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Luo Z, Huang J, Li E, He X, Meng Q, Huang X, Shen X, Yan C. An Integrated Pharmacology-Based Strategy to Investigate the Potential Mechanism of Xiebai San in Treating Pediatric Pneumonia. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:784729. [PMID: 35237157 PMCID: PMC8885115 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.784729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xiebai San (XBS) is a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription that has been widely used to treat pediatric pneumonia since the Song dynasty. To reveal its underlying working mechanism, a network pharmacology approach was used to predict the active ingredients and potential targets of XBS in treating pediatric pneumonia. As a result, 120 active ingredients of XBS and 128 potential targets were screened out. Among them, quercetin, kaempferol, naringenin, licochalcone A and isorhamnetin showed to be the most potential ingredients, while AKT1, MAPK3, VEGFA, TP53, JUN, PTGS2, CASP3, MAPK8 and NF-κB p65 showed to be the most potential targets. IL-17 signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway and PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, which are involved in anti-inflammation processes, immune responses and apoptosis, showed to be the most probable pathways regulated by XBS. UPLC-Q/Orbitrap HRMS analysis was then performed to explore the main components of XBS, and liquiritin, quercetin, kaempferol, licochalcone A and glycyrrhetinic acid were identified. Molecular docking analysis of the compounds to inflammation-associated targets revealed good binding abilities of quercetin, kaempferol, licochalcone A and liquiritin to NF-κB p65 and of quercetin and kaempferol to Akt1 or Caspase-3. Moreover, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation for binding of quercetin or kaempferol to NF-κB p65 revealed dynamic properties of high stability, high flexibility and lowbinding free energy. In the experiment with macrophages, XBS markedly suppressed the (Lipopolysaccharides) LPS-induced expression of NF-κB p65 and the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-1β, supporting XBS to achieve an anti-inflammatory effect through regulating NF-κB p65. XBS also down-regulated the expression of p-Akt (Ser473)/Akt, Bax and Caspase-3 and up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2, indicating that regulating Akt1 and Caspase-3 to achieve anti-apoptotic effect is also the mechanism of XBS for treating pediatric pneumonia. Our study helped to reveal the pharmacodynamics material basis as well as the mechanism of XBS in treating pediatric pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuohui Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Honz Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Haikou, China
| | - Jiawen Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ennian Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, The Second Clinical Medical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinqian He
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiqi Meng
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinan Huang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoling Shen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Ibrahim Fouad G, Ahmed KA. Curcumin Ameliorates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Hepatotoxicity Via Suppressing Oxidative Stress and Modulating iNOS, NF-κB, and TNF-α in Rats. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2022; 22:152-166. [PMID: 34837640 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-021-09710-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the widely used anti-tumor drugs. However, DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) and hepatotoxicity (DIH) are among the side effects that limited its therapeutic efficiency and clinical applicability. This study aimed to investigate the cardioprotective and hepatoprotective potentials of curcumin (CMN)-a bioactive polyphenolic compound-in alleviating DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) and hepatotoxicity (DIH) in male rats. A single intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of DOX (20 mg/kg) was used to induce DIC and DIH. DOX-intoxicated rats were co-treated with CMN (100 mg/kg, oral) for 10 days before and 5 days after a single dose of DOX. We studied the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities of CMN on biochemical and immunohistochemical aspects. DOX disrupted cardiac and hepatic functions and stimulated oxidative stress and inflammation in both tissues that was confirmed biochemically and immunohistochemically. DOX enhanced inflammatory interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and upregulated immunoexpression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). DOX induced structural alterations in both cardiac and hepatic tissues. CMN demonstrated cardioprotective potential through reducing cardiac troponin I (cTn1) and aspartate amino transaminase (AST). In addition, CMN significantly ameliorated liver function through decreasing alanine amino transaminase (ALT) and, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total cholesterol (TC), and triglycerides (TG). CMN demonstrated anti-inflammatory potential through decreasing IFN-γ levels and immunoexpression of iNOS, NF-κB, and TNF-α. Histopathologically, CMN restored DOX-associated cardiac and liver structural alterations. CMN showed anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory potentials in both the cardiac and hepatic tissues. In addition, cTn1, IFN-γ, and AST could be used as blood-based biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadha Ibrahim Fouad
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Kawkab A Ahmed
