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Rihane FE, Erguibi D, Elyamine O, Abumsimir B, Ennaji MM, Chehab F. Helicobacter pylori co-infection with Epstein-Barr virus and the risk of developing gastric adenocarcinoma at an early age: Observational study infectious agents and cancer. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 68:102651. [PMID: 34386233 PMCID: PMC8346356 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The onset and progression of gastric cancer are attributed to numerous triggers, these triggers may be infection of the gastric epithelium by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), or by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Both agents can establish a lifelong persistent infection in the host, leading to chronic inflammation, which also contributes to cancer development. Objective: The objective of this study is to present the status of co-infection with H. pylori and EBV and the risk of developing adenocarcinoma at an early age in the population of Grand Casablanca. Methods In this study, 100 gastric tissue samples from patients with gastric cancer were examined for detection of H. pylori and EBV in tumor tissue using PCR techniques, and the clinical relevance was statistically analyzed. Results Results revealed an individual Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection observed in (40 %) of gastric carcinoma cases. Furthermore, the frequency of EBV infection was significantly different with intestinal and diffuse gastric cancer types [15 % vs. 85 %; <0.05]. The prevalence of individual H. pylori infections was 34 %, while the frequency of co-infection was 16 %. Moreover, no significant association was found between co-infection and sex, tumor grade, stage, and lymph node metastasis, but there was a significant association between co-infection and the age of GC patients. Conclusion Thus understanding the status of co-infection could clarify the process of gastric carcinogenesis, and application of this knowledge for clinical purposes could facilitate diagnosis, risk management, and prevention. Determination of the frequency of H. pylori and EBV infections Correlation between co-infection and age of gastric cancer patients Evaluation of the clinicopathological features associated with the presence of infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Ezzahra Rihane
- Laboratory of Genetic and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Pharmacy Casablanca. University Hassan II of Casablanca., 20360, Morocco.,Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality, Biotechnologies/ Ecotoxicology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences & Technologies Mohammedia. University Hassan II of Casablanca, 20650, Morocco
| | - Driss Erguibi
- Service of Digestive Cancers Surgery and Liver Transplant, Department of Surgery. Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, Faculty of Medicine & Pharmacy Casablanca. University Hassan II of Casablanca, 20360, Morocco
| | - Othmane Elyamine
- Service of Digestive Cancers Surgery and Liver Transplant, Department of Surgery. Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, Faculty of Medicine & Pharmacy Casablanca. University Hassan II of Casablanca, 20360, Morocco
| | - Berjas Abumsimir
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality, Biotechnologies/ Ecotoxicology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences & Technologies Mohammedia. University Hassan II of Casablanca, 20650, Morocco
| | - Moulay Mustapha Ennaji
- Laboratory of Virology, Microbiology, Quality, Biotechnologies/ Ecotoxicology and Biodiversity, Faculty of Sciences & Technologies Mohammedia. University Hassan II of Casablanca, 20650, Morocco
| | - Farid Chehab
- Service of Digestive Cancers Surgery and Liver Transplant, Department of Surgery. Ibn Rochd University Hospital Center, Faculty of Medicine & Pharmacy Casablanca. University Hassan II of Casablanca, 20360, Morocco
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2
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Qi W, Yang Z, Feng Y, Li H, Che N, Liu L, Xuan Y. Gli1 regulates stemness characteristics in gastric adenocarcinoma. Diagn Pathol 2020; 15:60. [PMID: 32430068 PMCID: PMC7236965 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-020-00949-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1), affects the progression and the stemness characteristics of malignant carcinoma. The aim of the present study was to identify the relation between Glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (Gli1) and stemness and determine its clinical significance in gastric adenocarcinoma (GA). We investigated Gli1 expression and its correlation with other stemness-associated proteins in 169 GA samples and 5 GA cell lines. Methods To elucidate the role of Gli1 in the clinicopathological significance and stemness of GA, tissues samples from 169 GA patients were collected for immunohistochemistry (IHC). Additionally, MKN74, MKN28, NCI-N87, SNU638, AGS cells were collected for western blotting, MKN28 cells were collected for spheroid formation assay. Results Results showed that Gli1 expression was closely related to tumor grade, primary tumor (pT) stage, distant metastasis, clinical stage, gross type, microvessel density, and shorter overall survival (OS). Cox regression analysis verified that Gli1 was an independent prognostic factor for OS. Furthermore, Gli1 expression correlated with the expression of stemness-related genes, CD44, LSD1, and Sox9. Gli1 inhibitor GANT61 significantly decreased the expression of CD44 and LSD1, and spheroid formation ability of the MKN28 cells. Conclusions In conclusion, Gli1 may be a poor prognostic indicator and a potential cancer stemness-related protein in GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Qi
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhaoting Yang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China.,Department of Pathology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China.,Department of Pathology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China
| | - Haoyue Li
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China.,Department of Pathology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China
| | - Nan Che
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China.,Department of Pathology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China.
