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Sangiorgio G, Calvo M, Migliorisi G, Campanile F, Stefani S. The Impact of Enterococcus spp. in the Immunocompromised Host: A Comprehensive Review. Pathogens 2024; 13:409. [PMID: 38787261 PMCID: PMC11124283 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The immunocompromised host is usually vulnerable to infectious diseases due to broad-spectrum treatments and immunological dysregulation. The Enterococcus genus consists of normal gut commensals, which acquire a leading role in infective processes among individuals with compromised immune systems. These microorganisms may express a potential virulence and resistance spectrum, enabling their function as severe pathogens. The Enterococcus spp. infections in immunocompromised hosts appear to be difficult to resolve due to the immunological response impairment and the possibility of facing antimicrobial-resistant strains. As regards the related risk factors, several data demonstrated that prior antibiotic exposure, medical device insertion, prolonged hospitalization and surgical interventions may lead to Enterococcus overgrowth, antibiotic resistance and spread among critical healthcare settings. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of Enterococcus spp. in the immunocompromised host, summarizing the available knowledge about virulence factors, antimicrobial-resistance mechanisms and host-pathogen interaction. The review ultimately yearns for more substantial support to further investigations about enterococcal infections and immunocompromised host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sangiorgio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Maddalena Calvo
- U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, University Hospital Policlinico-San Marco, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Migliorisi
- U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, University Hospital Policlinico-San Marco, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Floriana Campanile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.)
- U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, University Hospital Policlinico-San Marco, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.)
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2
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Wang MX, Wang MM, Liu C, Chen JS, Liu JS, Guo X, Zhang MQ, Zhang J, Sun JY, Liao ZX. A geniposide-phospholipid complex ameliorates posthyperuricemia chronic kidney disease induced by inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 930:175157. [PMID: 35870480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is a common metabolic disease and is one of the factors that could induce chronic kidney disease (CKD). Geniposide (GEN) is a typical natural iridoid glucoside compound with a series of biological activities, but the poor bioavailability of GEN limits its clinical application. In this context, the pharmacological activity of the geniposide-phospholipid complex (GEN-PLC) in ameliorating posthyperuricemia CKD was evaluated by in vitro and in vivo experiments in this study. In vitro cell experiments showed that GEN-PLC treatment markedly decreased inflammatory cytokine levels and reactive oxygen species levels compared with those of GEN in uric acid-treated HKC cells. In vivo research results confirmed that a high concentration of uric acid could cause CKD by increasing inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species in hyperuricemic mice. At the same time, GEN-PLC could regulate the PI3K/AKT/NF-κB and Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways to effectively inhibit the inflammatory response and oxidative stress, thereby ameliorating posthyperuricemia CKD, and the therapeutic effect was better than that of GEN. In addition, the preparation technology of GEN-PLC was optimized, and the physiochemical analysis explained the intermolecular interactions of the two components. Based on the research results, GEN-PLC could enhance the bioavailability of GEN and become a promising candidate for clinical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu-Xuan Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, PR China
| | - Min-Min Wang
- Taian Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Tai'an, 271000, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
| | - Jia-Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Jian-Shu Liu
- Shanxi Functional Food Engineering Center Co. Ltd, Xian, 710000, PR China
| | - Xu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Meng-Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, PR China
| | - Jin-Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Xin Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, PR China.