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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Cheng Y, Song S, Wu P, Lyu B, Qin M, Sun Y, Sun A, Mu L, Xu F, Zhang L, Wang J, Zhang Q. Tumor Associated Macrophages and TAMs-Based Anti-Tumor Nanomedicines. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100590. [PMID: 34292673 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As an important part of tumor microenvironment, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) play a vital role in the occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis of many malignant tumors and can significantly promote the formation of tumor blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, hence TAMs are greatly associated with poor prognosis. The research on nanomedicine has achieved huge progress, and nano-drugs have been widely utilized to treat various diseases through different mechanisms. Therefore, developing nano-drugs that are based on TAMs-associated anti-tumor mechanisms to effectively suppress tumor growth is expected to be a promising research filed. This paper introduces relevant information about TAMs in terms of their origin, and their roles in tumor genesis, development and metastasis. Furthermore, TAMs-related anti-tumor nano-drugs are summarized. Specifically, a wide range of nano-drugs targeting at TAMs are introduced, and categorized according to their therapeutic mechanisms toward tumors. Additionally, various nano delivery platforms using TAMs as cell carriers which aim at inhibiting tumor growth are reviewed. These two parts elucidate that the exploration of nanomedicine is essential to the study on TAMs-related anti-tumor strategies. This review is also intended to provide novel ideas for in-depth investigation on anti-tumor molecular mechanisms and nano-drug delivery systems based on TAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Siyang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Peiyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
- School of Pharmacy Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Bochen Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Mengmeng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yanan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Aning Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Limin Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Peking University Beijing 100191 China
- School of Pharmacy Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang 110016 China
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Ji X, Han T, Kang N, Huang S, Liu Y. Preparation of RGD4C fused anti-TNFα nanobody and inhibitory activity on triple-negative breast cancer in vivo. Life Sci 2020; 260:118274. [PMID: 32827545 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is not sensitive to current endocrine treatments, so new treatment strategies need to be explored. Based on previous antitumour studies on anti-TNFα nanobody, we designed a novel fusion nanobody to enhance antitumour activity of the anti-TNFα nanobody in TNBC. MAIN METHODS The RGD4C contains RGD sequence, which is the smallest recognition unit binding to the αvβ3 receptor on tumour cell membranes and involved in tumour cell adhesion, proliferation, and metastasis. RGD4C was fused to anti-TNFα nanobody to investigate the antitumour activity in vitro and in vivo. KEY FINDINGS The antitumour effects of fusion nanobody V-L-R-H could effectively bind to αvβ3 and inhibit cell migration and proliferation of MDA-MB-231, which had satisfying purification efficiency and approving antigen or receptor binding activity. V-L-R-H could inhibit the TNFα-mediated PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signal pathway and integrin αvβ3 correlative FAK focal adhesion signal pathway. Mouse xenograft tumour experiments showed that the V-L-R-H could inhibit tumour proliferation and metastasis; reduce the TNFα, HIFα, Ki67, and CD31 concentrations in tumour; and inhibit the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. SIGNIFICANCE The fusion nanobody enhanced antitumour activity of the anti-TNFα nanobody on TNBC. It provided a reference for the design of dual functional fusion proteins and development of tumour treatment strategies of antagonistic TNFα and αvβ3, and a new therapeutic strategy and research direction for the treatment of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Ji
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Tianzhen Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Nannan Kang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Song Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Van Quickelberghe E, Martens A, Goeminne LJE, Clement L, van Loo G, Gevaert K. Identification of Immune-Responsive Gene 1 (IRG1) as a Target of A20. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:2182-2191. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Martens
- VIB-UGent Center
for Inflammation Research, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | - Geert van Loo
- VIB-UGent Center
for Inflammation Research, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Gevaert
- VIB-UGent Center
for Medical Biotechnology, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of Crohn's disease (CD), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, remains imperfectly elucidated. Consequently, the therapeutic armamentarium remains limited and has not changed the natural history of CD hitherto. Accordingly, physicians need to identify new therapeutic targets to be able to alter the intestinal damage. The most recent hypothesis considered CD as resulting from an abnormal interaction between microbiota and host immune system influenced by genetics and environmental factors. Several experimental and genetic evidence point out intestinal macrophages in CD etiology. An increase of macrophages number and the presence of granulomas are especially observed in the intestinal mucosa of patients with CD. These macrophages could be defective and particularly in responses to infectious agents like CD-associated Escherichia coli. This review focuses on, what is currently known regarding the role of macrophages, macrophages/E. coli interaction, and the impact of CD therapies on macrophages in CD. We also speculate that macrophages modulation could lead to important translational implications in CD with the end goal of promoting gut health.