| | - Yanhua Xuan
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China. .,Department of Pathology, Yanbian University College of Medicine, Yanji, China.
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3
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Wessler S, Krisch LM, Elmer DP, Aberger F. From inflammation to gastric cancer - the importance of Hedgehog/GLI signaling in Helicobacter pylori-induced chronic inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2017; 15:15. [PMID: 28427431 PMCID: PMC5397778 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-017-0171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are closely associated with the development of inflammatory disorders and neoplastic transformation of the gastric epithelium. Drastic changes in the micromilieu involve a complex network of H. pylori-regulated signal transduction pathways leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, gut hormones and a wide range of signaling molecules. Besides controlling embryonic development, the Hedgehog/GLI signaling pathway also plays important roles in epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and regeneration of the gastric physiology, but also in the induction and progression of inflammation and neoplastic transformation in H. pylori infections. Here, we summarize recent findings of H. pylori-associated Hedgehog/GLI signaling in gastric homeostasis, malignant development and the modulation of the gastric tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silja Wessler
- Division of Microbiology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Billroth Strasse 11, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Linda M Krisch
- Division of Microbiology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Billroth Strasse 11, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dominik P Elmer
- Division of Molecular Tumor Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Fritz Aberger
- Division of Molecular Tumor Biology, Cancer Cluster Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, A-5020, Salzburg, Austria.
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4
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Lee HJ, Park JM, Hahm KB. [Role of Inhibitory Transforming Growth Factor-β Signal Smad7 in Helicobacter pylori-associated Gastric Damage]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2017; 68:186-194. [PMID: 27780942 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2016.68.4.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background/Aims Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) is a cytokine implicated in the susceptibility, development, and progression of gastrointestinal cancer and certain other neoplasms. In the later stages of cancer, TGF-β not only acts as a bystander of host-immune response, but also contributes to cell growth, invasion, and metastasis. In the current study, we generated gastric mucosal cells that stably express Smad7, and explored the Helicobacter pylori-associated biological changes between mock-transfected and Smad7-transfected RGM1 cells. Methods RGM1 cells stably transfected with Smad7 were infected with H. pylori, and molecular changes in apoptotic markers and inflammatory mediators were examined. Several candidate genes were explored in Smad7-overexpressing cells after H. pylori infection. Results Overexpression of Smad7 in RGM1 cells significantly increased the H. pylori-induced cytotoxicity compared to mock-transfected cells. Exaggerated increases in inflammatory mediators, cyclooxygenase 2, inducible NO synthase, and augmented apoptosis were noted in Smad7-overexpressing cells, whereas mitigated heme oxygenase 1 was noted in Smad7- overexpressing cells. These phenomena were reversed in cells transfected with Smad7 siRNA. Conclusions These data suggest that inhibition of Smad7 is a possible target for mitigating H. pylori-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Jae Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jong Min Park
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Bio Complex, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ki Baik Hahm
- CHA Cancer Prevention Research Center, CHA Bio Complex, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea.,Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, Seongnam, Korea
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5
