor were assessed in unselected ovarian cancer using immunohistochemistry on microarrayed archival tissue samples. A database containing clinical and pathology parameters and follow-up was used to investigate the association between adrenoceptor isoform expression with ovarian specific survival and tumor recurrence, using univariate and multivariate statistical analysis.
RESULTS: Expression of α1B showed an association with reduced ovarian specific survival (P = 0.05; CI: 1.00-1.49) and increased tumor recurrence (P = 0.021, CI: 1.04-1.69) in the whole patient group. On sub-analysis the expression of α1B in endometrioid cancers (χ2 = 5.867, P = 0.015) was found to predict reduced ovarian specific survival and increased tumor recurrence independently of tumor grade, clinical stage and chemotherapy. An association with clinical outcome was not seen for α2C or β2 AR.
CONCLUSION: Alpha1B adrenoceptor protein was found to predict increased risk of tumor recurrence and reduced mortality in patients with endometrioid type ovarian cancer and should be investigated as a biomarker for identifying patients at increased risk of disease progression. Furthermore, α adrenergic receptor antagonists with α1B selectivity should be investigated as a possible adjuvant therapy for treating patients with endometrioid cancer. Proof of principle could be tested in a retrospective population study.
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Almahariq M, Mei FC, Cheng X. The pleiotropic role of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) in cancer: implications for therapeutic intervention. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:75-81. [PMID: 26525949 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic second messenger adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) regulates a myriad of biological processes under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 (EPAC1) mediates the intracellular functions of cAMP by acting as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the Ras-like Rap small GTPases. Recent studies suggest that EPAC1 plays important roles in immunomodulation, cancer cell migration/metastasis, and metabolism. These results, coupled with the successful development of EPAC-specific small molecule inhibitors, identify EPAC1 as a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muayad Almahariq
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Fang C Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Almahariq M, Chao C, Mei FC, Hellmich MR, Patrikeev I, Motamedi M, Cheng X. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic knockdown of exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 1 reduce pancreatic cancer metastasis in vivo. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 87:142-9. [PMID: 25385424 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
cAMP plays a critical role in regulating migration of various cancers. This role is context dependent and is determined by which of the two main cAMP sensors is at play: cAMP-dependent protein kinase or exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (EPAC). Recently, we have shown that the cAMP sensor protein EPAC1 promotes invasion/migration of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) in vitro. In this study, we investigated the role of EPAC1 in invasion and metastasis of PDA in vivo, and evaluated the therapeutic potential of EPAC inhibitors as antimetastasis agents for this neoplasm. We employed an orthotopic metastatic mouse model in which the PDA cells MIA PaCa-2 were injected into the pancreas of athymic nude mice, and their local and distant spread was monitored by in vivo imaging and histologic evaluation of the number of metastatic foci in the liver. Either genetic suppression of EPAC1 or its pharmacologic inhibition with 3-(5-tert-butyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-2-[(3-chloro-phenyl)-hydrazono]-3-oxo-propionitrile, an EPAC-specific antagonist recently identified in our laboratory, decreased invasion and metastasis of the PDA cells. Mechanistically, EPAC1 promotes activation and trafficking of integrin β1, which plays an essential role in PDA migration and metastasis. Our data show that EPAC1 facilitates metastasis of PDA cells and EPAC1 might be a potential novel therapeutic target for developing antimetastasis agents for PDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muayad Almahariq
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (M.A., F.C.M., X.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.A.), Surgery (M.R.H., C.C.), and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (I.P., M.M.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Celia Chao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (M.A., F.C.M., X.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.A.), Surgery (M.R.H., C.C.), and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (I.P., M.M.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Fang C Mei
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (M.A., F.C.M., X.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.A.), Surgery (M.R.H., C.C.), and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (I.P., M.M.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Mark R Hellmich
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (M.A., F.C.M., X.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.A.), Surgery (M.R.H., C.C.), and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (I.P., M.M.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Igor Patrikeev
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (M.A., F.C.M., X.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.A.), Surgery (M.R.H., C.C.), and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (I.P., M.M.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Massoud Motamedi