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Neutralization of TNFα in tumor with a novel nanobody potentiates paclitaxel-therapy and inhibits metastasis in breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2016; 386:24-34. [PMID: 27832973 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic disease is the major cause of death from cancer, and immunotherapy and chemotherapy have had limited success in reversing its progression. Researchers have suggested that inflammatory factors in the tumor environment can promote cancer invasion and metastasis, stimulating cancer progression. Thus, novel strategies that target cytokines and modulate the tumor microenvironment may emerge as important approaches for treating metastatic breast cancer. Specific neutralization of pathogenic TNF signaling using a TNFα antibody has gained increasing attention. Considering this, a selective human TNFα neutralized antibody was generated based on nanobody technology. A TNFα-specific nanobody was produced in Pichia pastoris with a molecular mass of 15 kDa and affinity constant of 2.05 nM. In the proliferation experiment, the TNFα nanobody could inhibit the proliferation of the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 induced by hTNFα in a dose-dependent manner. In the microinvasion model, the TNFα nanobody could inhibit the migration of the breast cancer cell lines MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and the invasiveness of MDA-MB-231 induced by hTNFα in a dose-dependent manner. Drug administration of the combination of paclitaxel with the TNFα nanobody in vivo significantly enhanced the efficacy against 4T-1 breast tumor proliferation and lung metastasis; meanwhile, E-cadherin tumor epithelial marker expression was upregulated, supporting the anti-tumor therapeutic relevance of paclitaxel and the TNFα nanobody on EMT. This study highlights the importance of neutralizing low TNFα levels in the tumor microenvironment to sensitize the chemotherapeutic response, which has attractive potential for clinical applications.
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Hong S, Li R, Xu Q, Secombes CJ, Wang T. Two types of TNF-α exist in teleost fish: phylogeny, expression, and bioactivity analysis of type-II TNF-α3 in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5959-72. [PMID: 24244011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
TNF-α is a cytokine involved in systemic inflammation and regulation of immune cells. It is produced chiefly by activated macrophages as a membrane or secreted form. In rainbow trout, two TNF-α molecules were described previously. In this article, we report a third TNF-α (TNF-α3) that has only low identities to known trout molecules. Phylogenetic tree and synteny analyses of trout and other fish species suggest that two types (named I and II) of TNF-α exist in teleost fish. The fish type-II TNF-α has a short stalk that may impact on its enzymatic release or restrict it to a membrane-bound form. The constitutive expression of trout TNF-α3 was generally lower than the other two genes in tissues and cell lines, with the exception of the macrophage RTS-11 cell line, in which expression was higher. Expression of all three TNF-α isoforms could be modulated by crude LPS, peptidoglycan, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, and rIFN-γ in cell lines and primary macrophages, as well as by bacterial and viral infections. TNF-α3 is the most responsive gene at early time points post-LPS stimulation and can be highly induced by the T cell-stimulant PHA, suggesting it is a particularly important TNF-α isoform. rTNF-α3 produced in CHO cells was bioactive in different cell lines and primary macrophages. In the latter, it induced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17C, and TNF-αs), negative regulators (SOCS1-3, TGF-β1b), antimicrobial peptides (cathelicidin-1 and hepcidin), and the macrophage growth factor IL-34, verifying its key role in the inflammatory cytokine network and macrophage biology of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhee Hong
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
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9
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Waters JP, Pober JS, Bradley JR. Tumour necrosis factor and cancer. J Pathol 2013; 230:241-8. [PMID: 23460481 DOI: 10.1002/path.4188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) was originally described as a circulating factor that can induce haemorrhagic necrosis of tumours. It is now clear that TNF has many different functions in cancer biology. In addition to causing the death of cancer cells, TNF can activate cancer cell survival and proliferation pathways, trigger inflammatory cell infiltration of tumours and promote angiogenesis and tumour cell migration and invasion. These effects can be explained by the diverse cellular responses TNF can initiate through distinct signal transduction pathways, opening the way for more selective targeting of TNF signalling in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Waters