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3
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Li T, Yu C, Zhuang S. Histone Methyltransferase EZH2: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Kidney Diseases. Front Physiol 2021; 12:640700. [PMID: 33679454 PMCID: PMC7930071 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.640700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase enzyme that catalyzes the addition of methyl groups to histone H3 at lysine 27, leading to gene silencing. Mutation or over-expression of EZH2 has been linked to many cancers including renal carcinoma. Recent studies have shown that EZH2 expression and activity are also increased in several animal models of kidney injury, such as acute kidney injury (AKI), renal fibrosis, diabetic nephropathy, lupus nephritis (LN), and renal transplantation rejection. The pharmacological and/or genetic inhibition of EZH2 can alleviate AKI, renal fibrosis, and LN, but potentiate podocyte injury in animal models, suggesting that the functional role of EZH2 varies with renal cell type and disease model. In this article, we summarize the role of EZH2 in the pathology of renal injury and relevant mechanisms and highlight EZH2 as a potential therapeutic target for kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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4
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Shi Y, Xu L, Tao M, Fang L, Lu J, Gu H, Ma S, Lin T, Wang Y, Bao W, Qiu A, Zhuang S, Liu N. Blockade of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 alleviates renal injury associated with hyperuricemia. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 316:F488-F505. [PMID: 30566000 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00234.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia has been identified as an independent risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is associated with the progression of kidney diseases. It remains unknown whether enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone H3 lysine 27 methyltransferase, can regulate metabolism of serum uric acid and progression of renal injury induced by hyperuricemia. In this study, we demonstrated that blockade of EZH2 with 3-DZNeP, a selective EZH2 inhibitor, or silencing of EZH2 with siRNA inhibited uric acid-induced renal fibroblast activation and phosphorylation of Smad3, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in cultured renal fibroblasts. Inhibition of EZH2 also suppressed proliferation of renal fibroblasts and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tubular cells. In a mouse model of renal injury induced by hyperuricemia, EZH2 and trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine27 expression levels were enhanced, which was coincident with renal damage and increased expression of lipocalin-2 and cleaved caspase-3. Inhibition of EZH2 with 3-DZNeP blocked all these responses. Furthermore, 3-DZNeP treatment decreased the level of serum uric acid and xanthine oxidase activity, alleviated renal interstitial fibrosis, inhibited activation of transforming growth factor-β/Smad3, EGFR/ERK1/2, and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathways, as well as reduced expression of multiple chemokines/cytokines. Collectively, EZH2 inhibition can reduce the level of serum uric acid and alleviate renal injury and fibrosis through a mechanism associated with inhibition of multiple signaling pathways. Targeting EZH2 may be a novel strategy for the treatment of hyperuricemia-induced CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfeng Shi
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Liuqing Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Min Tao
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Lu Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Jiasun Lu
- Department of Urology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Hongwei Gu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Shuchen Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Wenfang Bao
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Andong Qiu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University , Shanghai , China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China.,Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Alpert Medical School, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
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5
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ERK1/2-mediated EGFR-signaling is required for TGFβ-induced lens epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Exp Eye Res 2018; 178:108-121. [PMID: 30290164 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lens epithelial cells (LECs) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of fibrotic cataract. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) is a potent inducer of this fibrotic process in lens. Recent studies in cancer progression have shown that in addition to activating the canonical Smad signaling pathway, TGFβ can also transactivate the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to enhance invasive cell migration. The present study aims to elucidate the involvement of EGFR-signaling in TGFβ-induced EMT in LECs. Treatment with TGFβ2 induced transdifferentiation of LECs into myofibroblastic cells, typical of an EMT. TGFβ2 induced the phosphorylation of the EGFR and upregulation of Egfr and Hb-egf gene expression. Pharmacologic inhibition of EGFR-signaling using PD153035 inhibited TGFβ-induced EMT, including the upregulation of mesenchymal markers and downregulation of epithelial markers. Crosstalk between TGFβ2-induced EGFR and ERK1/2 was evident, with both pathways impacting on Smad2/3-signaling. Our finding that TGFβ2 transactivates downstream EGFR-signaling reveals a previously unknown mechanism in the pathogenesis of cataract. Understanding the complex interplay between divergent canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways, as well as downstream target genes involved in TGFβ-induced EMT, will enable the development of more effective targeted therapies in the pharmacological treatment of cataract.