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (M.A., F.C.M., X.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.A.), Surgery (M.R.H., C.C.), and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (I.P., M.M.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (M.A., F.C.M., X.C.); and Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (M.A.), Surgery (M.R.H., C.C.), and Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences (I.P., M.M.), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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Stock AM, Hahn SA, Troost G, Niggemann B, Zänker KS, Entschladen F. Induction of pancreatic cancer cell migration by an autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor activation. Exp Cell Res 2014; 326:307-14. [PMID: 24810090 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by aggressive local invasion and early metastasis formation. Active migration of the pancreatic cancer cells is essential for these processes. We have shown previously that the pancreatic cancer cells lines CFPAC1 and IMIM-PC2 show high migratory activity, and we have investigated herein the reason for this observation. Cell migration was assessed using a three-dimensional, collagen-based assay and computer-assisted cell tracking. The expression of receptor tyrosine kinases was determined by flow-cytometry and cytokine release was measured by an enzyme-linked immunoassay. Receptor function was blocked by antibodies or pharmacological enzyme inhibitors. Both cells lines express the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as well as its family-member ErbB2 and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)α, whereas only weak expression was detected for ErbB3 and no expression of PDGFRβ. Pharmacological inhibition of the EGFR or ErbB2 significantly reduced the migratory activity in both cell lines, as did an anti-EGFR antibody. Interestingly, combination of the latter with an anti-PDGFR antibody led to an even more pronounced reduction. Both cell lines release detectable amounts of EGF. Thus, the high migratory activity of the investigated pancreatic cancer cell lines is due to autocrine EGFR activation and possibly of other receptor tyrosine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Stock
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Stephan A Hahn
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterological Oncology, Centre of Clinical Research, Ruhr-University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Gabriele Troost
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Bernd Niggemann
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Kurt S Zänker
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Frank Entschladen
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany.
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Stock AM, Powe DG, Hahn SA, Troost G, Niggemann B, Zänker KS, Entschladen F. Norepinephrine inhibits the migratory activity of pancreatic cancer cells. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1744-1758. [PMID: 23639786 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that norepinephrine induces migratory activity of tumour cells from breast, colon and prostate tissue via activation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors. Consequently, this effect can be inhibited pharmacologically by clinically established beta-blockers. Tumour cell migration is a prerequisite for metastasis formation, and accordingly we and others have shown that breast cancer patients, which take beta-blockers due to hypertension, have reduced metastasis formation and increased survival probability as compared to patients without hypertension or using other anti-hypertensive medication. Unlike the aforementioned tumour cells, pancreatic cancer cells show a reduced migratory activity upon norepinephrine treatment. By means of our three-dimensional, collagen-based cell migration assay, we have investigated the signal transduction pathways involved in this phenomenon. We have found that this conflicting effect of norepinephrine on pancreatic cancer cells is due to an imbalanced activation of the two pathways that usually mediate a pro-migratory effect of norepinephrine in other tumour cell types. Firstly, the inhibitory effect results from activation of a pathway which causes a strong increase of the secondary cell signalling molecule, cAMP. In addition, activation of phospholipase C gamma and the downstream protein kinase C alpha were shown to be already activated in pancreatic cancer cells and cannot be further activated by norepinephrine. We hypothesize that this constitutive activation of the phospholipase C gamma pathway is due to a cross-talk with receptor tyrosine kinase signalling, and this might also deliver an explanation for the unusual high spontaneous migratory activity of pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Stock
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Desmond G Powe
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Stephan A Hahn
- Department of Molecular Gastroenterological Oncology, Centre of Clinical Research, Ruhr-University of Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Gabriele Troost
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Bernd Niggemann
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Kurt S Zänker
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany
| | - Frank Entschladen
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Oncology, Centre for Biomedical Education and Research (ZBAF), Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany.