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Marwaha S, Schumacher MA, Zavros Y, Eghbalnia HR. Crosstalks between cytokines and Sonic Hedgehog in Helicobacter pylori infection: a mathematical model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111338. [PMID: 25364910 PMCID: PMC4218723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection of gastric tissue results in an immune response dominated by Th1 cytokines and has also been linked with dysregulation of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathway in gastric tissue. However, since interactions between the cytokines and SHH during H. pylori infection are not well understood, any mechanistic understanding achieved through interpretation of the statistical analysis of experimental results in the context of currently known circuit must be carefully scrutinized. Here, we use mathematical modeling aided by restraints of experimental data to evaluate the consistency between experimental results and temporal behavior of H. pylori activated cytokine circuit model. Statistical analysis of qPCR data from uninfected and H. pylori infected wild-type and parietal cell-specific SHH knockout (PC-SHHKO) mice for day 7 and 180 indicate significant changes that suggest role of SHH in cytokine regulation. The experimentally observed changes are further investigated using a mathematical model that examines dynamic crosstalks among pro-inflammatory (IL1β, IL-12, IFNγ, MIP-2) cytokines, anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines and SHH during H. pylori infection. Response analysis of the resulting model demonstrates that circuitry, as currently known, is inadequate for explaining of the experimental observations; suggesting the need for additional specific regulatory interactions. A key advantage of a computational model is the ability to propose putative circuit models for in-silico experimentation. We use this approach to propose a parsimonious model that incorporates crosstalks between NFĸB, SHH, IL-1β and IL-10, resulting in a feedback loop capable of exhibiting cyclic behavior. Separately, we show that analysis of an independent time-series GEO microarray data for IL-1β, IFNγ and IL-10 in mock and H. pylori infected mice further supports the proposed hypothesis that these cytokines may follow a cyclic trend. Predictions from the in-silico model provide useful insights for generating new hypothesis and design of subsequent experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Marwaha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael A. Schumacher
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hamid R. Eghbalnia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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6
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Zhou H, Zhang J, Zhang GX, Tai T, Zhou XY, Su J. Effect of Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide on expression of Ptch-1 and Gli proteins in gastric cancer AGS cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:3557-3564. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i24.3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the expression of Ptch-1 and Gli, two members in the sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway, in gastric cancer AGS cells after stimulation with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cyclopamine.
METHODS: Different concentrations of H. pylori LPS were used to stimulate AGS cells for 24 h, and the expression of Ptch-1 and Gli was assayed by Western blot to find the optimal stimulation concentration. AGS cells were then treated with H. pylori LPS at the optimal concentration for 24, 48 and 72 h, and the expression of Ptch-1 and Gli was detected by Western blot. MTT assay was applied to explore the effect of cyclopamine on AGS cell proliferation, and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was calculated. AGS cells were then treated with cyclopamine at IC50 for 24, 48 and 72 h, and the expression of Ptch-1 and Gli was detected by Western blot. AGS cells were divided into three groups and stimulated with H. pylori LPS, cyclopamine and H. pylori LPS plus cyclopamine for 24 h, respectively, and the expression of Ptch-1 and Gli was then detected by Western blot.
RESULTS: After different concentrations of H. pylori LPS were used to stimulate AGS cells for 24 h, the expression of Ptch-1 and Gli was increased (P < 0.05) and eventually reached a plateau. After treatment of AGS cells with H. pylori LPS at the optimal concentration for 24, 48 and 72 h, the expression of Ptch-1 and Gli was increased in a time dependent manner (P < 0.05). After treatment of AGS cells with different concentrations of cyclopamine for 24 h, the proliferation of AGS cells was inhibited in a concentration dependent manner (P < 0.05). Treatment with cyclopamine at IC50 decreased the expression of Gli in a time dependent manner (P < 0.05), but showed no significant effect on expression of Ptch-1 (P > 0.05). The expression of Ptch-1 in the H. pylori LPS plus cyclopamine group was significantly higher than that in the control group and cyclopamine group (P < 0.05), but was not significantly different from that in the H. pylori LPS group (P > 0.05). The expression of Gli in the H. pylori LPS plus cyclopamine group was significantly lower than that in the control group and H. pylori LPS group (P < 0.05), but was not significantly different from that in the cyclopamine group (P > 0.05).
CONCLUSION: H. pylori may alter the expression of components of the Shh signaling pathway through its virulence factor LPS in AGS cells. Cyclopamine can inhibit the growth of AGS cells by inhibition of the Shh signaling pathway. H. pylori LPS may play a role by influencing the upstream molecules of the Shh signaling pathway.