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6
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Zhao Y, Ma J, Fan Y, Wang Z, Tian R, Ji W, Zhang F, Niu R. TGF-β transactivates EGFR and facilitates breast cancer migration and invasion through canonical Smad3 and ERK/Sp1 signaling pathways. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:305-321. [PMID: 29215776 PMCID: PMC5830653 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) functions as a potent proliferation inhibitor and apoptosis inducer in the early stages of breast cancer, yet promotes cancer aggressiveness in the advanced stages. The dual effect of TGF-β on cancer development is known as TGF-β paradox, and the remarkable functional conversion of TGF-β is a pivotal and controversial phenomenon that has been widely investigated for decades. This phenomenon may be attributed to the cross talk between TGF-β signaling and other pathways, including EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling during cancer progression. However, the underlying mechanism by which TGF-β shifts its role from a tumor suppressor to a cancer promoter remains elusive. In this study, TGF-β is positively correlated with EGFR expression in breast cancer tissues, and a functional linkage is observed between TGF-β signaling and EGFR transactivation in breast cancer cell lines. TGF-β promotes the migration and invasion abilities of breast cancer cells, along with the increase in EGFR expression. EGFR is also essential for TGF-β-induced enhancement of these abilities of breast cancer cells. Canonical Smad3 signaling and ERK/Sp1 signaling pathways mediate TGF-β-induced EGFR upregulation. Hence, our study provided insights into a novel mechanism by which TGF-β supports breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhao
- Public LaboratoryNational Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalChina
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjinChina
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerChina
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and TherapyMinistry of EducationTianjin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Jing Ma
- Public LaboratoryNational Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalChina
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjinChina
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerChina
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and TherapyMinistry of EducationTianjin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Yanling Fan
- Public LaboratoryNational Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalChina
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjinChina
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerChina
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and TherapyMinistry of EducationTianjin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Public LaboratoryNational Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalChina
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjinChina
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerChina
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and TherapyMinistry of EducationTianjin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Ran Tian
- Public LaboratoryNational Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalChina
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjinChina
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerChina
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and TherapyMinistry of EducationTianjin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Wei Ji
- Public LaboratoryNational Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalChina
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjinChina
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerChina
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and TherapyMinistry of EducationTianjin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Fei Zhang
- Public LaboratoryNational Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalChina
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjinChina
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerChina
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and TherapyMinistry of EducationTianjin Medical UniversityChina
| | - Ruifang Niu
- Public LaboratoryNational Clinical Research Center for CancerTianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and HospitalChina
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and TherapyTianjinChina
- Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for CancerChina
- Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and TherapyMinistry of EducationTianjin Medical UniversityChina
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7
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Interplay between TGF-β signaling and receptor tyrosine kinases in tumor development. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:1133-1141. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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8
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Liu N, Wang L, Yang T, Xiong C, Xu L, Shi Y, Bao W, Chin YE, Cheng SB, Yan H, Qiu A, Zhuang S. EGF Receptor Inhibition Alleviates Hyperuricemic Nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 26:2716-29. [PMID: 25788532 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2014080793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperuricemia is an independent risk factor for CKD and contributes to kidney fibrosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of EGF receptor (EGFR) inhibition on the development of hyperuricemic nephropathy (HN) and the mechanisms involved. In a rat model of HN induced by feeding a mixture of adenine and potassium oxonate, increased EGFR phosphorylation and severe glomerular sclerosis and renal interstitial fibrosis were evident, accompanied by renal dysfunction and increased urine microalbumin excretion. Administration of gefitinib, a highly selective EGFR inhibitor, prevented renal dysfunction, reduced urine microalbumin, and inhibited activation of renal interstitial fibroblasts and expression of extracellular proteins. Gefitinib treatment also inhibited hyperuricemia-induced activation of the TGF-β1 and NF-κB signaling pathways and expression of multiple profibrogenic cytokines/chemokines in the kidney. Furthermore, gefitinib treatment suppressed xanthine oxidase activity, which mediates uric acid production, and preserved expression of organic anion transporters 1 and 3, which promotes uric acid excretion in the kidney of hyperuricemic rats. Thus, blocking EGFR can attenuate development of HN via suppression of TGF-β1 signaling and inflammation and promotion of the molecular processes that reduce uric acid accumulation in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Nephrology and