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Wang L, Liu H, Chen X, Zhang M, Xie K, Ma Q. Immune sculpting of norepinephrine on MHC-I, B7-1, IDO and B7-H1 expression and regulation of proliferation and invasion in pancreatic carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45491. [PMID: 23029049 PMCID: PMC3446877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sympathetic neurotransmitter Norepinephrine (NE) contributes to tumorigenesis and cancer progression. This study aims to investigate the role of NE in modulating the immune phenotype and allowing pancreatic carcinoma (PC) cells to escape the immune response. METHODS Varied concentrations of NE and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were administrated to MIA PaCa-2 and BxPC-3 cell lines for 48 hours. Proliferation and invasion were then investigated using an MTT assay and a membrane invasion culture system respectively. MHC-I, B7-1, IDO and B7-H1 expression were measured using real-time quantitative RT-PCR, western blotting and immunocytochemistry. The synergistic and time-dependent effects of NE/IFN-γ were also investigated. Adrenergic antagonists were used to identify the relevant target receptor of NE. RESULTS The results showed that NE had dose-dependent and time-dependent effects on cell biological processes as well as on the expression of MHC-I, B7-1, IDO and B7-H1. These effects occurred mainly via the β(2)-adrenergic receptor. Long-term NE treatment was able to antagonize some of the effects of IFN-γ (after 2 weeks of treatment), but NE and IFN-γ had significant synergistic stimulatory effects on IDO and B7-H1 expression. The residual effects on biological activities lasted for 2 weeks, while the immunophenotypic changes decreased at early time points after treatment. CONCLUSIONS NE plays important roles in modulating PC cell biological activities and affecting MHC-I, B7-1, IDO and B7-H1 expression in vitro, mainly via the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. Only at extended treatment durations could NE affect PC cell progression and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liancai Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
- Henan Province People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiangli Chen
- Henan Province People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Keping Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, the University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Centre, Houston, Texas
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Riccio O, Hurni N, Murthy S, Vutskits L, Hein L, Dayer A. Alpha2-adrenergic receptor activation regulates cortical interneuron migration. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2879-87. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Barros PO, Ferreira TB, Vieira MMM, Almeida CRM, Araújo-Lima CF, Silva-Filho RG, Hygino J, Andrade RM, Andrade AF, Bento CA. Substance P enhances Th17 phenotype in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder: an event resistant to glucocorticoid inhibition. J Clin Immunol 2010; 31:51-9. [PMID: 20865305 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of stress-related dose of substance P (SP) on the in vitro proliferation and cytokine production in polyclonally activated T cells from healthy individuals or individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Our results demonstrated that cell cultures from GAD group proliferated less following T cell activation, as compared with control group. The addition of SP enhanced, while the glucocorticoid (GC) reduced, the proliferative response in activated cell cultures from healthy but not from GAD individuals. The cytokine profile in GAD individuals revealed Th1 and Th2 deficiencies were associated with dominate Th17 phenotype which was enhanced by SP. Differently from control, the production of Th17 cytokines in GAD individuals was not affected by GC. In conclusion, our results show that complex T cell functional dysregulation in GAD individuals is significantly amplified by SP. These immune abnormalities can have impact in increasing the susceptibility to infectious diseases and inflammatory/autoimmune disorders in anxious individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila O Barros
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Frei Caneca 94, 20.261-040 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Novel adenosine and cAMP signalling pathways in migrating glial cells. Cell Calcium 2010; 48:83-90. [PMID: 20688392 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at characterizing the effect of purinergic transmission on migration of embryonic ciliary ganglion satellite glial cells. Application of adenosine significantly decreased the rate of migration of glial cells whereas no differences were observed in the presence of ATP. The A(2B) receptor antagonist reverted this action, but application of an A(2A) receptor antagonist or a cAMP-protein kinase inhibitor had no effect on the agonist's stimulation. Forskolin, which stimulates adenylate cyclase activity, and the cAMP analogue 8-CPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP, which selectively activates the guanine exchange factor Epac1, mimicked the effect of adenosine. In addition, intracellular calcium measurements studies revealed that application of either adenosine or ATP induced an increase in [Ca(2+)]i and that the adenosine-induced [Ca(2+)]i response was due to Ca(2+) entry and was blocked by an A(2A) receptor antagonist, SCH 58261, or by high Gd(3+) concentrations. Furthermore, forskolin, but not 8-CPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP, activated the Ca(2+) entry which was blocked by Gd(3+) and was independent of cAMP-protein kinase activity. These results demonstrate the involvement of purinergic P1 signalling in the regulation of cellular migration, and point to the importance of adenosine as a negative modulator of migration of peripheral developing glial cells and as an activator of Ca(2+) entry.