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7
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Stojnev S, Krstic M, Ristic-Petrovic A, Stefanovic V, Hattori T. Gastric cancer stem cells: therapeutic targets. Gastric Cancer 2014; 17:13-25. [PMID: 23563919 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-013-0254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, a growing body of evidence has implied that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in the development of gastric cancer (GC). The notion that CSCs give rise to GC and may be responsible for invasion, metastasis, and resistance to treatment has profound implications for anti-cancer therapy. Recent major advances in the rapidly evolving field of CSCs have opened novel exciting opportunities for developing CSC-targeted therapies. Discovery of specific markers and signaling pathways in gastric CSCs (GCSCs), with the perfecting of technologies for identification, isolation, and validation of CSCs, may provide the basis for a revolutionary cancer treatment approach based on the eradication of GCSCs. Emerging therapeutic tools based on specific properties and functions of CSCs, including activation of self-renewal signaling pathways, differences in gene expression profiles, and increased activity of telomerase or chemoresistance mechanisms, are developing in parallel with advances in nanotechnology and bioengineering. The addition of GCSC-targeted therapies to current oncological protocols and their complementary application may be the key to successfully fighting GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Stojnev
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Nis, Zorana Djindjica Blvd 81, 18000, Nis, Serbia,
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8
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Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) remains one of the most common cancers worldwide. Its prevalence is still on the rise in the developing countries due to the ageing population. The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory provides a new insight into the interpretation of tumor initiation, aggressive growth, recurrence, and metastasis of cancer, as well as the development of new strategies for cancer treatment. This review will focus on the progress of biomarkers and signaling pathways of CSCs, the complex crosstalk networks between the microenvironment and CSCs, and the development of therapeutic approaches against CSCs, predominantly focusing on GC.
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9
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Yang L, Su X, Xie J. Activation of Hedgehog pathway in gastrointestinal cancers. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2012; 88:461-72. [PMID: 22391316 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394622-5.00020-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) pathway is a major regulator for cell differentiation, tissue polarity, and cell proliferation in embryonic development and homeostasis in adult tissue. Studies from many laboratories reveal activation of this pathway in a variety of human cancer, including basal cell carcinomas (BCCs), medulloblastomas, leukemia, gastrointestinal, lung, ovarian, breast, and prostate cancers. It is thus believed that targeted inhibition of Hh signaling may be effective in treatment and prevention of human cancer. Even more exciting is the discovery and synthesis of specific signaling antagonists for the Hh pathway, which have significant clinical implications in novel cancer therapeutics. In this review, we summarize major advances in the past 2 years in our understanding of Hh signaling activation in human gastrointestinal cancer and their potential in clinical treatment with Hh pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Clinical Research Center of the Affiliated Hospital, Inner Mongolia Medical College, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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10
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Sherman AE, Zavros Y. Role of Sonic Hedgehog signaling during progression from inflammation to cancer in the stomach. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2011; 2:103-8. [PMID: 22180844 PMCID: PMC3240902 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v2.i6.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in treatment and the declining incidence, gastric cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Understanding the progression from inflammation to cancer in the stomach is crucial in the development of novel therapies and strategies for treating this disease. Chronic inflammation of the stomach is typically caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and resulting lesions may lead to gastric cancer. During the progression from inflammation to cancer, the stomach epithelium changes with evidence of the disruption of normal epithelial cell differentiation and infiltrating inflammatory cells. Coincident with the development of atrophic gastritis and metaplasia, is the loss of the gastric morphogen Sonic Hedgehog (Shh). Given its critical role as a regulator of gastric tissue homeostasis, the disruption of Shh expression during inflammation correlates with the loss of normal epithelial cell differentiation, but this has only recently been rigorously tested in vivo using a unique mouse model of targeted gastric Shh deletion. While pre-neoplastic lesions such as atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia are associated with the loss of Shh within the acid-secreting glands of the stomach, there is a clear link between elevated Shh and signaling to gastric cancers. The current review focuses on the effects of aberrant Shh expression and its role in the development of gastric cancer, specifically in response to H. pylori infection.
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11
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infections are thought to eventually lead to symptoms as a result of the long-lasting interactions between the bacterium and its host. Mechanisms that allow this bacterium to cause a life-long infection involve modulation of both the immune response and host cellular processes. Last year many novel findings that improve our knowledge on how H. pylori virulence factors interact with the host were reported, but because of space limitations we can only discuss a limited number of these studies. Among those are studies on the genetic variation of genes encoding outer membrane proteins and the mimicry of host antigens, factors that alter host-cell metabolism and factors that modulate the host's immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Basso
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padova, Via Giustiniani 2, Padua, Italy.