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Nephrology and
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Chongxiang Xiong
- Research Center for Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | | | - Y Eugene Chin
- Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Bin Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; and
| | | | - Andong Qiu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Advanced Institute of Translational Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shougang Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology and Research Center for Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China;
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Alkan Z, Duong FL, Hawkes WC. Selenoprotein W controls epidermal growth factor receptor surface expression, activation and degradation via receptor ubiquitination. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1087-95. [PMID: 25721765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) is the founding member of the ErbB family of growth factor receptors that modulate a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways controlling growth, proliferation, differentiation, and motility. Selenoprotein W (SEPW1) is a highly conserved, diet-regulated 9kDa thioredoxin-like protein required for normal cell cycle progression. We report here that SEPW1 is required for EGF-induced EGFR activation and that it functions by suppressing EGFR ubiquitination and receptor degradation. SEPW1 depletion inhibited EGF-dependent cell cycle entry in breast and prostate epithelial cells. In prostate cells, SEPW1 depletion decreased EGFR auto-phosphorylation, while SEPW1 overexpression increased EGFR auto-phosphorylation. SEPW1 depletion increased the rate of EGFR degradation, which decreased total and surface EGFR and suppressed EGF-dependent EGFR endocytosis, EGFR dimer formation, and activation of EGF-dependent pathways. EGFR ubiquitination was increased in SEPW1-depleted cells--in agreement with the increased rate of EGFR degradation, and suggests that SEPW1 suppresses EGFR ubiquitination. Ubiquitination-directed lysozomal degradation controls post-translational EGFR expression and is dysregulated in many cancers. Thus, suppression of EGFR ubiquitination by SEPW1 may be related to the putative increase in cancer risk associated with high selenium intakes. Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying SEPW1's regulation of EGFR ubiquitination may reveal new opportunities for nutritional cancer prevention or cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Alkan
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Frank L Duong
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 8750 Beverly Boulevard, Atrium 103, West Hollywood, CA 90048, USA
| | - Wayne C Hawkes
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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10
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Voon DCC, Wang H, Koo JKW, Chai JH, Hor YT, Tan TZ, Chu YS, Mori S, Ito Y. EMT-induced stemness and tumorigenicity are fueled by the EGFR/Ras pathway. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70427. [PMID: 23950932 PMCID: PMC3741305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed that differentiated epithelial cells would acquire stem cell-like and tumorigenic properties following an Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). However, the signaling pathways that participate in this novel mechanism of tumorigenesis have not been fully characterized. In Runx3−/−p53−/− murine gastric epithelial (GIF-14) cells, EMT-induced plasticity is reflected in the expression of the embryonal proto-oncogene Hmga2 and Lgr5, an exclusive gastrointestinal stem cell marker. Here, we report the concurrent activation of an EGFR/Ras gene expression signature during TGF-β1-induced EMT in GIF-14 cells. Amongst the altered genes was the induction of Egfr, which corresponded with a delayed sensitization to EGF treatment in GIF-14. Co-treatment with TGF-β1 and EGF or the expression of exogenous KRas led to increased Hmga2 or Lgr5 expression, sphere initiation and colony formation in soft agar assay. Interestingly, the gain in cellular plasticity/tumorigenicity was not accompanied by increased EMT. This uncoupling of EMT and the induction of plasticity reveals an involvement of distinct signaling cues, whereby the EGFR/Ras pathway specifically promotes stemness and tumorigenicity in EMT-altered GIF-14 cells. These data show that the EGFR/Ras pathway requisite for the sustenance of gastric stem cells in vivo and in vitro is involved in the genesis and promotion of EMT-induced tumor-initiating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic Chih-Cheng Voon
- The Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Huajing Wang
- The Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jason Kin Wai Koo
- The Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Juin Hsien Chai
- The Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yit Teng Hor
- The Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- The Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yeh-Shiu Chu
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Republic of China
| | - Seiichi Mori
- Division of Cancer Genomics, Cancer Institute of Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- The Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- The Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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11