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Strell C, Sievers A, Bastian P, Lang K, Niggemann B, Zänker KS, Entschladen F. Divergent effects of norepinephrine, dopamine and substance P on the activation, differentiation and effector functions of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes. BMC Immunol 2009; 10:62. [PMID: 19968887 PMCID: PMC2794263 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-10-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neurotransmitters are important regulators of the immune system, with very distinct and varying effects on different leukocyte subsets. So far little is known about the impact of signals mediated by neurotransmitters on the function of CD8+ T lymphocytes. Therefore, we investigated the influence of norepinephrine, dopamine and substance P on the key tasks of CD8+ T lymphocytes: activation, migration, extravasation and cytotoxicity. Results The activation of naïve CD8+ T lymphocytes by CD3/CD28 cross-linking was inhibited by norepinephrine and dopamine, which was caused by a downregulation of interleukin (IL)-2 expression via Erk1/2 and NF-κB inhibition. Furthermore, all of the investigated neurotransmitters increased the spontaneous migratory activity of naïve CD8+ T lymphocytes with dopamine being the strongest inducer. In contrast, activated CD8+ T lymphocytes showed a reduced migratory activity in the presence of norepinephrine and substance P. With regard to extravasation we found norepinephrine to induce adhesion of activated CD8+ T cells: norepinephrine increased the interleukin-8 release from endothelium, which in turn had effect on the activated CXCR1+ CD8+ T cells. At last, release of cytotoxic granules from activated cells in response to CD3 cross-linking was not influenced by any of the investigated neurotransmitters, as we have analyzed by measuring the β-hexosamidase release. Conclusion Neurotransmitters are specific modulators of CD8+ T lymphocytes not by inducing any new functions, but by fine-tuning their key tasks. The effect can be either stimulatory or suppressive depending on the activation status of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Strell
- Institute of Immunology, Witten/Herdecke University, 58448 Witten, Germany.
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Grandoch M, Rose A, ter Braak M, Jendrossek V, Rübben H, Fischer JW, Schmidt M, Weber AA. Epac inhibits migration and proliferation of human prostate carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2009; 101:2038-42. [PMID: 19920825 PMCID: PMC2795436 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6605439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It was recently found that cAMP mediates protein kinase A-independent effects through Epac proteins. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Epac in migration and proliferation of prostate carcinoma cells. Methods: The effect of Epac activation was determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation and scratch assays in PC-3 and DU 145 cells. Furthermore, cytoskeletal integrity was analysed by phalloidin staining. The participation of intracellular Epac effectors such as mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, Rap1- and Rho-GTPases was determined by immunoblotting and pull-down assay. Results: The specific Epac activator 8-pCPT-2′-O-Me-cAMP (8-pCPT) interfered with cytoskeletal integrity, reduced DNA synthesis, and migration. Although 8-pCPT activated Rap1, it inhibited MAP kinase signalling and RhoA activation. These findings were translated into functional effects such as inhibition of mitogenesis, cytoskeletal integrity, and migration. Conclusion: In human prostate carcinoma cells, Epac inhibits proliferative and migratory responses likely because of inhibition of MAP kinase and RhoA signalling pathways. Therefore, Epac might represent an attractive therapeutic target in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grandoch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Essen Medical School, Essen, Germany.
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