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12
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Wu WKK, Cho CH, Lee CW, Fan D, Wu K, Yu J, Sung JJY. Dysregulation of cellular signaling in gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 2010; 295:144-53. [PMID: 20488613 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of gastric cancer is complex and related to multiple factors. Dysregulation of intracellular signaling pathways represents a common pathogenic mechanism and may be amenable to drug targeting. Multiple well-established oncogenic pathways, such as those mediated by cell cycle regulators, nuclear factor-kappaB, cyclooxygenase-2 and epidermal growth factor receptor are implicated in gastric carcinogenesis. Emerging evidence also underscores the importance of signaling pathways involved in the developmental process, including transforming growth factor-beta/bone morphogenetic protein signaling, Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, Hedgehog signaling and Notch signaling. Understanding their biological significance will provide a rational basis for drug development. Their relative importance and cross-talk in gastric carcinogenesis, however, are still not completely understood and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William K K Wu
- LKS Institute of Health, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.
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13
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Merchant JL, Saqui-Salces M, El-Zaatari M. Hedgehog signaling in gastric physiology and cancer. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 96:133-56. [PMID: 21075343 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-381280-3.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The Hedgehog family of ligands was originally identified in mutagenesis screens of Drosophila embryos. Hedgehog signaling in multiple tissues is important during embryonic development. A common theme regarding Hedgehog expression in adult tissues is that tissue injury reactivates the developmental pattern of expression. In most instances, this appears to be important to initiate tissue repair. In the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, where epithelial cells are constantly replenished from progenitor populations, Hedgehog signaling also appears to be essential for regeneration. By contrast, reactivated Hedgehog signaling in adult tissues does not automatically predispose the tissue to transformation, but instead requires sustained tissue injury in the form of chronic inflammation. In this chapter, we review what is known about Hedgehog ligands and signaling during development of relevant organs, and discuss how the patterns of Hedgehog regulation are recapitulated in the GI tract during embryogenesis, adult homeostasis, and neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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14
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Du P, Ye HR, Gao J, Chen W, Wang ZC, Jiang HH, Xu J, Zhang JW, Zhang JC, Cui L. Methylation of PTCH1a gene in a subset of gastric cancers. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15:3799-806. [PMID: 19673023 PMCID: PMC2726460 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.15.3799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To establish if PTCH1a transcriptional regulation region (TRR) is methylated in gastric cancer and its influence in gastric tumorigenesis.
METHODS: The CpG islands in PTCH1a TRR were analyzed by Methyl Primer Express v1.0 software. The region from -643 to -355 bp (the transcription initiation site of PTCH1a was designated as 0) that contained 19 CpG sites was chosen for bisulfite-sequencing PCR (BSP) and methylation-specific PCR (MSP) detection. The gastric cancer cell line AGS was treated with 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC; 1 μmol/L) for 3 d. Alterations in PTCH1a TRR methylation in treated AGS cells was measured through BSP clone sequences, and their PTCH1 expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR. The cell cycle and apoptosis were observed with flow cytometry through propidium iodide (PI) staining or annexin V/PI double staining. The prevalence of PTCH1a TRR methylation was investigated in 170 gastric cancer tissue samples and the adjacent normal tissues by MSP. The correlation of PTCH1a TRR methylation with PTCH1 expression or with patients’ clinical features was analyzed.
RESULTS: Methylation of PTCH1a TRR was observed in AGS cells and a subset of gastric cancer tissues (32%, 55/170), while no methylation amplification products were observed in any normal tissues by MSP. The methylation of PTCH1a TRR was correlated negatively with PTCH1 expression (Spearman’s r = -0.380, P = 0.000). However, methylation of PTCH1a TRR was not related to the gastric cancer patients’ clinical features, such as sex, age of onset, clinical stage, lymph node metastasis or histological grade. The methylation of PTCH1a TRR in AGS cells was almost converted to non-methylation after 5-Aza-dC treatment, which increased PTCH1 expression (5.3 ± 2.5 times; n = 3) and apoptosis rate (3.0 ± 0.26 times; P < 0.05; n = 3).
CONCLUSION: Methylation of PTCH1a TRR is present in a subset of gastric cancers and correlated negatively with PTCH1 expression. This may be an early event in gastric tumorigenesis and a new treatment target.
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