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Xu D, Yuan R, Gu H, Liu T, Tu Y, Yang Z, He L. The effect of ultraviolet radiation on the transforming growth factor beta 1/Smads pathway and p53 in actinic keratosis and normal skin. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:777-86. [PMID: 23632819 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is considered to be essential for the progression of actinic keratosis (AK) to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); however, the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. To understand this process, the effects of UV radiation on the transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1)/Smads pathway and p53 in normal skin and AK were studied. Normal human skin and AK tissues were cultured and divided into the following four groups according to the UV radiation dose: 0 (control group), 5, 10, and 20 J/cm2. The tissues were radiated for four consecutive days; 24 h after radiation, the tissues were collected for investigation. Compared with the control group, greater proliferative inhibition and apoptosis were induced by UV radiation in normal skin than AK. The expression of TGFβ1, Smad7, and p53 was increased in AK and normal skin, while the level of TβRII was decreased. Smad2 was reduced in AK only. The expressions of TβRI, Smad3, and Smad4 were not significantly changed. The results demonstrated that although p53 was induced, suppression of the TGFβ1/Smads pathway by UV radiation might contribute to the progression of AK to SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Research Center of Dermatology of Yunnan Province, No. 295 Xichang Road, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
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12
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Di Florio A, Sancho V, Moreno P, Fave GD, Jensen RT. Gastrointestinal hormones stimulate growth of Foregut Neuroendocrine Tumors by transactivating the EGF receptor. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1833:573-82. [PMID: 23220008 PMCID: PMC3556220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Foregut neuroendocrine tumors [NETs] usually pursuit a benign course, but some show aggressive behavior. The treatment of patients with advanced NETs is marginally effective and new approaches are needed. In other tumors, transactivation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) by growth factors, gastrointestinal (GI) hormones and lipids can stimulate growth, which has led to new treatments. Recent studies show a direct correlation between NET malignancy and EGFR expression, EGFR inhibition decreases basal NET growth and an autocrine growth effect exerted by GI hormones, for some NETs. To determine if GI hormones can stimulate NET growth by inducing transactivation of EGFR, we examined the ability of EGF, TGFα and various GI hormones to stimulate growth of the human foregut carcinoid,BON, the somatostatinoma QGP-1 and the rat islet tumor,Rin-14B-cell lines. The EGFR tyrosine-kinase inhibitor, AG1478 strongly inhibited EGF and the GI hormones stimulated cell growth, both in BON and QGP-1 cells. In all the three neuroendocrine cell lines studied, we found EGF, TGFα and the other growth-stimulating GI hormones increased Tyr(1068) EGFR phosphorylation. In BON cells, both the GI hormones neurotensin and a bombesin analogue caused a time- and dose-dependent increase in EGFR phosphorylation, which was strongly inhibited by AG1478. Moreover, we found this stimulated phosphorylation was dependent on Src kinases, PKCs, matrix metalloproteinase activation and the generation of reactive oxygen species. These results raise the possibility that disruption of this signaling cascade by either EGFR inhibition alone or combined with receptor antagonists may be a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of foregut NETs/PETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Di Florio
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | - Veronica Sancho
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | - Paola Moreno
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
| | - Gianfranco Delle Fave
- Digestive and Liver Disease Unit, II Medical School, University La Sapienza, S. Andrea Hospital, Via Di Grottarossa 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Robert T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, USA
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Enterococcus faecalis enhances cell proliferation through hydrogen peroxide-mediated epidermal growth factor receptor activation. Infect Immun 2012; 80:3545-58. [PMID: 22851748 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00479-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a member of the intestinal and oral microbiota that may affect the etiology of colorectal and oral cancers. The mechanisms by which E. faecalis may contribute to the initiation and progression of these cancers remain uncertain. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is postulated to play a crucial role in oral carcinogenesis. A link between E. faecalis and EGFR signaling in oral cancer has not been elucidated. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between E. faecalis and oral cancer and to determine the underlying mechanisms that link E. faecalis to EGFR signaling. We report the high frequency of E. faecalis infection in oral tumors and the clinical association with EGFR activation. Using human oral cancer cells, we support the clinical findings and demonstrate that E. faecalis can induce EGFR activation and cell proliferation. E. faecalis activates EGFR through production of H(2)O(2), a signaling molecule that activates several signaling pathways. Inhibitors of H(2)O(2) (catalase) and EGFR (gefitinib) significantly blocked E. faecalis-induced EGFR activation and cell proliferation. Therefore, E. faecalis infection of oral tumor tissues suggests a possible association between E. faecalis infection and oral carcinogenesis. Interaction of E. faecalis with host cells and production of H(2)O(2) increase EGFR activation, thereby contributing to cell proliferation.