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Tang X, Mo C, Wang Y, Wei D, Xiao H. Anti-tumour strategies aiming to target tumour-associated macrophages. Immunology 2013; 138:93-104. [PMID: 23113570 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) represent a predominant population of inflammatory cells that present in solid tumours. TAMs are mostly characterized as alternatively activated M2-like macrophages and are known to orchestrate nearly all stages of tumour progression. Experimental investigations indicate that TAMs contribute to drug-resistance and radio-protective effects, and clinical evidence shows that an elevated number of TAMs and their M2 profile are correlated with therapy failure and poor prognosis in cancer patients. Recently, many studies on TAM-targeted strategies have made significant progress and some pilot works have achieved encouraging results. Among these, connections between some anti-tumour drugs and their influence on TAMs have been suggested. In this review, we will summarize recent advances in TAM-targeted strategies for tumour therapy. Based on the proposed mechanisms, those strategies are grouped into four categories: (i) inhibiting macrophage recruitment; (ii) suppressing TAM survival; (iii) enhancing M1-like tumoricidal activity of TAMs; (iv) blocking M2-like tumour-promoting activity of TAMs. It is desired that further attention be drawn to this research field and more effort be made to promote TAM-targeted tumour therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Tang
- Department of Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Hamilton JA, Lacey DC, Turner A, de Kok B, Huynh J, Scholz GM. Hypoxia enhances the proliferative response of macrophages to CSF-1 and their pro-survival response to TNF. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45853. [PMID: 23029275 PMCID: PMC3446916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In chronic inflammatory lesions there are increased numbers of macrophages with a possible contribution of enhanced survival/proliferation due, for example, to cytokine action; such lesions are often hypoxic. Prior studies have found that culture in low oxygen can promote monocyte/macrophage survival. We show here, using pharmacologic inhibitors, that the hypoxia-induced pro-survival response of macrophages exhibits a dependence on PI3-kinase and mTOR activities but surprisingly is suppressed by Akt and p38 MAPK activities. It was also found that in hypoxia at CSF-1 concentrations, which under normoxic conditions are suboptimal for macrophage proliferation, macrophages can proliferate more strongly with no evidence for alteration in CSF-1 receptor degradation kinetics. TNF promoted macrophage survival in normoxic conditions with an additive effect in hypoxia. The enhanced hypoxia-dependent survival and/or proliferation of macrophages in the presence of CSF-1 or TNF may contribute to their elevated numbers at a site of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hamilton
- Arthritis and Inflammation Research Centre, University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Inflammatory pathways as promising targets to increase chemotherapy response in bladder cancer. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:528690. [PMID: 22811589 PMCID: PMC3395159 DOI: 10.1155/2012/528690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While more and more physicians are choosing chemotherapy for patients with bladder cancer, the current treatment is still far from satisfactory due to low response rate and severe side effects. Emerging evidence indicates that inflammatory microenvironment is involved in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer. Recent studies have also provided ample evidence that chemotherapy response is influenced by activation of major inflammatory mediators, including transcription factors, cytokines, chemokines, and COX-2. We reviewed all published literature addressing the roles of inflammatory microenvironment in bladder cancer and evaluating emerging evidence that inflammatory pathways represent potential therapeutic targets to enhance chemotherapy of bladder cancer.
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Jebelli JD, Hooper C, Garden GA, Pocock JM. Emerging roles of p53 in glial cell function in health and disease. Glia 2011; 60:515-25. [PMID: 22105777 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that p53, a tumor suppressor protein primarily involved in cancer biology, coordinates a wide range of novel functions in the CNS including the mediation of pathways underlying neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis. Moreover, an evolving concept in cell and molecular neuroscience is that glial cells are far more fundamental to disease progression than previously thought, which may occur via a noncell-autonomous mechanism that is heavily dependent on p53 activities. As a crucial hub connecting many intracellular control pathways, including cell-cycle control and apoptosis, p53 is ideally placed to coordinate the cellular response to a range of stresses. Although neurodegenerative diseases each display a distinct and diverse molecular pathology, apoptosis is a widespread hallmark feature and the multimodal capacity of the p53 system to orchestrate apoptosis and glial cell behavior highlights p53 as a potential unifying target for therapeutic intervention in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Jebelli
- Department of Neuroinflammation, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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