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14
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Wang CH, Huang CD, Lin HC, Huang TT, Lee KY, Lo YL, Lin SM, Chung KF, Kuo HP. Increased activation of fibrocytes in patients with chronic obstructive asthma through an epidermal growth factor receptor–dependent pathway. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 129:1367-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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15
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Liu N, Guo JK, Pang M, Tolbert E, Ponnusamy M, Gong R, Bayliss G, Dworkin LD, Yan H, Zhuang S. Genetic or pharmacologic blockade of EGFR inhibits renal fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2012; 23:854-67. [PMID: 22362908 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2011050493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Although enhanced activation of the EGF receptor (EGFR) associates with the development and progression of renal fibrosis, the mechanisms linking these observations are not completely understood. Here, after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), wild-type mice exhibited sustained EGFR phosphorylation in the kidney and developed renal fibrosis that was more severe than the renal fibrosis observed in waved-2 mice, which have reduced EGFR tyrosine kinase activity. Waved-2 mice also showed fewer renal tubular cells arrested at G2/M, reduced expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), downregulation of multiple genes encoding profibrogenic cytokines, including TGF-β1, and dephosphorylation of Smad3, STAT3, and ERK1/2. Administration of the specific EGFR inhibitor gefitinib recapitulated this phenotype in wild-type mice after UUO. Furthermore, inactivation of either EGFR or STAT3 reduced UUO-induced expression of lipocalin-2, a molecule associated with the pathogenesis of CKD. In cultured renal interstitial fibroblasts, inhibition of EGFR also abrogated TGF-β1- or serum-induced phosphorylation of EGFR, STAT3, ERK1/2, and Smad3 as well as expression of α-SMA and extracelluar matrix proteins. Taken together, these data suggest that EGFR may mediate renal fibrogenesis by promoting transition of renal epithelial cells to a profibrotic phenotype, increased production of inflammatory factors, and activation of renal interstitial fibroblasts. Inhibition of EGFR may have therapeutic potential for fibrotic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China
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16
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Han L, Ma Q, Li J, Liu H, Li W, Ma G, Xu Q, Zhou S, Wu E. High glucose promotes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation via the induction of EGF expression and transactivation of EGFR. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27074. [PMID: 22087246 PMCID: PMC3210779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that a large portion of pancreatic cancer patients suffer from either hyperglycemia or diabetes, both of which are characterized by high blood glucose level. However, the underlying biological mechanism of this phenomenon is largely unknown. In the present study, we demonstrated that the proliferative ability of two human pancreatic cancer cell lines, BxPC-3 and Panc-1, was upregulated by high glucose in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the promoting effect of high glucose levels on EGF transcription and secretion but not its receptors in these PC cell lines was detected by using an EGF-neutralizing antibody and RT-PCR. In addition, the EGFR transactivation is induced by high glucose levels in concentration- and time-dependent manners in PC cells in the presence of the EGF-neutralizing antibody. These results suggest that high glucose promotes pancreatic cancer cell proliferation via the induction of EGF expression and transactivation of EGFR. Our findings may provide new insight on the links between high glucose level and PC in terms of the molecular mechanism and reveal a novel therapeutic strategy for PC patients who simultaneously suffer from either diabetes or hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingyong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Junhui Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guodong Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qinhong Xu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
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